DATABASE MANAGEMENT

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

LABORATORY MANUAL

B.Tech (II Year-II Sem)(2024-25)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCEAND ENGINEERING

D.N.R. COLLEGEG OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUK,

Kakinada & Accredited with NACC B++ Grade)

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

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PEO1- ANALYTICAL SKILLS

1. To facilitate the graduates with the ability to visualize, gather information, articulate,
analyze, solve complex problems, and make decisions. These are essential to address the
challenges of complex and computation intensive problems increasing their productivity.

PEO2 - TECHNICAL SKILLS

2. To facilitate the graduates with the technical skills that prepare them for immediate
employment and pursue certification providing a deeper understanding of the technology in
advanced areas of computer science and related fields, thus encouraging to pursue higher
education and research based on their interest.

PEO3 - SOFT SKILLS

3. To facilitate the graduates with the soft skills that include fulfilling the mission, setting
goals, showing self-confidence by communicating effectively, having a positive attitude, get
involved in team-work, being a leader, managing their career and their life.

PEO4 - PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

4. To facilitate the graduates with the knowledge of professional and ethical responsibilities by
paying attention to grooming, being conservative with style, following dress codes, safety
codes, and adapting themselves to technological advancements.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCEIENCE AND ENGINEERING

GENERAL LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS
1) Students are advised to come to the laboratory at least 5 minutes before (to the starting time), those
who come after 5 minutes will not be allowed into the lab.
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2) Plan your task properly much before to the commencement, come prepared to the lab with the
synopsis/program/experiment details.
3) Students should enter into the laboratory with:
a) Laboratory observation notes with all the details (Problem statement, Aim, Algorithm,
Procedure, Program, Expected Output, etc.,) filled in for the lab session.
b) Laboratory Record updated up to the last session experiments and other utensils (if
any) needed in the lab.
c) Proper dress code and Identity card.
4) Sign in the laboratory login register, write the TIME-IN, and occupy the computer system allotted
to you by the faculty.
5) Execute your task in the laboratory, and record the result/ output in the lab observation note book,
and get certified by the concerned faculty.
6) All the students should be polite and cooperative with the laboratory staff, must maintain the
discipline and decency in the laboratory.
7) Computer labs are established with sophisticated and high end branded systems, which
should be utilized properly.
8) Students/faculty must keep their mobile phones in SWITCHED OFF mode during the lab sessions.
Misuse of the equipment, misbehaviors’ with the staff and systems etc., will attract severe
punishment.
9) Students must take the permission of the faculty in case urgency to go out; if anybody found
loitering outside the lab/ class without permission during working hours will be treated seriously
and punished appropriately.
10) Students should LOG OFF/ SHUT DOWN the computer systems before he/she leaves the lab
after completing the task (experiment) in all aspects. He/ She must ensure the system/seat is
kept properly.

Head of the Department Principal

D.N.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY,BHIMAVARAM

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCEIENCE AND ENGINEERING

LAB SHEDULE
S. BATCH-1
FACULT
N EXPERIMENT NAME
Y SIGN
O Expected Held Date
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Date
1 Creation, altering and droping of tables and inserting rows
into a table (use constraints while creating tables) examples
using SELECT command.
2 Queries (along with sub Queries) using ANY, ALL, IN,
EXISTS, NOTEXISTS, UNION, INTERSET, Constraints.
Example:- Select the roll number and name of the student
who secured fourth rank in the class
3 Queries using Aggregate functions (COUNT, SUM, AVG,
MAX and MIN), GROUP BY, HAVING and Creation and
dropping of Views.
4 Queries using Conversion functions (to_char, to_number and
to_date), string functions (Concatenation, lpad, rpad, ltrim,
rtrim, lower, upper, initcap, length, substr and instr), date
functions (Sysdate, next_day, add_months, last_day,
months_between, least, greatest, trunc, round, to_char,
to_date)
5 i. Create a simple PL/SQL program which includes
declaration section, executable section and exception –
Handling section (Ex. Student marks can be selected from
the table and printed for those who secured first class and an
exception can be raised if no records were found)
ii. Insert data into student table and use COMMIT,
ROLLBACK and SAVEPOINT in PL/SQL block.
6 Develop a program that includes the features NESTED IF,
CASE and CASE expression. The program can be extended
using the NULLIF and COALESCE functions.
7 Program development using WHILE LOOPS, numeric FOR
LOOPS, nested loops using ERROR Handling, BUILT –IN
Exceptions, USE defined Exceptions,
RAISEAPPLICATION ERROR.
8 Programs development using creation of procedures, passing
parameters IN and OUT of PROCEDURES.
9 Program development using creation of stored functions,
invoke functions in SQL Statements and write complex
functions.
10 Develop programs using features parameters in a CURSOR,
FOR UPDATE CURSOR, WHERE CURRENT of clause
and CURSOR variables.
11 Develop Programs using BEFORE and AFTER Triggers,
Row and Statement Triggers and INSTEAD OF Triggers .
12 Create a table and perform the search operation on table
using indexing and non indexing techniques
13 Write a Java program that connects to a database using
JDBC

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14 Write a Java program to connect to a database using JDBC
and insert values into it
15 Write a Java program to connect to a database using JDBC
and delete values from it

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EXPERIMENT 1
AIM: Queries for Creating, Dropping, and Altering Tables and insert row into a table(use constraints
while creating tables) examples using Select Command.
Procedure:
1. Creation of emp&dept table inSql:
SQL>create table dept10(deptno number(2,0) primary key,dname varchar(18) NOT NULL,loc
varchar(20) NOT NULL);
Table created.
SQL>create table emp(
empno number(4,0),
ename
varchar2(10)NOTNULL,
job varchar2(9) NOT NULL,
mgr number(4,0),
hiredate date,
sal number(7,2)NOTNULL,
commnumber(7,2),
eptno number(2,0),
constraint pk_emp primarykey(empno),
constraint fk_deptno foreignkey(deptno) references dept (deptno)
);
Table created.
2. View Structure/schema of emp&dept table in
sql: SQL> select *from emp;
No rows selected
SQL>select*from dept;
No rows selected
SQL>desc emp;
Name Null? Type

EMPNO NOT NULL NUMBER(4)

ENAME
VARCHAR2(10)
JOB VARCHAR2(9)
MGR NUMBER(4)
HIREDATE DATE
SAL NUMBER(7,2)
COMM NUMBER(7,2)
DEPTNO NUMBER(2)

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SQL>descdept;
Name Null? Type

DEPTNO NOT NULL NUMBER(2)

DNAME
VARCHAR2(14)
LOC VARCHAR2(13)
2. Insert the values in emp&dept table in sql:
There are several ways to insert the values in the existing table
Query to insert single record in the existing table:
SQL>insert into dept(deptno,dname,loc)values(20,’admin’,’hyd’);
1 row created.
Query to insert multiple records in the existing table:
SQL>insert into deptvalues(&deptno,'&dname','&loc');
Enter value for deptno: 10
Enter value for dname: sales
Enter value for
loc:vijayawada
old1:insert into dept values(&deptno,'&dname','&loc')
new1: insert into dept values(10,'sales','vijayawada')
1 row created.

