Tripura

TET-II
Study Material
CDP
Child Development

Pedagogy

Notes Prepared By

SCHOOL OF MERIT
A Perfect Guideline For Upcoming TET
Address: Bishalgarh, Sepahijala, Tripura
Dial: 9862149873 / 6009378410

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 1

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 2
 Child Development

•Concept of development and its relation with

topic
learning
•Growth and Development, stages of
development, infancy, childhood and
adolescence
•Principles of development of childhood

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hª¢Ü, q¡­al °cOÑÉ hª¢Ü CaÉ¡¢cz
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Evp¡¢qa L­l Hhw hª¢Ü­L p¡bÑL L­l ­a¡­mz
¢h¢iæ hu­p hª¢Ül q¡l ¢h¢iæ quzSeÈ ­b­L Bs¡C hRl fkÑ¿¹ hª¢Ül q¡l M¤h ­h¢n quzBs¡C hRl ­b­L
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¢nö­cl j­dÉ hª¢Ül q¡­l f¡bÑLÉ ­cM¡ k¡uz¢LR¥ ¢nö â¥a N¢a­a hª¢Ü f¡u Hhw ­L¡e ­L¡e ¢nöl hª¢Ü d£lN¢a­a
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LjÑp§Q£ f¢lLÒfe¡u hª¢Ül HC °h¢n­øÉl Efl ¢nrL …l¦aÆ ¢c­u b¡­Lez
HL¢V Ù¹l fkÑ¿¹ hª¢Ü ¢el¢h¢µRæ Hhw d¡l¡h¡¢qL q­u b¡­Lzhup­i­c hª¢Ül q¡­ll f¢lhaÑe OV­a f¡­l ¢L¿¹¥ ­L¡e
hu­p hª¢Ü ­b­j ¢N­u Bh¡l öl¦ que¡z

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 3

 hª¢Ü fË¢œ²u¡l j§me£¢ax
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hª¢Ü fË¢œ²u¡l j§me£¢a…¢m qm, kb¡--
hª¢Ü fË¢œ²u¡ hwnN¢a J f¢l­h­nl ¢jb¢ûu¡l g­mC O­Vz
¢h¢iæ hu­p hª¢Ül q¡l ¢h¢iæ quz
hª¢Ül Efl Ae¤n£m­el fËi¡h ­cM¡ k¡uz
hª¢Ül q¡­l hÉ¢š²Na f¡bÑLÉ ­cM¡ k¡uz
HL¢V ¢e¢cÑø hup fkÑ¿¹ hª¢Ü fË¢œ²u¡ ¢el¢h¢µRæ J d¡l¡h¡¢qLz
hª¢Ü öd¤j¡œ °c¢qL h¡ nl£­ll j­dÉ p£j¡hÜz

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¢hL¡n qm HL¢V S£he hÉ¡f£ fË¢œ²u¡z¢hL¡n hm­a ­Lhmj¡œ °c¢qL ¢hL¡n­LC ­h¡T¡ue¡, ¢hL¡n qm °c¢qL °h¢n­øÉl
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S£he d­l Qm­a b¡­L Hhw jªaÉ¥­a ¢N­u ­no quzS£he ¢hL¡­nl Ù¹l = hwnN¢a x f¢l­hnzL¡lZ hwnN¢a J
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Qm­a b¡­Lz

¢hL¡­nl °h¢nøÉx-
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¢hL¡­nl fËd¡e °h¢nøÉ…¢m qm-
BQl­Zl f¢lhaÑe h¡ ¢nM­el g­m ¢hL¡n O­Vzf¢l­h­nl p­‰ ¢jb¢ûu¡l g­m ¢nö ­k ¢nMe A¢i‘a¡…¢m
ASÑe L­l a¡l pjeÄu qm ¢hL¡nz
¢hL¡n qm HL¢V fË¢œ²u¡zfË¢a¢V r¥â r¥â HLL ¢nMe p¡j¢NËL ¢hL¡n­L L¡kÑLl£ L­l ­a¡­mz­fu¡­Syl j­a
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¢hL¡n HL¢V ¢elh¢µRæ fË¢œ²u¡z¢hL¡n j¡a«N­iÑ öl¦ qu Hhw BjlZ fkÑ¿¹ Qm­a b¡­Lz
hÉ¢š²l ¢h¢iæ ¢hL¡n f¡lØf¢lL pÇfLÑk¤š²zhÉ¢š²l °c¢qL, j¡e¢pL, p¡j¡¢SL J fË¡­r¡¢iL ¢hL¡n…¢m flØf­ll
p­‰ pÇfLÑk¤š² Hhw flØfl ¢eiÑln£mz
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L­lzf­l q¡­al pjÙ¹ BP¥m hÉhq¡l L­l Hhw Ah­n­o c¤¢V h¡ ¢ae¢V BP¥m ¢c­uC dl­a f¡­lz
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¢hL¡n fË¢œ²u¡l j§me£¢ax-

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¢hL¡­nl j§me£¢a…¢m qm-
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hwnN¢a J f¢l­h­nl ¢jb¢ûu¡l g­m ¢hL¡n O­Vz
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¢hL¡n ­L¾cÊ ­b­L f¢l¢dl ¢c­L ANËpl quz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 4

 ¢hL¡n flØfl pÇfLÑk¤š²z

S£he ¢hL¡­nl Ù¹lx

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HL¢V œ²j¢hL¡nj¡e fË¢œ²u¡l jdÉ ¢c­u j¡ehS£he Qm­a b¡­Lzhup hª¢Ül p¡­b p¡­b j¡e¤­ol S£he ¢hL¡­nl
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quz
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j­e¡¢hcÚ B­eÑØV ­S¡epÚ S£he ¢hL¡­nl d¡l¡­L Q¡l¢V Ù¹­l i¡N L­l­Re, ­kje-
(L)°nnhx fy¡Q hRl fkÑ¿¹ pjuL¡m­L °nnh hm¡ quz
(M)h¡mÉx fy¡Q ­b­L h¡­l¡ hRl hup fkÑ¿¹ pjuL¡m­L h¡mÉ hm¡ quz
(N)°L­n¡lx h¡­l¡ ­b­L BW¡l hRl hup fkÑ¿¹ pjuL¡m q­µR °L­n¡lz
(O)fË¡ç huúx BW¡l hRl hup ­b­L flhaÑ£ pjuL¡m­L fË¡ç huú hm¡ quz

j­e¡¢hcÚ l¦­n¡J S£he ¢hL¡­nl d¡l¡­L Q¡l¢V Ù¹­l i¡N L­l­Re, ­kje-

(L)°nnhL¡mx- 1 ­b­L 5 hRl fkÑ¿¹ pjuL¡m­L °nnh hm¡ quz

(M)h¡mÉx fy¡Q ­b­L h¡­l¡ hRl hup fkÑ¿¹ pjuL¡m­L h¡mÉ hm¡ quz
(N)fË¡L-°L­n¡lx h¡­l¡ hRl ­b­L f­el hRl hup fkÑ¿¹ pjuL¡m­L fË¡L-°L­n¡l hm¡ quz
(N)°L­n¡lx f­el hRl ­b­L ¢hn hRl hup fkÑ¿¹ pjuL¡m­L °L­n¡lL¡m h­m A¢i¢qa L­l­Rez

