Grade 12 GS Probability 2023-2024

Factorial notation
Given a 𝑛o𝑛 zero natural number n ,we call factorial of 𝑛 a𝑛d write 𝑛!
the natural 𝑛𝑢mber defi𝑛ed by 𝑛! = 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 × … … . … × 𝑛
Examples
3! = 1 × 2 × 3 = 6 4! = 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 = 24 1! = 1 0! = 1
Notes
1. 𝑛!=n × (𝑛 − 1)!
2. You can calculate n! using calculator.( Press n ,Shift , x! , = )
Probability
1.Random experiment.
A Random experiment is a trial given well determined conditions and form possible outcomes.
Examples : tossing a coin , drawing a card.
2.Sample Space (𝛀)
A sample space is the set of all possible outcomes.
Example : If you roll a die then Ω = {1,2,3,4,5,6},If you toss a coin then Ω = {Head, tail},
3.Event.
An event is a set of outcomes.
Example ; If you roll a die then ‘Obtaining an even number ‘ is an event given by {2,4,6}.
Note∶ 𝜙 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡.
Example : If you roll a die then ‘Obtaining an number 7 ‘ is an impossible set.
4.Opertion on events.
1.The opposite event or complement of A written 𝐴̅ is the set of outcomes that A does not occur.
Example ; If you roll a die then
The event A:‘Obtaining an even number ‘ is given by {2,4,6}, The event 𝐴̅ is given by {1,3,5} ,odd numbers.
2.Let A and B are two events of a certain sample space.
The event (A and B ) is the set of outcomes that A and B occur simultaneously , denoted by A∩ 𝐵.
Example :
Experiment : rolling a die.
Let A :’the number is an even number” ={2,4,6}
B :’Then number is a multiple of 3 “={3,6} The event A and B is A∩ 𝐵 = {6}
3.Let A and B are two events of a certain sample space.
The event (A or B ) is the set of outcomes that either A or B , denoted by A∪ 𝐵.
Example :
Experiment : rolling a die.
Let A :’the number is an even number” ={2,4,6}
B :’Then number is a multiple of 3 “={3,6} The event A and B is A∪ 𝐵 = {2,3,4,6}
4.If A∩ 𝐵 = 𝜙 then A and B are mutually exclusive (Incompatible)
Equiprobable spaces.
An equiprobable spaces is a space in which all the events have the same probability.
In this case if A is an event then
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐴 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
P(A) = = =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝛀 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝛀 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

0 ≤ 𝑃 (𝐴 ) ≤ 1
If Ω = {A1 , A2 , … … } 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑃(𝐴1 ) + 𝑃(𝐴2 ) + ⋯ = 1
Example :
When a fair die is rolled Ω = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
Let A :’The number obtained is greater then 2 ‘
B : ‘The number appearing is even ‘
4 2 3 1
have probabilities P(A)= = and P(B) = =
6 3 6 2

since card A = 4 A ={3,4,5,6}

card B = 3 B={2,4,6}
card Ω=6
Rules
1) P(A∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 2) P(𝐴̅) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴).

Combination
Let E be a finite set of n elements and r a natural number such that r < n.
𝑛!
The number of combination of r elements of E is 𝐶𝑛𝑟 =
𝑟!(𝑛−𝑟)!

Probability
Simultaneously (order is not important) Successively (Order is important use 𝑛 ! if necessary)
Combination With replacement Without replacement
𝑛
nCr 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑
( ) × ×…
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 1
 Conditional probability

A and B are two events of an universe Ω ,the probability that A occurs given(knowing) that B occurs
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
is denoted by P(A/B) we have P(A/B) =
𝑃(𝐵)
1- P( A  B) = P(B) × P( A/ B)= P(B) × P( B/ A)
2- P( 𝐴̅/ B) = 1 − P( A/ B)
3- A and B are independent if P( A/ B)=P(A) or P( A  B) = P(B) × P( B)