SQL>/
Enter value for deptno:20
Enter value for dname: admin
Enter value for loc:hyd
old1: insert into dept values(&deptno,'&dname','&loc')
1 row created.
SQL>/
Enter value for deptno: 30
Enter value for dname: marketing
Enter value for loc: vzg
old1: insert into dept values (&deptno,'&dname','&loc')
new1: insert into dept values (30,'marketing','vzg')
1 row created.
4. Select Command: this command is used to print there cord from the existing table. View all
records in dept table:
SQL>select*from dept;
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
10 sales Vijayawada
20 admin hyd
30 marketing vzg

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View records basing on given criteria on specific column.
1. View single column from existing table.
SQL>select dname from dept;
DNAME
--------------
Sales
Admin
Marketing
2.View specific record(s)from existing table based on given condition.
SQL>select*from dept where dname='sales';
DEPTNO DNAME LOC

-----------------------------------------------------------------
10 sales Vijayawada
Types of SQL Commands:
DDL: DDLCommands(DataDefinition Language)
1. CREATE 2.DESC 3.ALTER 4.DROP 5.TRUNCATE 6.RENAME
DML Commands (DataManipulationLanguage)
1. SELECT 2. INSERT 3.UPDATE 4.DELETE
TCL (Transaction Control Language)
1. COMMIT 2.ROLLBACK 3.SAVEPOINT
DCL Commands(Data Control Language)
1. GRANT 2.REVOKE
1. CREATE:
CREATE TABLE: This is used to create a new relation and the corresponding
Syntax: CREATE TABLE relation_name(field_1data_type(Size),field_2data_type(Size),...);
Example:
SQL>CREATE TABLE Student (id number, namevarchar2 (10));

RESULT: Table created.

2. DESC:It is used to describe a schema as well as to retrieve rows from table in descending order.
SYNTAX:DESC
EX:SQL>DESC EMP1;
NAME NULL? TYPE

EMPNO NOT NULL NUMBER(10)

ENAME
VARCHAR2(15)
JOB CHAR(10)
DEPTNAME VARCHAR2(10)
DEPTNO NUMBER(9)
HIREDATE DATE
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SALARY NUMBER(8)
EXP NUMBER(5)
3. ALTER: This is used for add, remove or modify the structure of the existing table
(a) ALTER TABLE...ADD...:This is used to add some extra fields into existing relation.
Syntax: ALTER TABLE relation_name ADD (newfield_1data_type(size),newfield_2
data_type(size),..);
Example:SQL>ALTER TABLE emp1 ADD(Address CHAR(10));
TABLE ALTERED.
(b) ALTER TABLE...MODIFY...:This is used to change the width as well as data type of fields
of existing relations.
Syntax:ALTER TABLE relation_name MODIFY(field_1newdata_type(Size),field_2
newdata_type(Size),... , field_newdata_type(Size));
Example:
SQL>ALTER TABLE emp1 MODIFY(enameVARCHAR2(20),salary NUMBER(5));
TABLE ALTERED.
SQL>DESC EMP1;
NAME NULL? TYPE

EMPNO NOTNULL NUMBER(10)

ENAME VARCHAR2(20)
JOB CHAR(10)
DEPTNAME VARCHAR2(10)
DEPTNO NUMBER(9)
HIREDATE DATE
SALARY NUMBER(5)
EXP NUMBER(5)
ADDRESS CHAR(10)
4. DROP TABLE: This is used to delete the structure of a relation. It permanently deletes the table.
Syntax: DROP TABLE tablename;
Example:
SQL>DROP TABLE EMP1;
Table dropped;
DROP: this command is used to remove the date from the existing table
DROP COLUMN IN TABLE
Syntax:
To DROP A COLUMN in an existing table, the Oracle ALTERTABLE
Syntax is: ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;
Example customers DROPCOLUMN customer_name;
SQL>ALTER TABLE customers DROP COLUMN customer_name;
5. RENAME: It is used to modify the name of the existing database Object.
Syntax: RENAME old_table_name TO new_table_name;
Example:
SQL>RENAME EMP1 TO EMP2;

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Table renamed.
6. TRUNCATE: This command will remove the data permanently. But structure will not be removed.
Syntax: TRUNCATE TABLE<Table name>
Example: TRUNCATE TABLE EMP1;

EXPERIMENT:2

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AIM: QUERIES (ALONG WITH SUBQUERIES) USING ANY, ALL, IN, EXISTS,
NOTEXISTS, UNION, INTERSECT
PROCEDURE:
To create employee table:
Sql> create table employee( Fnamevarchar2(20),
Lnamevarchar2(20),
Ssn number(4) primarykey,
B_date date,
Address
varchar2(30),
Gender char(1),
Salary number(7,2),
Super_ssn references
employee(ssn), Dno number(4)
);
Table created.
SQL>INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE
VALUES('SMITH',NULL,1111,'03-NOV-2016','BJD','M',2000,NULL,10)
1 row created.
SQL>INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE
VALUES('ALLEN',NULL,2222,'03-NOV-2016','SBC','M',3000,1111,20)
1 row created.
SQL>INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE
VALUES('MARTIN',NULL,3333,'03-NOV-2016','HYD','M',4000,1111,30)
1 row created.
Like this we can insert the values into the table. To view data in the table following query is used.

SQL>SELECT*FROM EMPLOYEE;
FNAME LNAME SSNBDATE ADDRESS G SALARY SUPER_SSN DNO

SMITH 111101-JAN-06 BZA M 2000 10

ALLEN 222212-DEC-04 SBC M 3000 1111 20
MARTIN 333315-DEC-07 HYD M 4000 1111 20
JONES 444428-SEP-05 TNU M 1500 2222 10

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BLAKE 555504-SEP-04 VZA M 2500 2222 10
TURNER 666621-OCT-99 GNT M 6000 3333 20
6 rows selected.
Inserting values in the dependent table as follows
SQL>INSERT INTO DEPENDENT VALUES(1111,'SMITH',’G’)
1row is created.
SQL>INSERT INTO DEPENDENT VALUES(2222,'POOJA',’F’)
1row is created.
SQL>INSERT INTO DEPENDENT VALUES(3333,'MARTIN',’M’)
1row is created.
SQL>INSERT INTO DEPENDENT VALUES(3333,'RAJA',’M’)
1row is created.
To create dependent table:
SQL>CREATE TABLE DEPENDENT(ESSN NUMBER(4)REFERENCES EMPLOYEE(SSN),
DEPENDENT_NAME VARCHAR2 (20),GENDER CHAR(1), B_DATE DATE,RELATIONSHIP
VARCHAR2(20),PRIMARY KEY(ESSN,DEPENDENT_NAME));
Table created.
To view data in the dependent table as follows.
SQL>SELECT * FROM DEPENDENT;
ESSN DEPENDENT_NAME G B_DATE RELATIONSHIP