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 5

 j­e¡¢hcÚ H¢lLpe S£he ¢hL¡­nl d¡l¡­L BV¢V Ù¹­l i¡N L­l­Re, ­kje-
(1)fËbj Ù¹­ll e¡j BÙÛ¡ he¡j Ae¡ÙÛ¡zHC Ù¹­ll pjuL¡m SeÈ ­b­L 1 hRl fkÑ¿¹z
(2)¢àa£u Ù¹­ll e¡j ü¡d£ea¡ he¡j m‹¡zHC Ù¹­ll pjuL¡m 2 hRl ­b­L 3 hRl fkÑ¿¹z
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(4)Qa¥bÑ Ù¹­ll e¡j E­cÉ¡N he¡j q£ejeÉa¡zHC Ù¹­ll pjuL¡m 6 hRl ­b­L 11 hRl fkÑ¿¹
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(7)pçj Ù¹­ll e¡j Evf¡cej¤M£a¡ he¡j AQm AhÙÛ¡zHC Ù¹­ll pjuL¡m35 hRl ­b­L 65 hRl fkÑ¿¹
(8)Aøj Ù¹­ll e¡j paa¡ he¡j qa¡n¡zHC Ù¹­ll pjuL¡m 65 hR­ll fl ­b­L jªaÉ¥ fkÑ¿¹

Bd¤¢eL ¢nr¡¢hcÚNe S£he¢hL¡­nl Ù¹l ¢heÉ¡­pl p­‰ ¢nr¡l Ù¹l ¢heÉ¡­pl pjeÄup¡de L­l fWe-f¡W­el fb
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°nnhL¡­m ¢nöl n¡l£¢lL ¢hL¡nx-

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4 j¡p hu­p A­eÉl p¡q¡kÉ ­f­m ¢nö hp­a f¡­lz
6 j¡p hu­p ¢nö ¢e­S ¢e­S hp­a f¡­l Hhw ­T¡m¡­e¡ ¢S¢ep dl­a f¡­lz
8 j¡p hu­p ­L¡e ¢LR¥ d­l cy¡s¡­a f¡­lz
9 j¡p hu­p ¢nö q¡j¡…¢s ­cuz
10-11 j¡p hu­p ¢nö A­eÉl q¡a d­l c¡ys¡­a f¡­lz
12 j¡p hu­p ¢nö ¢e­S ¢e­S cy¡s¡­a ­Qø¡ L­lz
13 j¡p hu­p ¢nö d­l d­l ¢p¢s ¢c­u EW­a f¡­lz
14 j¡p hu­p ¢nö ¢e­S cy¡s¡­a f¡­l Hhw qy¡V¡l ­Qø¡ L­lz
18 j¡p hu­p ¢nö ­c±s¡­a f¡­l, ­L¡e ¢LR¥ V¡e­a h¡ d¡‚¡ ¢c­a f¡­l Hhw ¢p¢s ¢c­u JW¡e¡j¡ Ll­a f¡­lz
2 hvpl hu­p ¢nö ­c±s¡­c±¢s Ll­a f¡­l ¢L¿¹¥ N¢a ¢eu¿»Z Ll­a f¡­le¡z

fËbj h¡mÉL¡­m ¢nöl n¡l£¢lL hª¢Ü J ¢hL¡nx-

fË¡L-h¡mÉL¡­m ¢h¢iæ lLj Qmej§mL cra¡ °a¢l quz¢e­Sl M¡Ju¡, ­f¡n¡L fs¡, Q¥m BQys¡­e¡, ­Mm¡,
­fe¢p­ml hÉhq¡l, m¡g¡­e¡ CaÉ¡¢c HC pj­u ¢nö Ll­a f¡­lz
p¡d¡lZa ¢ae hR­ll ¢nöl °c¢qL EµQa¡ 33 f¡Eä Hhw EµQa¡ qu 38 C¢’z5 hR­ll j­dÉ Ns JSe J
°cOÑÉ qu kb¡œ²­j 43 f¡Eä HhÉ 43 C¢’z
2 hR­l ¢nö A­eÉl p¡q¡kÉ R¡s¡ q¡Vy­a, ­c±s¡­a, m¡g¡­a, eLm Ll­a, ¢e­S­L ¢Qe­a f¡­l Hhw lw h¤T­a
f¡­lz

3 hR­ll ¢nö ¢ú¢fw, q¢fw, p¡cªnÉ Hhw f¡bÑLÉ Hhw fkÑ­hrZ Ll­a f¡­lz
4 Hhw 5 hR­ll ¢nö ü¡d£e Hhw p¢œ²ui¡­h Qm¡­gl¡ Ll­a f¡­l, p‰£­al a¡­m e¡Q­a f¡­l, ¢h¢iæ l­Pl
e¡j Ll­a f¡­l Hhw lw Hl ¢jme OV¡­a f¡­lz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 6

 Ešl h¡mÉL¡­m h¡ flhaÑ£ h¡mÉL¡­m n¡l£¢lL ¢hL¡n J hª¢Üx-
6 ­b­L 11 hRl fkÑ¿¹ S£h­el HC pju¢V fË­aÉ­Ll SeÉ AeeÉ pjuz
HC pj­u BL¡­l J JS­e j¢Ù¹×L fË¡çhuú­cl j­a¡ quz
HC pju ­c­ql °cOÑÉ J JSe hª¢Ü d£­l d£­l quz
h¡¢mL¡l¡ °c¢qL ¢hL¡­n c¤C hRl H¢N­u b¡­Lz
HC pju c¤­dl c¡ya f­s k¡u J ÙÛ¡u£ cy¡a °a¢l quz
HC pju Lf¡m QJs¡ qu, e¡L a£rÈ qu, j¤M ¢hÙ¹«a qu Hhw ­Mm¡d¤m¡l j¡dÉ­j Qme-cra¡l ¢hL¡n O­Vz

huxp¢år­Z °c¢qL hª¢Ü J ¢hL¡nx-

huxp¢år­Z ¢L­n¡l-¢L­n¡l£­cl ­c­q hÉ¡fL °c¢qL f¢lhaÑe O­V, k¡ a¡­cl BQlZ­L ¢h­noi¡­h fËi¡¢ha
L­lz
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q¡a J f¡­ul hª¢Ü O­V Hhw phÑ¡‰ M¤h ­L¡jm quz
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¢L­n¡l£­cl Nm¡l ül pl¦ Hhw jd¤l quz
¢L­n¡l ¢L­n¡l£­cl ­k±eNa hÉ¡fL f¢lhaÑe ­cM¡ k¡uz
¢L­n¡l­cl j­dÉ öœ² Evf¡ce rja¡ S­eÈ Hhw ¢L­n¡l£l¡ lSxüm¡ quz