Total probability

Let A, B and C be three events forming a partition of a sample space Ω,

then for any event D of Ω we have: P(D) = P(D∩A) + P(D∩B) + P(D∩C)
In particular P(D) = P(D∩A) + P(D∩𝐴̅) .
Example
In a game we use:
• A fair die;
• An urn U that contains 4 white and 3 red balls;
• An urn V that contains 17 white and 18 red balls.
The die is rolled.
If the six appears then a ball is drawn at random from the urn U, otherwise a ball is drawn at
random from the urn V.
2
1) Prove that the probability that the drawn ball is white and from urn U is equal to
21

2) Calculate the probability of drawing a white ball.

3) Knowing that the drawn ball is white, calculate the probability that it is drawn from urn V.
Solution
W :” white ball”
U :” The ball is from U “
V :” The ball is from V “
1 4 2
1) P(W ∩ U) = 𝑃(𝑈) × 𝑃 (W / U ) = × =
6 7 21

2) P(W) = P(W ∩ U) + P(W ∩ V)

5 17 17
P(W ∩ V) = 𝑃(𝑉 ) × 𝑃 (W / V ) = × =
6 35 42
2 17 1
P(W) = P(W ∩ U) + P(W ∩ V)= + =
21 42 2
17
P(W ∩ V) 42 17
3) P(V/W) = = 1 =
P(W ) 21
2
Grade 12 GS Probability (Extra sheet) 2023-2024
Exercise 1
An urn U contains 10 balls: 6 blue balls and 4 red balls.
Part A
Two balls are selected randomly and simultaneously from U.
Consider the following events:
A: “The two selected balls have the same color”
B: “The two selected balls have different colors”.
1) Verify that the number of possible outcomes is 45.
7
2) Show that the probability P(A) = and deduce P(B).
15

Part B
In this part, a fair die numbered from 1 to 6 is rolled.
• If the die shows an even number, then two balls are selected randomly and simultaneously from U.
• If the die shows an odd number, then two balls are selected randomly and successively with replacement
from U.
Consider the following events:
E: “The die shows an even number”
F: “The selected balls have the same color”.
7
1) Calculate P(F / E) and verify that P(F  E) = .
30
13
2) Verify that P(F  𝐸̅ ) = and deduce P(F).
50

3) Knowing that the two selected balls have the same color, calculate the probability that the die shows an
even number.
Exercise 2
An urn U contains red balls and black balls holding distinct natural numbers.
• 60 % of the balls are red of which 80 % hold odd numbers.
• 70 % of the black balls hold odd numbers.
Part A
One ball is selected from the urn.
Consider the following events:
R: “the selected ball is red”
O: “the selected ball holds an odd number”.
1) Show that the probability P(O ∩ R) is equal to 0.48 and calculate P(O ∩ 𝑅̅ ).
2) Deduce that P(O) = 0.76.
3) Are the events R and O independent? Justify your answer.
Part B
Suppose in this part that the number of balls in the urn U is 50.
1) Show that the number of red balls holding odd numbers is equal to 24.
2) Copy and complete the following table :

Red Black Total

Odd 38
Even
Total 30 50

3) Three balls are selected randomly and simultaneously from the urn U.
a- Calculate the probability of selecting at least one red ball holding an odd number.
b- The even numbered balls hold the numbers 2, 4, 6, …, 24.
Knowing that the three selected balls hold even numbers, calculate the probability that the sum of the
numbers on the balls is greater than 13.
Exercise 3
𝑈1 and 𝑈2 two urns such that:
• 𝑈1 contains 3 red balls and 4 green balls.
• 𝑈2 contains 2 red balls and 6 green balls
One ball is randomly selected from 𝑈1 .
• If the selected ball from 𝑈1 is red, it is placed in 𝑈2 . Then, two balls are randomly and simultaneously
selected from 𝑈2 . • If the selected ball from U1 is green, it is kept outside. Then, two balls are selected
randomly and successively with replacement from 𝑈2 .
Consider the following events:
R: « The selected ball from 𝑈1 is red »
S: « The two selected balls from 𝑈2 have the same color ».
1
1) Verify that the probability P(S / R) = then calculate P(S  R).
2
4
2) Verify that P(S) = .
7