1111 SMITH M
2222 POOJA F
3333 MARTIN M
3333 RAJA M
1. ALL
Retrieve the names of employees whose salary is greater than the salary of all the employees in
department 10
SQL>SELECT FNAME,LNAME FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE SALARY > ALL(SELECT
SALARY FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE DNO=10);
FNAME LNAME
ALLEN
MARTIN
TURNER
2. ANY

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Retrieve the names of employees whose salary is greater than the salary of anyone of the employees
in department 10
SQL>SELECT FNAME, LNAME FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE SALARY>ANY(SELECT SALARY FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE DNO=10);
FNAME LNAME

TURNER
MARTIN ALLEN
BLAKE
SMITH
3. IN
Retrieve the name of each employee who has a dependent with the first name and same gender as the
employee
SQL>SELECT e.FNAME, e.LNAME FROM EMPLOYEE e WHERE e.SSNIN(SELECT ESSN
FROM DEPENDENT WHERE e.GENDER=GENDER AND e.FNAME =
DEPENDENT_NAME);
FNAME LNAME

SMITH
MARTI
N

4. EXISTS
Retrieve the name of each employee who has a dependent with the firstname and same gender as the
employee
SQL>SELECT e.FNAME,e.LNAME FROM EMPLOYEE e WHERE EXISTS (SELECT
* FROM DEPENDENT WHERE e.SSN=ESSN AND e.GENDER=GENDER AND
e.FNAME =DEPENDENT_NAME);
FNAME LNAME

SMITH
MARTI
N
5.NOTEXISTS
Retrieve the names of employees who have no dependents
SQL>SELECT FNAME,LNAME FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE NOTEXISTS(SELECT*

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FROM DEPENDENT WHERE SSN=ESSN);
FNAME LNAME

ALLEN

SQL Constraints
SQL constraints are used to specify rules for the data in a table.
Constraints are used to limit the type of data that can be inserting into a table. This ensures the
accuracy and reliability of the data in the table. If there is any violation between the constraint and the
data action, the action is aborted.
Constraints can be column level or table level. Column level constraints apply to a column, and table
level constraints apply to the whole table.
The following constraints are commonly used in SQL:
 NOTNULL-Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value
Example:
SQL>create table person1(idint,namevarchar2(10)not null,age int);
Table created.
 UNIQUE-Ensures that all values in a column are different
Example:
SQL>create table person(id intunique,namevarchar2(10),age int);
Table created.
 PRIMARYKEY-A combination of a NOTNULL and UNIQUE. Uniquely identifies each
row in a table
Example:
SQL>create table emp1(id number(10)primarykey,namevarchar2(10),sal int); Table
created.
 FOREIGNKEY-Uniquely identifies a row/record in another table
oA FOREIGNKEY is a key used to link two tables together.
oA FOREIGNKEY is a field(or)collection of fields in one table that refers to the
PRIMARY KEY in another table.
o The table containing the foreign key is called the child table, and the table containing
the candidate key is called the referenced or parent table.
Example:
SQL>create table emp2(eidint,cityvarchar2(10),foreign key(eid)referencesemp1(id));
Table created.
 CHECK-Ensures that all values in a column satisfies a specific condition
Example:
SQL>CREATE TABLE person1( ID int ,Age int, City varchar(10),CONSTRAINT chk
CHECK(Age>=18 AND City='vja');
Table created.

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 DEFAULT-Sets a default value for a column when no value is specified.
o The DEFAULT constraint is used to provide a default value for a column.
oThe default values will be added to all new records IF no other value is specified.
SQL DEFAULT on CREATE TABLE
SQL>create table emp(id number(10),name varchar2(10),city varchar2(10)default 'vja');
Table created.

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EXPERIMENT:3
AIM: QUERIES USING AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS (COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX AND MIN)
GROUPBY, HAVING and Creation and dropping of Views.
PROCEDURE:
1. COUNT: Calculate the number of employees in dept20.
SQL>SELECT COUNT(*) NO_EMP FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20;

NO_EMP
--------------

5
2. SUM: Calculate the total salaries for each dept
SQL>SELECT DEPTNO, SUM (SAL) FROM EMP GROUPBY DEPTNO;

DEPTNO SUM (SAL)

------------------------

30 9400
20 10875
10 8750

3. AVG: Calculate the average salaries for each dept

SQL>SELECT DEPT_NO, AVG (SAL) FROM EMP GROUPBY DEPT_NO;

DEPT_ NOAVG(SAL)
---------- ----------

30 1566.66667

20 2175

10 2916.66667

4. MAX: Calculate the maximum salary for each dept

SQL>SELECT DEPTNO, MAX(SAL) FROM EMP GROUPBY DEPTNO;

DEPTNO MAX(SAL)
-------------------------
30 2850
20 3000
10 5000
5. MIN
Calculate the minimum salary for each dept

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SQL>SELECT DEPTNO,MIN(SAL) FROM EMP GROUPBY DEPTNO;
DEPTNO MIN(SAL)

30 950
20 800
10 1300

6. GROUPBY:
The GROUP BY clause is a SQL command that is used to group rows that have the same values.
The GROUPBY clause is used in the SELECT statement. Optionally it is used in conjunction with
aggregate functions to produce summary reports from the database.
GROUPBY Syntax
SELECT statements…GROUPBYcolumn_name1[column_name2,…];
Grouping using a Single Column:
Create a table called data with gender column and values as male and female.
SQL>select *from data;
GENDER

male
female
female
female
female
female
male male
male
female
male male
female
male male
female
16 rows selected.
SQL>select gender from data GROUPBY gender;
GENDER
------------
Male
Female
SQL>select count(gender), gender from data GROUPBY gender;
COUNT(GENDER) GENDER
8 male
8 female
Grouping using Multiple
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Columns Syntax
SELECT Column1,Column2,AGGREGATE_FUNCTION(Column3) FROM TABLE1 GROUPBY
Column1,Column2;
Examples:
SQL>select *from emp;

IDNAME DEPT SAL

-------------------- ---------- ----------
1 a cse 1000
2 b ece 2000
3 c eee 3000
4 d cse 4000
1 z cse 5000
5 a ece 6000
6 e ece 7000
2 b eee 9000
8 rows selected.
SQL>select id,name from emp GROUPBY id,name;

ID NAME

3 c
4 d
1 a
2 b
5 a
1 z
6 e
7 rows selected.
7. HAVING
 The HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE keyword could not be used with