¢nöl i¡o¡l ¢hL¡nx-

hup hª¢Ü Ae¤p¡­l ¢nöl nëi¡ä¡l ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma i¡­h ¢hL¢na q­a b¡­L-
­cs hRl hu­p ¢nöl j­dÉ 10-12 ¢V nëi¡ä¡l °a¢l quz
Bs¡C hRl hu­p ¢nöl j­dÉ 300¢V nëi¡ä¡l °a¢l quz
4 hRl hu­p ¢nöl j­dÉ fË¡u 5600¢V nëi¡ä¡l °a¢l quz
5 hRl hu­p ¢nöl j­dÉ fË¡u 9600¢V nëi¡ä¡l °a¢l quz
6 hRl hu­p ¢nöl j­dÉ fË¡u 14700¢V nëi¡ä¡l °a¢l quz
7 hRl hu­p ¢nöl j­dÉ fË¡u 21200¢V nëi¡ä¡l °a¢l quz
8 hRl hu­p ¢nöl j­dÉ fË¡u 26300¢V nëi¡ä¡l °a¢l quz
10 hRl hu­p ¢nöl j­dÉ 38300¢V nëi¡ä¡l °a¢l quz

¢nöl p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡nx-

2 ­b­L 6 hhRu hu­pl j­dÉ ¢nöl ü¡d£e ­Qae¡l ¢hL¡n O­Vz¢m‰Na f¡bÑLÉ­L E­fr¡ L­l h¡mL h¡¢mL¡l¡
HLp¡­b ­Mm¡ L­l Hhw f¡lØf¢lL pq­k¡¢Na¡ N­s J­WzHC pju huú­cl p¡¢æ­dÉ ¢nö­cl j­dÉ de¡aÈL cª¢øi¢‰
N­s J­W Bl huú­cl L¡R ­b­L c§­l b¡L­m ¢nöl j­dÉ GZ¡aÈL cª¢øi¢‰ N­s J­W k¡ ¢nö­L BaÈ­L¢¾cÊL L­l
­a¡­mz
6 ­b­L 11 hRl hu­p pjhu¢p h¡mL­cl j­dÉ cm N­s J­W Hhw Nª­ql h¡C­l a¡­cl j­dÉ ­jm¡­jn¡ J hå¥aÆ
N­s J­WzHC pj­u a¡­cl j­dÉ Ah¡dÉa¡l ¢hou¢V f¢lm¢rÉa J A­eL ­r­œ a¡l¡ Afl¡dfËhZ q­u J­WzHC pju
a¡­cl j­dÉ cmNa ­Qea¡l ¢hL¡n O­V Hhw ü¡bÑfla¡, BaÈ­L¢¾cÊLa¡ CaÉ¡¢c qÊÊ¡p ­f­a b¡­Lz
11/12 ­b­L 20 hRl hu­p p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡­nl ph­Q­u …l¦aÆf§ZÑ ¢cL qm pjhu¢p h奭cl fËi¡h hª¢Üzh奭cl
fË¢a a£hË BLoÑZ b¡L¡u pjhu¢p h奭cl ¢euj-e£¢a J BcnÑ a¡l¡ ­j­e Q­mzHC pj­u f¡¢lh¡¢lL c¡¢uaÆ fme
Ll­a a¡l¡ fR¾c L­lzHC pj­u ¢L­n¡l ¢L­n¡l£­cl j­dÉ ¢hfl£a ¢m­‰l fË¢a hÉ¡fL BLoÑZ °a¢l quz

fË¡­r¡¢iL ¢hL¡nx-

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 7

 2 ­b­L 6 hRl pj­ul j­dÉ fË¡­r¡¢iL ¢hL¡n â¥a O­VzHC pju ¢nöl¡ a¡­cl fË­r¡i ¢eu¿»Z Ll­a
f¡­le¡z¢nöl¡ a¡­cl œ²¾ce, eM ­My¡V¡, BP¥m ­Q¡o¡, ­a¡am¡¢j CaÉ¡¢cl j¡dÉ­j fË­r¡i­L fËL¡n L­lz
­b­L 11 hRl hu­p fË­r¡­il hÉ¡fL f¢lhaÑe ­cM¡ k¡uz°nn­hl iu-i£¢a…¢m HC pj­u ­L­V k¡uzAh­qm¡,
Ae¡cl HC ¢hou…¢m a¡­cl­L M¤h ­h¢n fËi¡¢ha L­lz
huxp¢åL¡­m B­h­Nl S¢Vma¡ hª¢Ü f¡u Hhw ­hn£li¡N ­r­œC B­hN­L a¡l¡ h¢qxfËL¡n e¡ L­l cje L­l
l¡­Mz

…l¦aÆf§ZÑ fËnÀ¡hm£x-
______________
hª¢Ü qm-
→ ­c­ql EµQa¡ J JSe ­h­s k¡Ju¡z
¢hL¡n qm-
→ EµQa¡, JSe Hhw L¡­S f¡lc¢nÑa¡ ­h­s k¡Ju¡z
­L¡eÚ pj­u hª¢Ül q¡l ph­Q­u ­h¢n qu?
→ SeÈ ­b­L Bs¡C hRl hup fkÑ¿z¹
LMe hª¢Ül q¡l qÊÊ¡p f¡u?
→ Bs¡C hRl ­b­L huxp¢år­Zl c¤C hRl f§hÑ fkÑ¿¹z
­fu¡­Syl j­a ¢hL¡­nl Lu¢V fË¢œ²u¡ l­u­R?
→ 4¢Vz [f¢lZje, A¢h‘a¡, j¡e¢pL ­k¡N¡­k¡N J i¡lp¡jÉLlZ]
¢hL¡­nl HL¢V e£¢a qm-
→ ¢hL¡n Efl ¢c­L öl¦ q­u e£­Ql ¢c­L O­Vz
¢hL¡­nl HL¢V e£¢a qm-
→ ¢hL¡n ­L¾cÊ ­b­L f¢l¢dl ¢c­L ANËpl quz
­L¡eÚ hu­p ¢nöl O¡s nš² qu?
→ 2 j¡p hu­pz
­L¡eÚ hu­p ¢nö A­eÉl p¡q¡kÉ ­f­m hp­a f¡­l?
→ 4 j¡p hu­pz
­L¡eÚ hu­p ¢nö ­L¡e ¢LR¥ d­l cy¡s¡­a f¡­l?
→ 8 j¡p hu­pz
­L¡eÚ hu­p ¢nö q¡j¡…¢s ¢c­u Qm­a f¡­l?
→ 9 j¡p hu­pz
­L¡eÚ hu­p ¢nö A­eÉl q¡a d­l cy¡s¡­a f¡­l?
→ 10-11 j¡p hu­pz
­L¡eÚ hu­p ¢nö ¢e­S ¢S­S cy¡s¡­a ­Qø¡ L­l?
→ 12 j¡p hu­pz
­L¡eÚ hu­p ¢nö ¢e­S cy¡s¡­a f¡­l Hhw q¡yV¡l ­Qø¡ L­l?
→ 14 j¡p hu­pz
­L¡eÚ hu­p ¢nö ü¡i¡¢hLi¡­h qy¡V­a f¡­l?
→ 18 j¡p hu­pz
­cs hRl hu­p ¢nöl j­dÉ Lu¢V nëi¡ä¡l b¡­L?
→ 10-12¢V
Bs¡C hRl hu­p ¢nöl j­dÉ Lu¢V nëi¡ä¡l °a¢l qu?