3) The two selected balls have the same color. Calculate the probability that the selected ball from 𝑈1 is
green.
Exercise 4
𝑈1 and 𝑈2 are two urns such that:
• 𝑈1 contains one white ball and three black balls
• 𝑈2 contains one red ball, three white balls, and two black balls.
One of the two urns is randomly selected:
• If the selected urn is 𝑈1 , then two balls are selected randomly and successively with replacement from
𝑈1
• If the selected urn is 𝑈2 , then three balls are selected randomly and successively without replacement
from 𝑈2 . Consider the following events:
T: “The selected urn is 𝑈1 ”
E: “Exactly two white balls are selected”.
1) a- Calculate the probabilities P(E/T) and P(E∩T)
9
b- Show that P(E∩𝑇̅) =
40

c- Deduce P(E).
2) Knowing that exactly two white balls are selected, calculate the probability that they are selected from
𝑈2 .
Exercise 5
In order to ensure that the cars in a given city are functioning well, a certain company is inspecting all
the cars in this city.
It is known that 20 % of these cars are under guarantee.
1
Among the cars under guarantee, the probability that a car has a defect is .
100
1
Among the cars not under guarantee, the probability that a car has a defect is .
10

1- Calculate the probability of each of the following events:

A : « The inspected car is under guarantee and has a defect » .
D : « The inspected car has a defect » .
2- Prove that the probability that an inspected car is under guarantee knowing that it has
1
a defect is equal to .
41

Exercise 6
Mr. Khalil has three sons: Sami, Farid and Zahi, all are married and have children.
The children in these three families are distributed as shown in the table below:

Sami’s Family Farid’s Family Zahi’s Family

Girls 2 1 3
Boys 2 3 1

The grandfather Khalil wants to choose randomly one child from each family to accompany him to
their village.
1) What is the probability that he chooses three girls?
2) Consider the following events:
G: «The child chosen from Sami’s family is a girl ».
B: «The child chosen from Sami’s family is a boy ».
A: «The three chosen children are two girls and one boy ».
5
a- Prove that the probability p (A/G) is equal to .
8

b- Calculate p (A/B) and p (A).

Exercise 7
An urn U contains 5 red balls and n white balls, (n > 1).
We draw simultaneously and at random two balls from the urn.
1) Calculate the probability of each of the following events :
E: « the two drawn balls are red»
F: « the two drawn balls have the same color».
2) a- Knowing that the two drawn balls have the same color , prove that the probability p that both are red
20
is 𝑝 = 2 .
𝑛 −𝑛+20
10
b- How many white balls should the urn contain so that p > ?
13

Exercise 8
The staff of a big factory is divided into three categories: engineers ,technicians and workers.
6 % of the staff are engineers.
74 % of the staff are workers.
80 % of the workers are males.
10 % of the engineers are females.
We interview at random a member of the staff of this factory.
Consider the following events :
E : “The person interviewed is an engineer “.
W : “The person interviewed is a worker “
T :” The person interviewed is a technicians”
M :” The person interviewed is a male ”
1) a- What is the probability of interviewing a male worker ?
b- What is the probability of interviewing a male Engineer ?
2) We know that 80 % of the staff are males .
a- Prove that the probability of interviewing a male technicians is 0.154.
b- The person interviewed is a female ,What is the probability that she is a technicians ?
3) In this part ,suppose that the staff of this factory is counts 500 persons.
Three persons are selected randomly and simultaneously from the staff.
a- Calculate the probability of choosing three persons from the different categories .
b- Calculate the probability of choosing at most one engineer .
Exercise 9

An urn contains 17 balls numbered 1 through 17.