Aggregate functions.
 The WHERE clause places conditions on the selected columns, where as the HAVING
clause places conditions on groups created by the GROUP BY clause.
 The HAVING clause must follow the GROUPBY clause in a query and must also
precede the ORDER BY clause if used
HAVING Syntax
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE condition GROUPBY
column_name(s) HAVING condition
SQL>select *from emp;
ID NAME DEPT SAL

1 a cse 1000

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2 b ece 2000
3 c eee 3000
4 d cse 4000
5 e ece 5000
SQL>select count(id),dept from emp GROUPBY dept having count(id)>1;
COUNT(ID) DEPT
-------------------------
2 cse
2 ece
SQL>select *from emp;
ID NAME DEPT SAL
------------------------------ ----------
1 a cse 1000
2 b ece 2000
3 c eee 3000
4 d cse 4000
5 e ece 5000
SQL>select max(sal),dept from emp GROUPBY dept;
MAX(SAL)DEPT
---------- ---------
4000 cse
3000 eee
5000 ece

SQL>select max(sal),dept from emp GROUPBY dept having max(sal)>3000;

MAX(SAL) DEPT
---------- ---------
4000 cse
5000 ece
8. View:
o Views in SQL are considered as a virtual table. A view also contains rows and columns.
o To create the view, we can select the fields from one or more tables present in the database.
o A view can either have specific rows based on certain condition or all the rows of a table.
SQL>select * from emp;
ENOENAME SALARY LOC

101ali 15000 vja

102haji ` 20000 hyd
103mohammad 42000 vja

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104ravi 23000 gnt
105 irfath 50000 hyd
SQL>create VIEW hyd as select * from emp where loc='hyd';
View created.
SQL>select * from hyd;
ENO ENAME SALARY LOC
-----------------------------------------------
102 haji 20000 hyd
105 irfath 50000 hyd
SQL>drop VIEW hyd;
View dropped
SQL>select * from hyd;
Select * from hyd;

ERRORatline1:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist

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EXPERIMENT:4

AIM: QUERIES USING CONVERSION FUNCTIONS (TO_CHAR, TO_NUMBER AND

TO_DATE), STRING FUNCTIONS (CONCATENATION, LPAD, RPAD, LTRIM, RTRIM,
LOWER, UPPER, INITCAP, LENGTH, SUBSTR AND INSTR), DATE FUNCTIONS
(SYSDATE, NEXT_DAY, ADD_MONTHS, LAST_DAY, MONTHS_BETWEEN, LEAST,
GREATEST, TRUNC, ROUND, TO_CHAR)
SQL>select*from emp;
ENO ENAME SALARY LOC
101 ali 15000 vja
102 haji 20000 hyd
103 mohammad 42000 vja
104 ravi 23000 gnt
105 irfath 50000 hyd
A) Conversion Functions:
1. to_char:to_char is used to convert the attribute values to char.
SQL>select to_char(salary,'$99999.99') from emp;
TO_CHAR (SALARY)

$15000.00
$20000.00
$42000.00
$23000.00
$50000.00

SQL>SELECT TO_CHAR(123.4567,'99999.9') FROM DUAL;

TO_CHAR (
123.5
SQL>SELECT TO_CHAR(123.4567,'99999.99')FROMDUAL;
TO_CHAR(1
123.46
SQL>SELECT TO_CHAR(1234.56789,'9,999.00') FROM DUAL;
TO_CHAR(1
---------------
1,234.57
SQL>SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YYYY/MM/DD') FROM DUAL;
TO_CHAR(SY
----------------
2021/07/09
SQL>SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DD/MM/YYYY') FROM DUAL;

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TO_CHAR(SY
----------------
09/07/2021
SQL>SELECT TO_CHAR(23,'000099') FROM DUAL;
TO_CHAR
--------------
000023
SQL>SELECT TO_CHAR(23,'0000999') FROM DUAL;
TO_CHAR(
---------------
0000023
SQL>SELECT TO_CHAR(23,'00009') FROM DUAL;
TO_CHAR
------------
00023
SQL>SELECT TO_CHAR(23,'00000') FROM DUAL;
TO_CHAR
------------
00023
SQL>SELECT TO__CHAR(234.5678,'000.000') FROM DUAL;
TO_CHAR(
234.568
SQL>SELECTTO_CHAR(2345.2345,'$9,000.00') FROM DUAL;
TO_CHAR(23
$2,345.23
2. to_number: to_number is used to convert the attribute value to number.
SQL>SELECTTO_NUMBER('1210.73', '9999.99')FROMDUAL;
TO_NUMBER('1210.73','9999.9)

1210.73
3. to_date: to_date is used for convert and display the attribute values as
date. SQL> select to_date('01-01-2020', 'MM-DD-YYYY') from dual;
TO_DATE('
01-JAN-20
b) String functions:
1. Concatenation:CONCAT is used to add two attribute values such as string.
SQL>select concat(eno,loc) from emp;
CONCAT(ENO,LOC)

101 vja
102 hyd
103 vja
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104 gnt
106 hyd
2lpad: LPAD()function is used top adding the left side of a string with a specific set of characters.
SQL>select lpad(ename,10,'*') from emp;

LPAD(ENAME,10,'*')

*******ali
******haji
**mohammad
******ravi
****irfath
3rpad: RPAD() function is used top adding the right side of a string with a specific set of characters.
SQL>select rpad(ename,10,'*') from emp;
RPAD(ENAME,10,'*')

ali*******
haji******
mohammad**
ravi******
irfath****
4.ltrim:LTRIM() function is used to remove all specified characters from the left end side of a string
SQL>select ltrim('******hi********','*')fromdual;
LTRIM('*** hi********

5. rtrim:RTRIM() function is used to remove all specified characters from the left end side of a
string
SQL>select rtrim('******hi********','*')from dual;
RTRIM('******hi********','*')

******hi
6. lower: lower() function is used to convert the attribute value into lowercase.
SQL>select lower(ename) from emp;

LOWER(ENAME)

a
l

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i

h
a
j
i
mo
ham
mad
ravi
irfath
7. upper:upper() function is used to convert the attribute values into uppercase.
SQL>select upper(ename) from emp;
UPPER(ENAME)

ALI
HAJI
MOHA
MMAD
RAVI
IRFATH
7. initcap:initcap() is used to convert the attribute values first character in capital letter.
SQL>select initcap(ename) from emp;
INITCAP(EN

A
l
i
H
a
j
i
Mo
ham
mad
Ravi
Irfath
9. length:length() function is used to calculate the length of the given attribute.
SQL>select ename,length(ename) from emp;
ENAME LENGTH(ENAME)

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ali 3
haji 4
mohammad 8
ravi 4
irfath 6

10. substr:substr() function is used to find the substring of the given attribute value. It returns
size-1 of the given string/ attribute as a sub string.
SQL>selecte name,substr(ename,4) from emp;