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 8

 → 300¢V
4 hRl hu­p ¢nöl j­dÉ Lu¢V nëi¡ä¡l °a¢l qu?
→ fË¡u 5600¢V
5 hRl hu­p ¢nöl j­dÉ Lu¢V nëi¡ä¡l °a¢l qu?
→ fË¡u 9600 ¢V
6 hRl hu­p ¢nöl j­dÉ Lu¢V nëi¡ä¡l °a¢l qu?
→ fË¡u 14700 ¢Vz
7 hRl hu­p ¢nöl j­dÉ Lu¢V nëi¡ä¡l °a¢l qu?
→ fË¡u 21200¢Vz
8 hRl hu­p ¢nöl j­dÉ Lu¢V nëi¡ä¡l °a¢l qu?
→ fË¡u 26300¢V
10 hRl hu­p ¢nöl j­dÉ Lu¢V nëi¡ä¡l °a¢l qu?
→ fË¡u 38300 ¢Vz
fË¡ç huú A­fr¡ ¢nö ­k ¢ho­u H¢N­u b¡­L a¡ qm-
→ LÒfe¡ n¢š²z
NiÑ¡hÙÛ¡ ­b­L ­k±e f¢lZje fkÑ¿¹ hÉ¢š²­L Lu¢V i¡­N i¡N Ll¡ qu?
→ 5¢Vz
°nnh Hhw h¡mÉL¡­ml c¤¢V fËd¡e B­hN qm-
→ iu Hhw i¡­m¡h¡p¡z
fË¡L-h¡mÉL¡­m ¢nö­cl ¢nr¡c¡­el Ešj fÜ¢a qm-
→ ­Mme¡ Hhw ­Mm¡z
¢hË­Sl j­a ¢nöl ­L¡eÚ hu­p pjÙ¹ ­j±¢mL fË­r¡i…¢m ¢hL¡n m¡i L­l?
→ 3 hRlz
¢nöl N¡­m BmÚ­a¡ ØfnÑ Ll­m ¢nöl q¡¢p f¡Ju¡l L¡lZ qm-
→ fË¢ahaÑ ¢œ²u¡z
p¡d¡lZa ­L¡eÚ hu­p ¢nöl¡ BaÈ­L¢¾cÊL qu?
→ fË¡u 3 hRl hup fkÑ¿¹z
¢hL¡­nl ­L¡eÚ Ù¹­l ¢nö ­œ²¡d Hhw ­pÀ­ql j­dÉ f¡bÑLÉ h¤T­a f¡­l?
→ °nn­hz
h¡mÉÙ¹l­L lqpÉSeL Ù¹l hm¡ qu ­Le?
→ Hpju fË¡­r¡¢iL ¢hL¡n M¤h â¥a O­Vz
p¡d¡lZa ¢nöl j¢Ù¹×L f¢lZa qu ­L¡eÚ hu­p?
→ 6 hRl hu­pz
¢nö h¡ hÉ¢š²l °c¢qL, j¡e¢pL, fË¡­r¡¢iL fËi«¢a e¡e¡ ¢c­Ll Eæa Hhw a¡vfkÑf§ZÑ f¢lhaÑ­el fË¢œ²u¡ qm-
→ ¢hL¡nz
¢nöl ¢hL¡n ­L¡eÚ dl­el f¢lhaÑe?
→ …ZNa f¢lhaÑez
¢nöl ¢hL¡­nl SeÉ fË­u¡Se-
→ p¢WL f¢lQ¡me¡, ¢eu¿»Z Hhw Efk¤š² ¢e­cÑne¡z
­L¡b¡u ¢nöl hª¢Ül pw­La ¢m¢fhÜ b¡­L?
→ DNA Hl j­dÉz
¢nöl ¢hL¡­n ¢h­noi¡­h fËi¡h ¢hÙ¹¡l L­l ­L¡eÚ¢V?
→ ql­j¡ez

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 9

 ¢nö kMe SeÈ¡u aMe p¡d¡lZa a¡l EµQa¡ b¡­L-
→ 20.5 C¢’z
p¡d¡lZa c¤C hRl hu­p ¢nöl °c¢qL EµQa¡ La qu?
→ 32-34 C¢’z
Ru hRl hu­p p¡d¡lZa ¢nöl EµQa¡ La qu?
→ 42-43 C¢’z
¢nöl j­dÉ Øj«¢a, ­L±a¥qm, LÒfe¡ n¢š²l ¢hL¡n fËbj mrÉ Ll¡ k¡u La hRl hu­p?
→ fË¡u c¤C hRl hu­pz
¢nöl Be­¾cl fË­r¡i¢V EµRÅ¡­p Hhw Aü¡µR­¾cÉl fË­r¡i¢V ¢hl¢š²­a f¢lZa q­a öl¦ L­l La hRl hu­p?
→ fË¡u Ru j¡p hu­pz
¢nö j¡ ¢Qe­a f¡­l LMe?
→ c¤C j¡p hu­pz
¢nö "j¡' n­ël AbÑ h¤T­a f¡­l LMe?
→ BV-eu j¡p hu­pz
¢nö Bcl Ll¡ J hL¡h¢Ll j­dÉ f¡bÑLÉ h¤T­a f¡­l LMe?
→ fy¡Q-Ru j¡p hu­pz
¢nö huú­cl Lb¡ Ae¤LlZ Ll­a öl¦ L­l LMe?
→ BV-eu j¡p hu­pz
¢nöl j­dÉ ­e¢ah¡QL j­e¡i¡h ­cM¡ k¡u ­L¡eÚ hu­p?
→ ­cs hRl hu­pz
¢nö pjhu¢p­cl ­b­L huú­cl ­h¢n fR¾c L­l ­L¡eÚ hu­p?
→ ­cs hRl hu­pz
¢nöl j­dÉ pj¡S ­Qae¡ öl¦ qu ­L¡eÚ hu­p?
→ c¤C hRl hup ­b­Lz
¢nö­cl j­dÉ pq­k¡¢Na¡ J pq¡e¤i¨¢al …Z¡hm£ ¢hL¢na qu ­L¡eÚ hu­p?
→ c¤C hRl hup ­b­Lz
¢nöl c¤d cy¡a NS¡­e¡ ­no qu ­L¡eÚ hu­p?
→ Bs¡C hRl hu­pz

¢nöl j¢Ù¹­×Ll f¢lZje O­V ­L¡eÚ hu­p?

