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Test Lecture 1

The document discusses two main types of hypotheses in research: research hypotheses, which are conjectures that motivate the research, and statistical hypotheses, which can be evaluated using statistical techniques. It details the null hypothesis, which is assumed true until proven false, and the alternative hypothesis, which is true if the null hypothesis is false. Additionally, it outlines rules for stating these hypotheses, emphasizing the importance of including equality in the null hypothesis and the complementary nature of both hypotheses.

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11 views7 pages

Test Lecture 1

The document discusses two main types of hypotheses in research: research hypotheses, which are conjectures that motivate the research, and statistical hypotheses, which can be evaluated using statistical techniques. It details the null hypothesis, which is assumed true until proven false, and the alternative hypothesis, which is true if the null hypothesis is false. Additionally, it outlines rules for stating these hypotheses, emphasizing the importance of including equality in the null hypothesis and the complementary nature of both hypotheses.

Uploaded by

shawkatul.stu20191
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Types of Hypothesis

• Researchers are concerned with two types of hypotheses—research


hypotheses and statistical hypotheses.

Research Hypothesis
• The research hypothesis is the conjecture or supposition that motivates
the research.

• It may be the result of years of observation on the part of the researcher.


• A public health nurse, for example, may have noted that certain clients
responded more readily to a particular type of health education program.
• A physician may recall numerous instances in which certain combinations of
therapeutic measures were more effective than any one of them alone.
• Research projects often result from the desire of such health practitioners to
determine whether or not their theories or suspicions can be supported when
subjected to the rigors of scientific investigation.
• Research hypotheses lead directly to statistical hypotheses.

Statistical Hypothesis
• Statistical hypotheses are hypotheses that are stated in such a way that they
may be evaluated by appropriate statistical techniques.

Types of Statistical Hypothesis


There are two statistical hypotheses involved in hypothesis testing:
(i) null hypothesis and
(ii) alternative hypothesis

Null Hypothesis
• A null hypothesis is a claim (or statement) about a population parameter that
is assumed to be true until it is declared false.
• A null hypothesis is a hypothesis that is to be tested.
• A null hypothesis is denoted by 𝐻0.

Alternative Hypothesis
• An alternative hypothesis is a claim about a population parameter that will be
true if the null hypothesis is false.
• Usually, the alternative hypothesis and the research hypothesis are the same,
and in fact the two terms are used interchangeably.
• We shall designate the alternative hypothesis by the symbol HA or H1
• An equality sign can not be used in stating alternative hypothesis.

Rules for Stating Statistical Hypotheses


• An indication of equality (either =, "≥" 𝑜𝑟 " ≤ ") must appear in the null
hypothesis.
• Suppose, for example, that we want to answer the question: Can we conclude
that a certain population mean is not 50? Possible null and alternative
hypotheses are:
1. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 50; 𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 50
2. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≥ 50; 𝐻1 : 𝜇 < 50
3. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≤ 50; 𝐻1 : 𝜇 > 50

In summary, we may state the following rules of thumb for deciding what statement
goes in the null hypothesis and what statement goes in the alternative hypothesis:
a) What you hope or expect to be able to conclude as a result of the test usually
should be placed in the alternative hypothesis.
b) The null hypothesis should contain a statement of equality, either =, ≥ 𝑜𝑟 ≤.
c) The null hypothesis is the hypothesis that is to be tested.
d) The null and alternative hypotheses are complementary. That is, the two
together exhaust all possibilities regarding the value that the hypothesized
parameter can assume.

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