The balls numbered 1 through 8 are blue.

The balls numbered 9 through 13 are green.

The balls numbered 14 through 17 are red.

Three balls are randomly and simultaneously selected from the urn.

Consider the following events : A : “The three selected balls hold odd numbers “

B :” The three selected balls have the same color”

1) a- Calculate P(A).
7
b-Verify that P(B) =
68
c- Calculate P(A∩B) .Deduce P(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵) and P(B/𝐴̅)
2) Knowing that the three balls selected are green ,calculate the probability that exactly two of them
hold even numbers.
Exercise 10
consider the three urns U, V, and W such that:
• U contains three balls numbered 1, 2 and 3.
• V contains three balls numbered 1, 2 and 3.
• W contains seven balls: three red balls and four blue balls.
One ball is randomly selected from U and one ball is randomly selected from V.
If the absolute value of the difference of the two numbers carried by the two selected balls is 2, then three
balls are randomly and simultaneously selected from W;
otherwise, three balls are randomly and successively selected with replacement from W.
Consider the events:
E: “The absolute value of the difference of the two numbers carried by the two selected balls from U and
V is 2”
F: “The three balls selected from W are all red”
1
1) Show that P(F/E ) = , then calculate p (F  E ).
35
149
2) Prove that P(F ) = .
2205

3) Knowing that at least one of the three balls selected from W is blue, calculate the probability that the
absolute value of the difference of the two numbers carried by the two selected balls from U and V is 2.
Exercise 11
In the table below, only one among the proposed answers to each question is correct.
Write down the number of each question and give, with justification, the answer corresponding to it.

Answers
Nº Questions
a b c

A security entrance keyboard of a building is formed of

three letters A, B and C and five digits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.

1
15 180 375

The entrance code is formed of one letter followed by a

number consisting of three distinct digits. The number
of all possible codes is
5 90 45
2 With 10 distinct points situated on a circle,
How many chords can we determine ?
720 120 150
3 With 10 distinct points situated on a circle, triangles triangles triangles
We can determine

4 6
C10 − C96 = 1 C59 6
C19
 Solution
Exercise 1
Part A
2
1) Number of possible outcomes = 𝐶10 = 45
𝐶42 +𝐶62 7 7 8
2) P(A) = P(2r)+P(2b)= = 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴) = 1 − =
45 15 15 15

Part B
7 3 7 7
1) 𝑃(𝐹 / 𝐸) = 𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑃 (𝐹  𝐸 ) = 𝑃(𝐸) × 𝑃(𝐹 / 𝐸) = × = .
15 6 15 30

4 6 26 2 2
2) 𝑃(𝐹 / 𝐸̅ ) = 𝑃(𝑟𝑟) + 𝑃(𝑏𝑏) = ( ) + ( ) =
10 10 50
3 26 13
𝑃(𝐹  𝐸̅ ) = 𝑃(𝐸̅ ) × 𝑃(𝐹 / 𝐸̅ ) = × =
6 50 50

7 13 37
𝑃(𝐹 ) = 𝑃(𝐹  𝐸 ) + 𝑃(𝐹  𝐸̅ ) = + =
30 50 75
7
𝑃(𝐹  𝐸) 30 35
3) 𝑃(𝐸/ 𝐹 ) = = 37 =
𝑃(𝐹) 74
75

Exercise 2
𝑂
0.8
𝑅

0.6
0.2 𝑂̅

𝑂
0.7
0.4 𝑅̅

0.3 𝑂̅

Part A
1) 𝑃(𝑂 ∩ 𝑅) = 𝑃(𝑅) × P(O/R) = 0.6 × 0.8 = 0.48
𝑃(𝑂 ∩ 𝑅̅) = 𝑃(𝑅̅) × P(O/R
̅) = 0.4 × 0.7 = 0.28

2) P(O) = 𝑃(𝑂 ∩ 𝑅) + 𝑃(𝑂 ∩ 𝑅̅ ) = 0.48 + 0.28 = 0.76

3) P(O/R) ≠ P(O) Athen the events R and O are dependent .
Part B
1) The number of red balls holding odd numbers = 𝑃(𝑂 ∩ 𝑅) × 50 = 0.48 × 50 = 24.
2)
Red Black Total
Odd 24 14 38
Even 6 6 12
Total 30 20 50