→ cn hRl hu­pz
¢nöl naLl¡ 75 i¡N j¢Ù¹­×Ll ¢hL¡n pÇfæ qu La hRl hu­p?
→ c¤C hRl hu­pz
üL£u Hhw A¿¹ÑS¡a hª¢Ü­L hm¡ qu-
→ f¢lZjez
f¢lZje ­L¡e dl­Zl fl¢œ²u¡?
→ °S¢hL fË¢œ²u¡z

hÉ¡fL A­bÑ f¢lZje Lb¡l AbÑ qm-

→ ­h­s JW¡z
hª¢Ü ql­j¡e Lu¢V AÉ¡¢j­e¡ AÉ¡¢pX ¢e­u N¢Wa qu?
→ 191¢Vz
­L¡eÚ pj­u fÔ¡Sj¡u ­NË¡b ql­j¡­el j¡œ¡ phÑ¡­fr¡ ­h¢n b¡­L?

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 10

 → huxp¢åL¡­mz
°nnh¡hÙÛ¡u ­cq¡¢ÙÛl f§ZÑhª¢Ül f§­hÑ ­NË¡b ql­j¡­el A¢arl­e ­k ­l¡N qu, a¡ qm
qm-
→ S¡CNÉ¡eÚ¢VSjÚz
f§ZÑhuú AhÙÛ¡u ­NË¡b ql­j¡­el A¢arl­Z ­k ­l¡N qu, a¡ qm qm-
→ AÉ¡­œ²¡¢j¢œ²u¡z
b¡Cl­uX NË¢¿Ûl üÒf p¢œ²ua¡l SeÉ ¢nöl ­c­q ­k ­l¡N qu, a¡ qm qm-
→ ­œ²¢V¢eSjz

¢nöl S£he ¢hL¡­nl Ù¹l

______________________ ___
j­e¡¢hcÚ B­eÑØV ­S¡¾p Hl ja¡e¤p¡­l
¡­l-

Ù¹l Ù¹­ll e¡j hupp£j¡

fËbj Ù¹l °nnhL¡m ¢nöl SeÈ ­b­L öl¦ L­l 5 hRl hup fkÑ¿¹

¢àa£u Ù¹l h¡mÉL¡m 5 hRl ­b­L 12 hRl hup fkÑ¿¹

a«a£u Ù¹l °L­n¡l h¡ huxp¢åL¡m 12 hRl ­b­L 18 hRl hup fkÑ¿¹

Qa¥bÑ Ù¹l fË¡ç huú 18 hRl ­b­L jªaÉ¥ fkÑ¿¹

…l¦aÆf§ZÑ fËnÀ¡hm£:-

¢nöl ¢hL¡­nl fËbj Ù¹l ­L¡eÚ¢V?

Ex-°nnhL¡mz
j­e¡¢hcÚ
¢hcÚ B­eÑØV ­S¡epÚ Hl j­a ¢nöl ¢hL¡­nl Lu¢V Ù¹l?
Ex-4¢Vz

B­eÑØV ­S¡epÚ Hl j­a ¢nöl S£he ¢hL¡­nl fËbj Ù¹l ­L¡eÚ¢V?

Ex-°nnhL¡mz
j­e¡¢hcÚ B­eÑØV ­S¡epÚ Hl j­a ¢nöl °nnh Ù¹­ll hÉ¡¢ç La hRl?
Ex-¢nöl SeÈ ­b­L 5 hRl hup fkÑ¿z¹
B­eÑØV ­S¡epÚ Hl j­a ¢nöl S£he ¢hL¡­nl ¢àa£u Ù¹l ­L¡eÚ¢V?
Ex-h¡mÉL¡mz
j­e¡¢hcÚ B­eÑØV ­S¡epÚ Hl j­a ¢nöl h¡mÉ Ù¹­ll hÉ¡¢ç La hRl?
Ex-5 hRl ­b­L 12 hRl fkÑ¿¹z
B­eÑØV ­S¡epÚ Hl j­a ¢nöl S£he ¢hL¡­nl a«a£u Ù¹l ­L¡eÚ¢V?
Ex-°L­n¡l h¡ huxp¢åL¡mz
j­e¡¢hcÚ B­eÑØV ­S¡epÚ Hl j­a ¢nöl °L­n¡l Ù¹­ll hÉ¡¢ç La hRl?
Ex-12 hRl ­b­L 18 hRl fkÑ¿¹z
B­eÑØV ­S¡epÚ Hl j­a ¢nöl S£he ¢hL¡­nl Qa¥bÑ Ù¹l ­L¡eÚ¢V?
Ex-fË¡ç huúL¡mz
j­e¡¢hcÚ B­eÑØV ­S¡epÚ Hl j­a ¢nöl fË¡ç huúL¡m Ù¹­ll hÉ¡¢ç La hRl?
Ex-18 hRl ­b­L jªaÉ¥ fkÑ¿¹z

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 11

 j­e¡¢hcÚ l¦­n¡l ja¡e¤p¡­l-

Ù¹l Ù¹­ll e¡j hupp£j¡

fËbj Ù¹l °nnhL¡m 1 ­b­L 5 hRl
¢àa£u Ù¹l h¡mÉL¡m 5 ­b­L 12 hRl
a«a£u Ù¹l fË¡LÚ°L­n¡l 12 ­b­L 15 hRl
Qa¥bÑ Ù¹l °L­n¡l 15 ­b­L 20 hRl
…l¦aÆf§ZÑ fËnÀ¡hm£
j­e¡¢hcÚ l¦­n¡ S£he ¢hL¡­nl Lu¢V Ù¹­ll Lb¡ h­m­Re?
Ex-4 ¢Vz
j­e¡¢hcÚ l¦­n¡l j­a S£he ¢hL¡­nl fËbj Ù¹l ­L¡eÚ¢V?
Ex-°nnhL¡mz
j­e¡¢hcÚ l¦­n¡l j­a °nnh Ù¹­ll hÉ¢ç La hRl?
Ex-1 ­b­L 5 hRlz
j­e¡¢hcÚ l¦­n¡l j­a S£he ¢hL¡­nl ¢àa£u Ù¹l ­L¡eÚ¢V?
Ex-h¡mÉL¡mz
j­e¡¢hcÚ l¦­n¡l j­a ¢nöl h¡mÉ Ù¹­ll hÉ¢ç La hRl?
Ex-5 ­b­L 12 hRlz
j­e¡¢hcÚ l¦­n¡l j­a S£he ¢hL¡­nl a«a£u Ù¹l ­­L¡eÚ¢V?
Ex-fË¡LÚ °L­n¡lz
j­e¡¢hcÚ l¦­n¡l j­a ¢nöl fË¡LÚ °L­n¡l Ù¹­ll hÉ¢ç La hRl?
Ex-12 ­b­L 15 hRlz
j­e¡¢hcÚ l¦­n¡l j­a S£he ¢hL¡­nl Qa¥bÑ Ù¹l ­L¡eÚ¢V?
Ex-°L­n¡lz
j­e¡¢hcÚ l¦­n¡l j­a ¢nöl °L­n¡l Ù¹­ll hÉ¢ç La hRl?
Ex-15 ­b­L 20 hRlz