ENAME SUBSTR(ENAME,4)

ali
haji i
mohammad

ammad ravi i
irfath ath

11. instr:instr() function return the location of starting passion of the substring in the existing
value.
SQL>select instr('welcometoCRRCOE','to') from dual;
INSTR('WELCOMETO
CRRCOE','TO') 9
c) Date functions:
1. Sysdate():sysdate() function returns the current system date.
SQL>select sysdate from dual;
SYSDATE

28-APR-21
2. next_day();it reurns the date of next coming day.
SQL>select next_day(sysdate,'sunday') from dual;

NEXT_DAY( 02-MAY-
21
3. add_months():it returns the next date after adding number of months in the arguments.
SQL>select add_months(sysdate,5)from dual;
ADD_MONTH

28-SEP-21
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4. last_day(): The LAST_DAY()function takes a date value as argument and returns the last
day of month in that date
SQL>select last_day(sysdate) from dual;
LAST_DAY( 30-APR-21

SQL>select last_day('02-FEB-2020')from dual;

LAST_DAY(

29-FEB-20

5. months_between():it returns the numbers of months between given two dates.

SQL>select months_between('02-feb-2021','02-feb-2020') from dual;
MONTHS_BETWEEN('02-FEB-2021','02-FEB-
2020') 12
SQL>select months_between(sysdate,'02-feb-2020')from dual;

MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,'02-FEB-2020')

14.8600769
6. least():it returns least value from the given argument or attributes.
SQL>select least(300,450,100,440)from dual;

LEAST(300,450,100,

440) 100

7. greatest():it returns maximum values from the given arguments or attributes in the relation.
SQL>select greatest(300,450,100,440)from dual;

GREATEST(300,450,100,

440) 450
8. trunc():The TRUNC() function returns a DATE value truncated to a specified unit.
SQL>select trunc(sysdate,'mm') from dual;
TRUNC(SYS 01-APR-21

SQL>select trunc(sysdate,'yyyy') from dual;

TRUNC(SYS

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01-JAN-21
9. round():Round function round a number to a specified length or precision.
SQL>select round(12.49,0)from dual;

ROUND(12.49,0) 12

SQL>select round(12.51,0)from dual;

ROUND(12.51,0) 13

10. to_char():it convert the given date type attribute values to text and return the date in the
specific format.
SQL>select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd')from dual;

TO_CHAR(SY

2021-04-28

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EXPERIMENT:5

AIM i)Create a simple PL/SQL program which includes declaration section, executable section and
29
exception –Handling section (Ex. Student marks can be selected from the table and printed for those
whose secured first class and an exception can be raised if no records were found).
ii.Insert data into student table and use COMMIT,ROLLBACK and SAVEPOINT in PL/SQL block..
i).We have to create the student table and insert the records into the table as
follows: SQL> create table student(sid number(10),sname varchar2(20),rank
varchar(10));
Table created.
SQL>insert into student values(501,'Ravi','second');
1 row created.
SQL>insert into student values(502,'Raju','third');
1 row created
SQL>insert into student values(503,'Ramu','');
1 row created.
SQL>select*from student;
SIDSNAME RANK

501Ravi second
502Raju third
503Ramu
SQL>ed5a
Enter the following code into the text editor and save the file with .sql format
Set serveroutput on;
declare
temp1 number(10);
temp2 varchar2(10);
begin
select sid,sname into temp1,temp2 from student where rank='first';
dbms_output.put_line('StudentNo:'||temp1||'Name:'||temp2||'gotfirst rank');
exception
when no_data_found then
dbms_output.put_line('********************************************);
dbms_output.put_line('# Error: there is no student got first
rank');
end;
/

SQL>@5a;
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********************************************
# Error: there is no student got first rank
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL>update student set rank='first' where sid=503;
1 row updated.
SQL>select*from student;

SIDSNAME RANK

501Ravi second
502Raju third
503Ramu first
SQL>@5a
StudentNo: 503Name:Ramu got first rank
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
ii) Insert data into student table and use COMMIT,ROLLBACK and SAVEPOINT in PL/SQL block

SQL>select*from student;

SID SNAME RANK

501 Ravi second

502 Raju third

503 Ramu first

PL/SQLCODE:
SQL>ed5b
Enter the following code into the text editor and save the file with .sql format
set serveroutput on;
DECLARE
sno student.sid%type;
names tudent.sname%type;
srank student.rank%type;
BEGIN
sno := &sno;
name:='&name';
srank:='&srank';
INSERTinto student values(sno,name,srank);
dbms_output.put_line('One record inserted');
COMMIT;
--adding savepoint

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SAVEPOINT s1;
--second time asking user for input
sno := &sno;
name:='&name';
srank:='&srank';
INSERTinto student values(sno,name,srank);
dbms_output.put_line('One record inserted');
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT s1;
END;
/
SQL>@5b;
SQL>@5b
Enter value for sno: 504
old7: sno:=&sno;
new7: sno:=504;
Enter value for name:ali
old8: name:='&name';
new8: name := 'ali';
Enter value for srank: first
old9: srank:='&srank';
new9: srank := 'first';
Enter value for sno: 505
old16: sno :=&sno;
new16: sno := 505;
Enter value for name:haji
old17: name:='&name';
new17:name := 'haji';
Enter value for srank: third
old18: srank:='&srank';
new18:srank := 'third';
One record inserted
One record inserted
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL>select*from student;
SID SNAME RANK
501 Ravi second
502 Raju third
503 Ramu first
504 ali first

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EXPERIMENT:6

AIM: Develop a program that includes the features NESTED IF,CASE and CASE expression. The program
Can be extended using the NULLIF and COALESCE functions
A.NESTED IF:
A nested if-then is an if statement that is the target of another if statement. Nested if-then
statements mean an if statement inside another if statement
Syntax:-
if(condition1)then
-- Executes when condition1 is true

if (condition2) then
-- Executes when condition2 is true
end if;
end if;
PL/SQL CODE:PL/SQL Program to find biggest of three number using nested if.
SQL>ed 6a
Enter the following code into the text editor and save the file with .sql format
declare
a number:=10;
b number:=12;
c number:=5;
begin
dbms_output.put_line('a='||a||'b='||b||'c='||c); if a>b AND a>c
then
dbms_output.put_line('a is greatest');
else
if b>a AND b>ct hen
dbms_output.put_line('b is greatest');
else
dbms_output.put_line('c is greatest');
endif;
endif;
end;
/

SQL>@6a
a=10 b=12 c=5

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b is greatest
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

B. CASE and CASE Expression: CASE statement selects one sequence of statements to execute.
However, to select the sequence, the CASE statement uses a select or rather han multiple Boolean
expressions. A selector is an expression, the value of which is used to select one of several alternatives.
Syntax
CASEselector
WHEN 'value1' THEN S1;

WHEN 'value2' THEN S2;