3)
3
𝐶26 85
a- P(at least one red ball holding an odd) =1 − 𝑃(𝑛𝑜 "𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑑𝑑") = 1 − 3 =
𝐶50 98

𝐶1 1 1
1 ×𝐶1 ×𝐶1
𝑃(𝑆 <13 ∩ 3 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛) 𝑃(2,4,6) 3
𝐶50 1
b- 𝑃(𝑆 < 13/3 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛) = = 𝐶3
= 𝐶3
=
𝑃(3 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛) 12 12 220
𝐶3
50 𝐶3
50

1 219
𝑃(𝑆 > 13 / 3 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑆 < 13 / 3 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛) = 1 − =
220 220

Exercise 3
𝐶32 +𝐶62 1
1) P(S / R) =P(2r)+P(2g)= =
𝐶92 2

3 1 3
P(S  R) = P(R) × P(S/R) = × =
7 2 14

2 2 6 2 5
2) P(S/𝑅̅) = P(rr)+P(gg) = ( ) + ( ) =
8 8 8
4 5 5
P(S  𝑅̅) = P(𝑅̅) × P(S/𝑅̅) = × =
7 8 14
3 5 4
P(S) = P(S  R) + P(S  𝑅̅ ) = + = .
14 14 7
5
P(S  𝑅̅) 5
3) P(𝑅̅ /S) = = 14
4 =
P(S) 8
7

Exercise 4
1 2 1 1 1 1
1) a- P(E/T) = 𝑃(𝑤𝑤) = ( ) = P(E∩T) = P(T) × P(E/T) = × =
4 16 2 16 32
3! 3 2 3 9
b- P(E/𝑇̅) = 𝑃(𝑤𝑤𝑤
̅) × = × × ×3=
2! 6 5 4 20
1 9 9
P(E∩𝑇̅) = P(𝑇̅) × P(E/𝑇̅) = × =
2 20 40
1 9 41
c- P(E) = P(E∩T) + P(E∩𝑇̅) = + =
32 40 160
9
P(E∩𝑇) ̅ 36
2)P(𝑇̅/E) = = 40
41 =
P(E) 41
160
Exercise 5

0.01 𝐷
𝑔

0.2
0.99 ̅
𝐷

𝐷
0.1
0.8 𝑔̅

0.91 ̅
𝐷

1- P(A) = P( g ∩ D) = P(g) × P(D/g) = 0.2 × 0.01 = 0.002

P( 𝑔̅ ∩ D) = P(𝑔̅ ) × P(D/𝑔̅ ) = 0.8 × 0.1 = 0.08
P(D) = P( g ∩ D) + P( 𝑔̅ ∩ D) = 0.002 + 0.08 = 0.082
P( g ∩ D) 0.002 1
2- P(g/D) = = =
P(D) 0.082 41

Exercise 6
2 1 3 3
1) 𝑃 (3 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑙𝑠) = 𝑃( 𝑔(𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑖), 𝑔(𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑑 ), 𝑔(𝑧𝑎ℎ𝑖 )) = 𝑃(𝑔, 𝑔, 𝑔) = × × =
4 4 4 32
2 1 1 2 3 3 5
2) 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐺 ) = 𝑃(𝑔, 𝑔, 𝑏) + 𝑃(𝑔, 𝑏, 𝑔) = × × + × × =
4 4 4 4 4 4 16