j­e¡¢hcÚ ¢fL¥e¡­pl j­a-

Ù¹l Ù¹­ll e¡j hupp£j¡
fËbj Ù¹l fË¡LÚSeÈÙ¹l NiÑp’¡l ­b­L S­eÈl f§hÑj¤q¨aÑ fkÑ¿¹
¢àa£u Ù¹l p­cÉ¡S¡a Ù¹l SeÈ ­b­L 4 pç¡q fkÑ¿¹
a«a£u Ù¹l fË¡l¢ñL °nnh 1 j¡p ­b­L 1 hRl fkÑ¿¹
Qa¥bÑ Ù¹l fË¡¿¹£u °nnh 1 hRl ­b­L 2 hRl fkÑ¿¹
f’j Ù¹l fË¡l¢ñL h¡mÉ 2 hRl ­b­L 5 hRl fkÑ¿¹
où Ù¹l jdÉ h¡mÉ 5 hRl ­b­L 9 hRl fkÑ¿¹
pçj Ù¹l fË¡¿¹£u h¡mÉ 9 hRl ­b­L 12 hRl fkÑ¿¹
Aøj Ù¹l ­k±he¡Nj Ù¹l 12 hRl ­b­L 21 hRl fkÑ¿¹
ehj Ù¹l fË¡ç huú Ù¹l 21 hRl ­b­L 70 hRl fkÑ¿¹
cnj Ù¹l h¡dÑLÉ Ù¹l 70 hRl ­b­L jªaÉ¥ fkÑ¿¹

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 12

 …l¦aÆf§ZÑ fËnÀ¡hm£
j­e¡¢hcÚ ¢fL¥e¡p S£he ¢hL¡­nl Lu¢V Ù¹­ll Lb¡ h­m­Re?
Ex-10 ¢Vz
j­e¡¢hcÚ ¢fL¥e¡­pl j­a S£he ¢hL¡­nl fËbj Ù¹l ­L¡eÚ¢V?
Ex-fË¡LÚSeÈÙ¹lz
j­e¡¢hcÚ ¢fL¥e¡­pl j­a fË¡LÚSeÈÙ¹­ll hÉ¡¢ç La?
Ex-NiÑp’¡l ­b­L öl¦ L­l S­eÈl f§hÑj¤q¨aÑ fkÑ¿¹z
j­e¡¢hcÚ ¢fL¥e¡­pl j­a S£he ¢hL¡­nl ¢àa£u Ù¹l ­L¡eÚ¢V?
Ex-p­cÉ¡S¡a Ù¹lz
j­e¡¢hcÚ ¢fL¥e¡­pl j­a p­cÉ¡S¡a Ù¹­ll hÉ¡¢ç La?
Ex-SeÈ ­b­L 4 pç¡q fkÑ¿¹z
j­e¡¢hcÚ ¢fL¥e¡­pl j­a S£he ¢hL¡­nl a«a£u Ù¹l ­L¡eÚ¢V?
Ex- fË¡l¢ñL °nnh Ù¹lz
j­e¡¢hcÚ ¢fL¥e¡­pl j­a fË¡l¢ñL °nnh Ù¹­ll hÉ¡¢ç La?
Ex-1 j¡p ­b­L 1 hRl fkÑ¿¹z
j­e¡¢hcÚ ¢fL¥e¡­pl j­a S£he ¢hL¡­nl Qa¥bÑ Ù¹l ­L¡eÚ¢V?
Ex- fË¡¿¹£u °nnh Ù¹lz
j­e¡¢hcÚ ¢fL¥e¡­pl j­a fË¡¿¹£u °nnh Ù¹­ll hÉ¡¢ç La?
Ex- 1 hRl ­b­L 2 hRl fkÑ¿z¹
j­e¡¢hcÚ ¢fL¥e¡­pl j­a S£he ¢hL¡­nl f’j Ù¹l ­L¡eÚ¢V?
Ex-fË¡l¢ñL h¡mÉz
j­e¡¢hcÚ ¢fL¥e¡­pl j­a fË¡¿¹£u °nnh Ù¹­ll hÉ¡¢ç La?
Ex-2 hRl ­b­L 5 hRl fkÑ¿¹z
j­e¡¢hcÚ ¢fL¥e¡­pl j­a S£he ¢hL¡­nl où Ù¹l ­L¡eÚ¢V?
Ex-jdÉh¡mÉz
j­e¡¢hcÚ ¢fL¥e¡­pl j­a fË¡¿¹£u jdÉh¡mÉ
Éh¡mÉ Ù¹­ll hÉ¡¢ç La?
Ex-5 hRl ­b­L 9 hRl fkÑ¿¹z
j­e¡¢hcÚ ¢fL¥e¡­pl j­a S£he ¢hL¡­nl pçj Ù¹l ­L¡eÚ¢V?
Ex-fË¡¿¹£u h¡mÉz
j­e¡¢hcÚ ¢fL¥e¡­pl j­a fË¡¿¹£u h¡mÉ Ù¹­ll hÉ¡¢ç La?
Ex-9 hRl ­b­L 12 hRl fkÑ¿¹z
j­e¡¢hcÚ ¢fL¥e¡­pl j­a S£he ¢hL¡­nl AØVj Ù¹l ­L¡eÚ¢V?
Ex-­k±he¡Nj Ù¹lz
j­e¡¢hcÚ ¢fL¥e¡­pl j­a ­k±he¡Nj Ù¹­ll hÉ¡¢ç La?
Ex-12 hRl ­b­L 21 hRl fkÑ¿¹z
j­e¡¢hcÚ ¢fL¥e¡­pl j­a S£he ¢hL¡­nl ehj Ù¹l ­L¡eÚ¢V?
Ex-fË¡ç huú Ù¹lz
j­e¡¢hcÚ ¢fL¥e¡­pl j­a fË¡ç huú Ù¹­ll hÉ¡¢ç La?
Ex-21 hRl ­b­L 70 hRl fkÑ¿¹z
j­e¡¢hcÚ ¢fL¥e¡­pl j­a S£he ¢hL¡­nl cnj Ù¹l ­L¡eÚ¢V?
Ex-h¡dÑLÉ Ù¹lz

j­e¡¢hcÚ ¢fL¥e¡­pl j­a h¡dÑLÉ Ù¹­ll hÉ¡¢ç La?

Ex-70 hRl ­b­L jªaÉ¥ fkÑ¿¹

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 13

 j­e¡¢hcÚ H¢lLp­el ja¡e¤p¡­l-

Ù¹l Ù¹­ll e¡j hupp£j¡

fËbj Ù¹l BÙÛ¡ he¡j Ae¡ÙÛ¡ SeÈ ­b­L 1 hRl fkÑ¿¹
¢àa£u Ù¹l ü¡d£ea¡ he¡j m‹¡ 2 hRl ­b­L 3 hRl fkÑ¿¹
a«a£u Ù¹l E­cÉ¡N he¡j Afl¡d­h¡d 4 hRl ­b­L 5 hRl fkÑ¿¹
Qa¥bÑ Ù¹l E­cÉ¡N he¡j q£ejeÉa¡ 6 hRl ­b­L 11 hRl fkÑ¿¹
f’j Ù¹l BaÈf¢lQu he¡j BaÈf¢lQ­ul ¢hï¡¢¿¹z 12 hRl ­b­L 18 hRl fkÑ¿¹
où Ù¹l q©cÉa¡ he¡j HL¡L£aÆ 18 hRl ­b­L 35 hRl fkÑ¿¹
pçj Ù¹l Evf¡cej¤M£a¡ he¡j AQm AhÙÛ¡ 35 hRl ­b­L 65 hRl fkÑ¿¹
Aøj Ù¹l paa¡ he¡j qa¡n¡ 65 hR­ll fl ­b­L jªaÉ¥ fkÑ¿¹

…l¦aÆf§ZÑ fËnÀ¡hm£

H¢lLp­el j­e¡p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡­nl fËbj Ù¹­ll e¡j L£?