WHEN 'value3' THENS3;

...
ELSE Sn;

--defaultcase

END CASE;
SQL>create table emp(enonumber(5),enamevarchar2(10),locvarchar(10),salary number(10,2));
Table created.
SQL>insert into emp values(101,'ali','vja',15000);

1 row created.
SQL>insert into emp values(102,'ravi','hyd',25000);
1 row created.
SQL>insert into emp values(103,'raju','gnt',35000););
1 row created.
SQL>insert into emp values(104,'rakesh','vja',45000);
1 row created.
SQL>select * from emp;
ENO ENAME LOC SALARY

101 ali vja 15000

102 ravi hyd 25000
103 raju gnt 35000

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104 rakesh vja 45000

Example of CASE Expression:

SQL>select loc,case(loc)
when 'vja' then salary+2000
when 'hyd' then salary+1000
else salary
end "rev_salary" from emp;

LOC rev_salary

vja 17000
hyd 26000
gnt 35000
vja 47000

PL/SQL CODE to demonstrate CASE

SQL> ed 6b

set serveroutput on;

declare
grade char(1);
begin
grade:='&grade';
case
when grade='a'then
dbms_output.put_line('Excellent);
when grade='b' then
dbms_output.put_line('verygood');
when grade='c' then
dbms_output.put_line('good');
when grade='d' then
dbms_output.put_line('fair');
when grade='f' then
dbms_output.put_line('poor');
else
dbms_output.put_line('No such grade');
endcase;
end;
/
SQL>@6b
Enter value for grade:c
old4:grade:='&grade';
new4:grade:='c;

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good
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> @6b
Enter value for grade:g
old4:grade:='&grade';
new4:grade:='g';
No such grade
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
C. NULLIF: Takes two arguments. If the two arguments are equal, then NULL is returned.
Otherwise the first argument is returned.
Syntax: select column_name,NULLIF(argument1,arguement2) from table_name;
Example:
SQL>selectename,nullif('ali','ali1')fromemp;
ENAME NUL
ali ali
ravi ali
raju ali
rakesh ali
SQL>selectename,nullif('ali','ali')fromemp;
ENAME NUL
aliravi
raju
rakesh
D. COALESCE: COALESCE() function accepts a list of arguments and returns the first one that
evaluates to a non-null value.

Syntax: coalesce("expression1","expression2",...);
Example:
SQL>select coalesce(NULL,'CRRCOE','IT') from dual;
COALE

CRRCOE

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EXPERIMENT:7

AIM: Program development using WHILE LOOPS, numeric FOR LOOPS, nested loops using
ERROR Handling, BUILT–IN Exceptions, USE defined Exceptions, RAISE APPLICATION
ERROR
PROCEDURE:
A. WHILE LOOP: AWHILE LOOP statement in PL/SQL programming language repeatedly
executes a target statement as long as a given condition is true.
Syntax:
WHILE condition LOOP
sequence_of_statements
END LOOP;
PL/SQL Code:A PL/SQL Program to find sum of ODD number up to given number using While loop
SQL> ed 7a
set serveroutput on;
declare
inval number;
endval number;
snumber default0;
begin
inval:=1;
endval:=&endval;
while inval<endvalloop
s:=s+inval;
inval:=inval+2;
endloop;
dbms_output.put_line('sumofoddnumbersbetween1and '||endval||'is'||s); end;
/
SQL>@7a
Enter value for endval: 100
old7:endval:=&endval;
new7:endval:=100;
sum of odd numbers between 1 and 100 is 2500
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
FOR Loop: A FORLOOP is a repetition control structure that allows us to efficiently write a loop
that needs to execute a specific number of times.
Syntax
FOR counter IN initial_value..final_value LOOP
sequence_of_statements;

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ENDLOOP;
PL/SQLCODE:A PL/SQL code to print multiplication table using forloop
SQL>ed 7b
set serveroutput on;
DECLARE
VAR1 NUMBER;
VAR2 NUMBER;
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Enter number to print multiplication table');
VAR1:=&VAR1;
FOR VAR2 IN 1..10 LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(VAR1||'X'||
VAR2||'='||VAR1*VAR2);
ENDLOOP;
END;
/
SQL>@7b
Enter value for var1: 2
old6:VAR1:=&VAR1;
new6:VAR1:=2;
Enter number to print multiplication table
2X1=2
2X2=4
2X3=6
2X4=8
2X5=10
2X6=12
2X7=14
2X8=16
2X9=18
2X10=20
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed
C.NESTEDLOOP:PL/SQL allows using one loop inside another loop. It may be either
basic, while or for loop.
Syntax:
WHILE condition1 LOOP
sequence_of_statements1
WHILE condition2 LOOP
sequence_of_statements2

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ENDLOOP;
END LOOP;
PL/SQLCODE:A PL/SQL program to print n prime number using nested loop.
SQL> ed 7c
DECLARE
inumber(3);
jnumber(3);
BEGIN
i := 2;
LOOP
j:= 2;
LOOP
exitWHEN((mod(i,j)=0)or(j=i)); j := j
+1;
END LOOP;
IF(j=i)THEN
dbms_output.put_line(i||'isprime'); END
IF;
i:= i+1;
exitWHENi=50;
END LOOP;
END;
/
SQL>@7c
2is prime
3is prime
5is prime
7is prime
11isprime
13is prime
17is prime
19is prime
23is prime
29is prime
31is prime

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37is prime
41is prime
43is prime
47is prime
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

EXPERIMENT:8

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AIM: Programs development using creation of procedures, passing parameters IN and OUT of PROCEDURES
PROCEDURES:
SQL>create table enquiry(enqno1number(3),fname varchar2(30));
Table created.
SQL>insert into enquiry values(111,'sai');
1 row created.
SQL>insert into enquiry values(112,'sindhu');
1 row created.

PL/SQL CODE to create procedure

SQL>ed findname
create procedure findname(enquiryno1 IN number,fname1 OUT varchar2) is
fname2 varchar2(30);
begin
select fname into fname2 from enquiry where enqno1=enquiryno1;
fname1:=fname2;
exception when no_data_found then
raise_application_error(-20100,'Thegivennumberisnotpresent');

end;
/
SQL>@findname Procedure created.
PL/SQL Code for calling procedure in program
SQL>ed pro8
Set serveroutput on;
declare
enqno2 number(5);
fname2varchar2(30);
begin
enqno2:=&enqno2;
findname(enqno2,fname2);
dbms_output.put_line('Person name of equiryid'||enqno2||'is'||fname2);

end;
/
SQL>@pro8
Enter value for enqno2:114
old5: enqno2:=&enqno2;

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new5:enqno2:=114;
declare
*
ERRORatline1:
ORA-20100: The given number is not present
ORA-06512:at"SYSTEM.FINDNAME",line7
ORA-06512:atline6

SQL>@pro8
Enter value for enqno2:112
old5: enqno2:=&enqno2;
new5:enqno2:=112;
Person name of equiry id 112 is sindhu
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

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EXPERIMENT:9

AIM: Program development using creation of stored functions, invoke functions in SQL statements and
write Complex functions.
PROCEDIRE:
SQL>create table dept(deptno int,dname varchar(10));
Table created.
SQL>insert into dept values(1219,'sai');
1 row created.