2 1
𝑃(𝐺 ) = 𝑃(𝑔, 𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑜𝑛𝑒, 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑜𝑛𝑒) = =
4 2
5
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐺) 16 5
𝑃 (𝐴/𝐺) = = =
𝑃(𝐺) 1 8
2
2 1 3 3
a- 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝑏, 𝑔, 𝑔) = × × =
4 4 4 32
2 1
𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑃(𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑜𝑛𝑒, 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑜𝑛𝑒) = =
4 2
3
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) 32 3
P (A/B) = = 1 =
𝑃(𝐵) 16
2

2 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 13
𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑃(𝑔, 𝑔, 𝑏) + 𝑃(𝑔, 𝑏, 𝑔) + 𝑃(𝑏, 𝑔, 𝑔) = × × + × × + × × =
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 32
Exercise 7
𝐶52 10
1) P(E) = P(2r) = 2 = 2
𝐶5+𝑛 𝐶5+𝑛

𝐶52 +𝐶𝑛2 10+𝐶𝑛2

P(F) = P(2r)+P(2w) = 2 = 2
𝐶5+𝑛 𝐶5+𝑛

𝑛! 𝑛 (𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)! 𝑛2 −𝑛
2) a- nC2= = =
2!(𝑛−2)! 2 (𝑛−2)! 2
10
𝑃(𝐸∩𝐹) 𝑃(𝐸) 𝐶2
5+𝑛 10 10 10 10 20
P(E/F) = = = 10+𝐶2
= = 𝑛2−𝑛
= 20 𝑛2 −𝑛
= 20+𝑛2 −𝑛
= .
𝑃(𝐹) 𝑃(𝐹) 𝑛 10+𝐶𝑛2 10+ + 𝑛2 −𝑛+20
𝐶2
5+𝑛
2 2 2 2

10
b- p >
13
20 10 1
> 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦
𝑛2 −𝑛+20 13 10
2 1
>
𝑛2 −𝑛+20 13
2 1
− >0
𝑛2 −𝑛+20 13

13(2) 1(𝑛2 −𝑛+20)

− >0
13(𝑛2 −𝑛+20) 13(𝑛2 −𝑛+20)

26−𝑛2 +𝑛−20
>0
13(𝑛2 −𝑛+20)

−𝑛2 +𝑛+6
>0
13(𝑛2 −𝑛+20)

Roots of −𝑛2 + 𝑛 + 6 𝑎𝑟𝑒 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2

𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 20 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑜𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠.
𝑛 2 3 + ∞
−𝑛2 + 𝑛 + 6 + −
13(𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 20)
Then n =2 or 3
Exercise 8
M
0.9
E

0.1
0.06 ̅
𝑀

M
0.8
0.74 W

0.2 ̅
𝑀

0.2 M
T

̅
𝑀

1) a- 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝑊) = 𝑃(𝑊) × 𝑃(𝑀/𝑊) = 0.74 × 0.8 = 0.592

b- 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐸) = 𝑃(𝐸) × 𝑃(𝑀/𝐸) = 0.06 × 0.9 = 0.054

2) 𝑃(𝑀) = 0.8
a- 𝑃(𝑀) = 𝑃( 𝑀 ∩ 𝐸) + 𝑃( 𝑀 ∩ 𝑊) + 𝑃( 𝑀 ∩ 𝑇)
0.8 = 0.592 + 0.054 + 0.154
0.8 = 0.8
̅)
b- 𝑃(𝑇) = 𝑃( 𝑇 ∩ 𝑀) + 𝑃(𝑇 ∩ 𝑀
̅)
0.2 = 0.154 + 𝑃(𝑇 ∩ 𝑀
̅ ) = 0.2 − 0.154 = 0.046
𝑃(𝑇 ∩ 𝑀
̅ ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑀) = 1 − 0.8 = 0.2
𝑃(𝑀
̅ ) 0.046
𝑃( 𝑇 ∩ 𝑀
̅) =
𝑃(𝑇/𝑀 = = 0.23
𝑃(𝑀̅) 0.2
3) a- 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑 (𝐸) = 𝑃(𝐸) × 500 = 0.06 × 500 = 30
𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑 (𝑊) = 𝑃(𝑊) × 500 = 0.74 × 500 = 370
𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑 (𝑇) = 𝑃(𝑇) × 500 = 0.2 × 500 = 100
1 1 1
𝐶30 +𝐶370 +𝐶100 2220
𝑃(1𝐸 1 𝑊 1 𝑇 ) = 3 =
𝐶500 41417
1 ×𝐶 2 +𝐶 3
𝐶30
b− 𝑃(1𝐸 2𝐸̅ ) + 𝑃(3𝐸̅ ) = 470
3
4700
= 0.98
𝐶500
Exercise 9