Ex-BÙÛ¡ he¡j Ae¡ÙÛ¡z
H¢lLp­el j­e¡p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡­nl fËbj Ù¹­ll hÉ¡¢ç La hRl?
Ex-SeÈ ­b­L 1 hRlz
H¢lLp­el j­a ¢nö j­dÉ LMe BÙÛ¡ J Ae¡ÙÛ¡l à¾à öl¦ qu?
Ex-Q¡¢qc¡ f§lZ e¡ q­mz
H¢lLp­el j­e¡p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡­nl ¢à
¢àa£u Ù¹­ll e¡j L£?
Ex-ü¡d£ea¡ he¡j m‹¡z
H¢lLp­el j­e¡p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡­nl ¢àa£u Ù¹­ll hÉ¡¢ç La hRl?
Ex-2-3 hRlz
H¢lLp­el j­a ¢nö LMe m‹¡u ­i¡­N?
Ex- kMe ¢e­Sl prja¡l fË¢a p­¾cq SeÈ¡uz
LMe ¢nöl ¢e­Sl prja¡l fË¢a p­¾cq SeÈ¡u?
Ex-kMe
kMe hsl¡ ¢nöl ph L¡S L­l ­cuz
H¢lLp­el j­e¡p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡­nl a«a£u Ù¹­ll e¡j L£?
Ex-E­cÉ¡N he¡j Afl¡d­h¡dz
H¢lLp­el j­e¡p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡­nl a«a£u Ù¹­ll hÉ¡¢ç La hRl?
Ex- 4-5 hRlz
H¢lLp­el j­a ¢nöl j­dÉ LMe Afl¡d­h¡­dl pª¢ø qu?
Ex-¢nöl
¢nöl E­cÉ¡­Nl ­rœ¢V pwL¥¢Qa Ll¡ q­mz
H¢lLp­el j­e¡p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡­nl Qa¥bÑ Ù¹­ll e¡j L£?
Ex-E­cÉ¡N he¡j q£ejeÉa¡z
H¢lLp­el j­e¡p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡­nl Qa¥bÑ Ù¹­ll hÉ¡¢ç La hRl?
Ex-6-11 hRlz
H¢lLp­el j­a ¢nöl j­dÉ LMe q£ejeÉa¡ pª¢ø qu?
Ex-hs­cl pj¡­m¡Qe¡ Hhw ¢alú¡­lz
H¢lLp­el j­e¡p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡­nl f
f’j Ù¹­ll e¡j L£?
Ex- BaÈf¢lQu he¡j BaÈf¢lQ­ul ¢hï¡¢¿¹z
H¢lLp­el j­e¡p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡­nl f’j Ù¹­ll hÉ¡¢ç La hRl?
Ex-12-18 hRlz
H¢lLp­el j­a ¢nö LMe BaÈf¢lQ­ul ¢hï¡¢¿¹­a ­i¡­N?
Ex-¢nö
¢nö kMe ¢e­Sl f¢lQu S¡e­a hÉ¡bÑ quz
Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 14
 H¢lLp­el j­e¡p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡­nl où Ù¹­ll e¡e¡j L£?
Ex-q©cÉa¡ he¡j HL¡L£aÆz
H¢lLp­el j­e¡p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡­nl où Ù¹­ll hÉ¡¢ç La hRl?
Ex-18-35 hRlz
H¢lLp­el j­a j¡e¤o LMe HL¡L£aÆ ­h¡d L­l?
Ex-A¿¹l‰a¡­h¡­dl Ai¡­hz
H¢lLp­el j­e¡p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡­nl pçj Ù¹­ll e¡j L£?
Ex-Evf¡cej¤M£a¡ he¡j AQm AhÙÛ¡z
H¢lLp­el j­e¡p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡­nl pçj Ù¹­ll hÉ¡¢ç La hRl?
Ex-35-65 hRlz
H¢lLp­el j­a j¡e¤o LMe AQm¡hÙÛ¡l à­¾à ­i¡­N?
Ex-kMe
kMe j¡e¤­ol Evf¡ce rja¡ ¢Ù¹¢ja q­u B­pz
H¢lLp­el j­e¡p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡­nl Aøj Ù¹­ll e¡j L£?
Ex-paa¡ he¡j qa¡n¡z
H¢lLp­el j­e¡p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡­nl Aøj Ù¹­ll hÉ¡¢ç La hRl?
Ex-65 hRl ­b­L jªaÉ¥ fkÑ¿¹z
H¢lLp­el j­e¡p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡­nl ­L¡eÚ Ù¹l¢V paa¡ J qa¡n¡l à¾à e¡­j f¢l¢Qa?
Ex- Aøj Ù¹lz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 15

 Influence of Heredity and Environment on the
topic development of child, role of the teachers
__________________________________________________

¢nöl ¢hL¡­n hwnN¢a J f¢l­h­nl fËi¡hx

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SeÈNa p§­œ fË¡ç ¢houC qm hwnN¢azf§hÑf¤l¦­ol L¡R ­b­L Bjl¡ k¡ ¢LR¥ ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡j p§­œ f¡C a¡ qm °S¢hL
hwnN¢a Hhw k¡ ¢LR¥ Bjl¡ p¡j¡¢SL l£¢ae£¢a, fËb¡, cra¡ ¢q­p­h f§hÑf¤l¦­ol L¡R ­b­L f¡C a¡ qm p¡j¡¢SL
hwnN¢az
hwnN¢a c¤¢V e£¢a­a L¡S L­lzHC…¢m qm qm-
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p¡cª­nÉl e£¢a­a pjS¡a£u fË¡e£l¡ pjS¡a£u fË¡Z£­LC SeÈ ­cuz­kje
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­b­L ¢iæ fËL«¢al quz

hwnd¡l¡l ­L±nmx-
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quz­kje- j¡e¤­ol ­r­œ HC ­œ²¡­j¡Sj pwMÉ 23 ­S¡s¡z­œ²¡­j¡­S¡­j
Ah¢ÙÛa ¢Se hwnd¡l¡ p§­œ fË¡ç °h¢nøÉ¡h¢ml h¡qL ¢q­p­h L¡S L­lz46¢V ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡j ¢nöl hwnd¡l¡l h¡qLza¡l
j­dÉ 23¢V B­p ¢fa¡l ¢cL ­b­L Hhw h¡¢L 23¢V B­p j¡a¡l ¢cL ­b­Lz­pCSeÉ ü¡i¡¢hLi¡­hC ¢fa¡j¡a¡l p­‰
p¿¹¡e­cl p¡cªnÉ ­cM¡ k¡u, Hje¢L e¡¢a--e¡a¢e­cl p­‰ a¡­cl c¡c¤-¢c¢cj¡l p¡cªnÉJ b¡L¡l pñ¡he¡ ­cM¡ k¡uz