PL/SQL CODE to create user define function

create or replace function getname(dno number)

return varchar2 as
fname1 varchar2(30);
begin
select dname into fname1 from dept where deptno=dno;
return(fname1);
exception
when no_data_found then
raise_application_error(-20100,'Your entered Department number is not exists');

end;
/

SQL>@getname
Function created.
PL/SQL Code for calling function in program
SQL>ed pro9

set serveroutput on;

declare
fname2varchar2(30);
deptno2 number(5);
begin
deptno2:=&deptno;
fname2:=getname(deptno2);
dbms_output.put_line(fname2||'is in deptno'||deptno2);
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end;
/

SQL>@pro9
Enter value for deptno:1219
old5: deptno2:=&deptno;
new5:deptno2:=1219;
sai is in deptno 1219
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> @pro9
Enter value for deptno:1001
old5: deptno2:=&deptno;
new5:deptno2:=100;
declare
*
ERRORatline1:
ORA-20100:Your entered Department number is not exists

ORA-06512: at "SYSTEM.GETNAME", line 9

ORA-06512:atline6

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EXPERIMENT:10
AIM: Develop programs using features parameters in a CURSOR, FOR UPDATE CURSOR,WHERE CURRENT
of clause and CURSOR variables
PROCEDURE
SQL>create table customers(id number(3),name varchar2(10),age number(3),address varchar2(10),
salary number(10,2));
Table created.
SQL>insert into customers values(1,'ramesh',32,'ahmedabad',2000);
1 row created.
SQL>insert into customers values(2,'khilan',25,'Delhi',1500);
1 row created.
SQL>insert into customers values(3,'kaushik',23,'Kota',2000);
1 row created.
SQL>insert into customers values(4,'chitali',25,'Mumbai',6500);
1 row created.
SQL>insert into customers values(5,'Hardhik',27,'Bhopal',8500);
1 row created
SQL>insert into customers values(6,'komal',22,'Mumbai',6500);
1 row created
SQL>insert into customers values(4,'chitali',25,'MadhyaPradesh',4500);
1 row created
SQL>select * from customers;
IDNAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY

1ramesh 32 Ahmedabad 2000

2khilan 25 Delhi 1500
3kaushik 23 Kota 2000
4chitali 25 Mumbai 6500
5Hardhik 27 Bhopal 8500
6Komal 22 MadhyaPradesh 4500

4 rows selected.

The following program will update the table and increase the salary of each customer by 500 and use
the SQL%ROWCOUNT attribute to determine the number of rows affected
DECLARE
total_rows number(2);

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BEGIN
UPDATE customers
SET salary = salary + 500;
IF sql%notfound THEN
dbms_output.put_line('no customers selected');
ELSIF sql%found THEN
total_rows := sql%rowcount;
dbms_output.put_line( total_rows || ' customers selected ');
END IF;
END;
/

6 customers selected
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
DECLARE
c_id customers.id%type;
c_name customers.name%type;
c_addr customers.address%type;
CURSOR c_customers is
SELECT id, name, address FROM customers;
BEGIN
OPEN c_customers;
LOOP
FETCH c_customers into c_id, c_name, c_addr;
EXIT WHEN c_customers%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line(c_id || ' ' || c_name || ' ' || c_addr);
END LOOP;
CLOSE c_customers;
END;
/

Output
1 Ramesh Ahmedabad
2 Khilan Delhi
3 kaushik Kota

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4 Chaitali Mumbai
5 Hardik Bhopal
6 Komal MP
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

EXPERIMENT:11

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AIM: Develop programs using before and after triggers, row and statement triggers and instead of triggers
PROCEDURE:
SQL>create table customers(id number(3),name varchar2(10),age number(3),address varchar2(10),salary
number(10,2));
Table created.
SQL>insert into customers values(1,'ramesh',32,'ahmedabad',2000);
1 row created.
SQL>insert into customers values(2,'khilan',25,'Delhi',1500);
1 row created.
SQL>insert into customers values(3,'kaushik',23,'Kota',2000);
1 row created.
SQL>insert into customers values(4,'chitali',25,'Mumbai',6500);
1 row created.
SQL>select*from customers;
IDNAME AGEADDRESS SALARY
-
1 ramesh 32ahmedabad 2000
2 khilan 25 Delhi 1500
3 kaushik 23 Kota 2000
4 chitali 25Mumbai 6500

4 rows selected.
PL/SQL Code for creation of trigger while insert /update records into a table.
SQL>ed pro11
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER display_salary_changes
BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON customers
FOR EACH ROW
WHEN(NEW.ID>0)
DECLARE
sal_diff
number; BEGIN
sal_diff := :NEW.salary - :OLD.salary;
dbms_output.put_line('Old salary: ' || :OLD.salary);
dbms_output.put_line('New salary: '||:NEW.salary);
dbms_output.put_line('Salary difference:'||sal_diff);
END;
/

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SQL> @pro11
Trigger created.

SQL>insert into customers values(5,'Hardik',27,'Mumbai',5500);

Old salary:
Newsalary:5500
Salary difference:
1 row created.

SQL>update customers set salary=salary+500 where id=2;

Old salary: 1500
Newsalary:2000
Salarydifference:500
1 row updated.

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EXPERIMENT:12

AIM: Create a table and perform the search operation on table using indexing and non-indexing techniques
PROCEDURE:
SQL>CREATE TABLE TEACHER(STAFF_IDVARCHAR2(4)PRIMARY KEY,STAFF_NAME
VARCHAR2(30),QUALIFICATION VARCHAR2(10),HIREDATE DATE,JOB VARCHAR2(30),
ADDRESS VARCHAR2(15),PH_NUM NUMBER(10),SALARY NUMBER(7,2),DEPARTMENT
VARCHAR2(10));
Table created.
SQL>insert into teacher values('T101','SUNITHA','MCA','29-JUN-06','ASSOCIATE

PROFESSOR','VIJAYAWADA',9985061308,23000,'MCA');
1 row created.
SQL>insert into teacher values('T102','FREDSMITH','MTECH','07-MAR-03','ASSOCIATE

PROFESSOR','GUNTUR',9985063445,36000,'MBA');

1 row created.

SQL>insert into teacher values('T103','JACKBARNES','BTECH','27-JUN-

07','PROFESSOR','TENALI',9985012345,27000,'MTECH');

1 row created.