𝐶93 21
1) a- 𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑃(3 𝑂𝑑𝑑) = 3 =
𝐶17 170

𝐶83 +𝐶53 +𝐶43 7

b- 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑃(3𝑏) + 𝑃(3𝑔) + 𝑃(3𝑟) = 3 =
𝐶17 68
𝐶43 +𝐶33 1
c- 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(3 𝑂𝑑𝑑 𝐵𝑙𝑢𝑒 ) + 𝑃( 3 𝑂𝑑𝑑 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛) = 3 =
𝐶17 136
𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) + P(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵)
21 1
= + P(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵)
170 136
21 1 79 21 149
P(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵) = − = 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴) = 1 − =
170 136 680 170 170
79
𝑃( 𝐵 ∩ 𝐴 ) ̅ 79
P(B/𝐴̅) = ̅
= 680
149 =
𝑃(𝐴) 596
170

𝐶53 1
2) 𝑃(3𝑔) = 3 =
𝐶17 68

𝐶22 + 𝐶31 1
𝑃(2even 1 odd ∩ 3𝑔 ) = 3 =
𝐶17 170
1
𝑃(2even 1 odd ∩ 3𝑔 ) 170 2
P(2even 1 odd / 3𝑔) = = 1 =
𝑃(3𝑔) 5
68

Exercise 10
𝐶33 1
1) P(F/E ) = P(3r) = =
𝐶73 35
1 1 1 1 2
P(E) = P(1from U and 3 from V ) + P(1from V and 3 from U ) = × + × =
3 3 3 3 9
2 1 2
P (F  E ) = P(E) × P(F/E) = × =
9 35 315
2 7
2) 𝑃(𝐸̅ ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐸) = 1 − =
9 9
3
3 27
𝑃(𝐹/𝐸̅ ) = 𝑃(𝑟𝑟𝑟) = ( ) =
7 343
7 27 3
𝑃 (𝐹  𝐸̅ ) = 𝑃(𝐸̅ ) × 𝑃(𝐹/𝐸̅ ) = × =
9 343 49
2 3 149
𝑃(𝐹 ) = 𝑃 (𝐹  𝐸 ) + 𝑃 (𝐹  𝐸̅ ) = + = .
315 49 2205
149 2056
3) P(𝐹̅ ) = 1 − P(F) = 1 − =
2205 2205
1 34
𝑃(𝐹̅ /𝐸) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐹/𝐸) = 1 − =
35 35
34
𝐹 7 34 34 ̅ 𝑃( 𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) ̅ 833
𝑃( 𝐸 ∩ 𝐹̅ ) = 𝑃(𝐸 ) × 𝑃 ( ) = × = 𝑃(𝐸/𝐹̅ ) = ̅
= 45
2056 =
𝐸 9 35 45 𝑃(𝐹 ) 1028
2205
Exercise 11
1) The number of all possible codes is = 3 × 5 × 4 × 3 = 180
2
2) Number of possible chords = 𝐶10 = 45
3
3) Number of possible triangles = 𝐶10 = 120
6
4) 𝐶10 − 𝐶96 =𝐶96 + 𝐶95 − 𝐶96 = 𝐶95