SQL>insert into teacher values('T104','JANEDOE','MCA','04-JUL-06','ASSISTANT

PROFESSOR','VIJAYAWADA',9985045678,29000,'BTECH');

1 row created.

SQL>insert into teacher values('T105','JOESHMOE','MBA','16-AUG-08','ASSOCIATE

PROFESSOR','ELURU',9987651308,36000,'MCA');

1 row created.

SQL>insert into teacher values('T106','JONBAKER','MSC(COM)','12-JAN-

03','PROFESSOR','HYDERABAD',8876561308,46000,'MCA');

1 row created.
SQL>insert into teacher values('T107','JOHNDOE','MSC(PHY)','06-FEB-04','ASSISTANT
PROFESSOR','VIJAYAWADA',8345661308,31000,'MBA');
1 row created
SQL>insert into teacher values('T108','KIMSMITH','MCA','10-MAR-08','ASSISTANT
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PROFESSOR','VIZAG',8374561308,26000,'MTECH');
1 row created.

SQL>insert into teacher values('T109','MARYPARKER','MTECH','02-

APR- 09','PROFESSOR','NELLORE',7893427649,52000,'MBA');
1 row created.
SQL>insert into teacher values('T110','SAMUELJOHN','BTECH','19-MAY-05','ASSISTANT
PROFESSOR','ELURU',9982222208,26000,'MBA');
1 row created.

SQL>insert into teacher values('T111','FRANKLIN WONG','MBA','20-AUG-06','ASSOCIATE

PROFESSOR','VIZAG',9985033333,20000,'MTECH');
1 row created.

SQL>insert into teacher values('T112','SLICIA ZELAYA','MCA','16-SEP-04','ASSISTANT

PROFESSOR','VIJAYAWADA',9985202020,33000,'BTECH');
1 row created.

SQL>insert into teacher values('T113','JENNIFER WALLACE','MSC(MATHS)','25-OCT-

03','PROFESSOR','HYDERABAD',9902192033,54000,'MCA');
1 row created.
SQL>insert into teacher values('T114','RAMESHNARAYANA','MCA','24-NOV-
04','ASSOCIATEPROFESSOR','NARASARAOPET',9988776655,34000,'MBA');
1 row created
SQL>insert into teacher values('T115','JOYCEENGLISH','MBA','22-DEC-06','ASSISTANT
PROFESSOR','VIJAYAWADA',9998765443,45000,'MBA');
1 row created
To show the query execution timing use the following
query SQL> Set timing on;
Retrieve details of teacher before creation of index.
SQL>select*from teacher;

STAF STAFF_NAME QUALIFICAT HIREDATE JOB ADDRESS PH_NUM

SALARY DEPARTMENT

T101 SUNITHA MCA 29-06-06 ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR VIJAYAWADA 9985061308

23000 MCA

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T102 FREDSMITH MTECH 07-MAR-03 ASSOCIATEPROFESSOR GUNTUR 9985063445 36000
MBA

T103 JACK BARNE BTECH 27-JUN-07 PROFESSOR TENALI 9985012345

27000 MTECH
T104 JANE DOE MCA 04-JUL-06 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR VIJAYAWADA
9985045678 29000 BTECH T105 JOE SHMOEMBA16-AUG-08ASSOCIATE
PROFESSORELURU998765130836000MCA
T106 JONBAKERMSC(COM)12-JAN-03PROFESSORHYDERABAD887656130846000MCA
T107 JOHNDOEMSC(PHY)06-FEB-
04ASSISTANTPROFESSORVIJAYAWADA834566130831000MBA
T108 KIM SMITH MCA 10-MAR-08 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR VIZAG 8374561308
26000 MTECH
T109 MARYPARKER MTECH 02-APR-09 PROFESSOR NELLORE 7893427649 52000
MBA
T110 SAMUEL JOHN BTECH 19-MAY-05ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ELURU 9982222208
26000 MBA

T111 FRANKLIN WONG MBA 20-AUG-06 ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR VIZAG 9985033333

20000 MTECH

T112 SLICIAZELAYA MCA 16-SEP-04 ASSISTANTPROFESSOR VIJAYAWADA 9985202020

33000 BTECH T113 JENNIFERWALLACE MSC(MATHS) 25-OCT-03 PROFESSOR HYDERABAD
99021920335 4000 MCA
T114 RAMESHNARAYANA MCA 24-NOV-04 ASSOCIATEPROFESSOR NARASARAOPET
9988776655 34000 MBA T115 JOYCE ENGLISH MBA 22-DEC-06 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
VIJAYAWADA 9998765443 45000 MBA
15 rows selected.
Elapsed:00:00:00.24
Index creation:
Sql: create index teacher_job_indon teacher(job);
Index created.
Elapsed:00:00:00.00
Retrieve details of teacher after creation of index.
SQL>select*from teacher;

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STAFSTAFF_NAMEQUALIFICATHIREDATEJOBADDRESSPH_NUMSALARYDEPARTMENT

T101 SUNITHA MCA 29-06-06 ASSOCIATEPROFESSOR VIJAYAWADA 9985061308

23000 MCA
T102 FREDSMITH MTECH 07-MAR-03 ASSOCIATEPROFESSOR GUNTUR 9985063445 36000
MBA
T103J ACK BARNES BTECH 27-JUN-07 PROFESSOR TENALI 9985012345 27000
MTECH
T104 JANE DOE MCA 04-JUL-06 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR VIJAYAWADA 9985045678
29000 BTECH
T105 JOE SHMOE MBA 16-AUG-08 ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR ELURU 9987651308 36000
MCA
T106 JONBAKER MSC(COM) 12-JAN-03 PROFESSOR HYDERABAD 8876561308 46000 MCA
T107 JOHNDOE MSC(PHY) 06-FEB-04 ASSISTANTPROFESSOR VIJAYAWADA 8345661308
31000 MBA
T108 KIM SMITH MCA 10-MAR-08 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR VIZAG 8374561308
26000 MTECH
T109 MARYPARKER MTECH 02-APR-09 PROFESSOR NELLORE 7893427649 52000
MBA
T110 SAMUEL JOHN BTECH 19-MAY-05ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ELURU 9982222208
26000 MBA

T111FRANKLIN WONG MBA 20-AUG-06 ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR VIZAG

998503333320000 MTECH

T112 SLICIAZELAYA MCA 16-SEP-04 ASSISTANTPROFESSOR VIJAYAWADA

99852020203 3000 BTECH

T113 JENNIFERWALLACE MSC(MATHS) 25-OCT-03 PROFESSOR HYDERABAD 9902192033

54000 MCA
T114 RAMESHNARAYANA MCA 24-NOV-04 ASSOCIATEPROFESSOR NARASARAOPET
9988776655 34000 MBA
T115 JOYCE ENGLISH MBA 22-DEC-06 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR VIJAYAWADA
9998765443 45000 MBA
15rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.13

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