¢nöl ¢m‰ ¢ÙÛl qu HL ­S¡s¡ ­k±e ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡j à¡l¡ze¡l£­cl ­k±e ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡­j b¡­L 'XX' Hhw f¤l¦o­cl ­k±e
­œ²¡­j¡­S¡­j b¡­L 'XY' ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡jzf¤l¦­ol X ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡j k¢c e¡l£l X ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡­jl p¡­b ¢j¢ma qu a¡q­m ¢nö
q­h LeÉ¡p¿¹¡ezBl e¡l£l X ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡j k¢c f¤l¦­ol Y ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡­jl p¡­b ¢j¢ma qu a¡q­m ¢nö q­h f¤œ p¿¹¡ez
hÉ¢š²S£h­e hwnN¢a J f¢l­h­nl fËi¡hx
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qm-
NÉ¡mVe CwmÉ¡ä J B­j¢lL¡u fË¢ai¡h¡e J MÉ¡¢aj¡e hÉ¢š²­cl Efl pj£r¡ L­l ­cM¡e ­k, MÉ¡¢aj¡e f¢lh¡­ll
j­dÉ A¿¹a HLSe MÉ¡¢aj¡e j¡e¤o B­Rez
jÉ¡Lf¡pÑe HL¢V f¢lh¡­ll Efl pj£r¡ L­le ­k f¢lh¡­ll See£ ¢R­me j¡e¢pL fË¢ahå£ Hhw ¢fa¡ ¢R­me üÒf
h¤¢ÜpÇfæ °c¢qL fË¢ahå£zH­cl p¡a¢V p¿¹¡­el j­dÉ fy¡Q¢VC j¡e¢pL fË¢ahå£ Hhw phL¢VC Afl¡dfËhZz
NX¡XÑ Bj¡¢lL¡l HL¢V f¢lh¡­ll Efl pj£r¡ L­le ­k f¢lh¡­ll LaÑ¡ j¡¢VÑe L¡¢mL ¢R­me HLSe °p¢eL k¡l
Ù»£ ¢R­me j¡e¢pL fË¢ahå£zHC cÇf¢š ­b­L BNBNaa f¢lh¡­ll f¡¢lh¡¢lL C¢aq¡p pj£r¡ L­l ­cM¡ ­N­R ­j¡V 480
Se hÉ¢š²l j­dÉ 143 Se j¡e¢pL fË¢ahå£, 291 Se N­sl L¡R¡L¡¢R Hhw 46 Se ü¡i¡¢hL h¤¢ÜpÇfæzflhaÑ£L¡­m
j¡¢VÑe HLSe h¤¢Üja£ e¡l£­L ¢hh¡q L­le Hhw HC cÇf¢š ­b­L fË¡ç f¢lh¡­ll 496 Se pcpÉ­cl j­dÉ j¡œ c¤Se
hÉa£a£a pL­mC ü¡i¡¢hL h¡ Eæa h¤¢ÜpÇfæ ¢R­mezA­e­LC ¢nrL, BCeS£h£, fËn¡pL, hÉhp¡u£ CaÉ¡¢c ¢R­mezHC
pj£r¡ ­b­L HC ¢pÜ¡¿¹ Ll¡ k¡u ­k, MÉ¡¢a Hhw h¤¢Ü HL fËSeÈ ­b­L AeÉ fËS­eÈ p’¡¢ma quz
X¡N­Xm ¢SEL e¡­j HL L­u¢cl fy¡Q f¤l¦­ol L¥mf¢” fl£r¡ L­l ­cM¡e ­k, a¡l hw­nl ­­h¢nli¡N j¡e¤o
­SmM¡e¡u L­u¢c, M¤¢e, ­Q¡l CaÉ¡¢cz
V¡ljÉ¡e 1000 ­R­m­j­ul h¤¢Ül f¢lj¡f L­l a¡­cl ¢fa¡j¡a¡l h¤¢Ül p­‰ p¿¹¡e­cl h¤¢Ül f¢lj¡­fl a¥me¡ L­l

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 16

 ¢pÜ¡¿¹ L­le ­k, ¢fa¡j¡a¡l h¤¢Ül p­‰ a¡­cl p¿¹¡e-p¿¹¢al h¤¢Ül O¢eù pÇfLÑ l­u­Rz
∎f¢l­h­nl fËi¡hx-
CØV¡l hË¥L HL¢V f¢lh¡­ll Efl pj£r¡ L­l ­c¢M­u­Re f¢l­h­nl Eæ¢al p­‰ p­‰ f¢lh¡­ll pcpÉ­cl
hÉ¢š²­aÆl C¢ah¡QL f¢lhaÑe pwO¢Va quz
LÉ¡­Vm B­j¢lL¡l L­uLSe °h‘¡¢eL­cl L¥mf¢” ¢hQ¡l L­l HC ¢pÜ¡­¿¹ Efe£a qe ­k, j¡e¤­ol h¤¢Ül ¢hL¡n
B¢bÑL pwN¢a, p¤¤­k¡Np¤¤¢hd¡, p¡j¡¢SL f¢l­hn CaÉ¡¢cl Efl ¢eiÑl L­lz
h¡lh¡l h¡LÑp 208 Se f¡¢ma ¢nöl Efl pj£r¡ L­l ­c­Me ­k f¡mL ¢fa¡j¡a¡l fËi¡­h ¢nöl h¤ÜÉ¡­ˆl
f¢lhaÑe 9 ­b­L 20 f­u¾V fkÑ¿¹ q­u b¡­Lz
­j¢ce£f¤­l HLSe ¢jne¡l£ c¤¢V ¢nöl på¡e f¡e k¡l¡ ­eL­sl à¡l¡ m¡¢maf¡¢ma q­u¢Rmz¢nö c¤¢V c¤-q¡a Hhw
c¤-f¡ à¡l¡ Qma,Ly¡Q¡ j¡wp ­Ma Hhw ­eL­sl j­a¡ në LlazHl ­b­L f¢l­hnh¡c£l¡ ¢pÜ¡¿¹ ¢e­u­Re öd¤ hwnd¡l¡
p§­œ fË¡ç pqS¡a …Z¡h¢m hwnflÇfl¡u p’¡¢ma que¡, A¢SÑa …Z¡h¢mJ hwn¡e¤œ²­j p’¡¢ma quz
NÔ¡¢Xp Hhw ­q­me e¡­j c¤¢V pj­L¡n£ kjS ­L¡e L¡l­Z 18 j¡p hu­p fªbL q­u k¡u Hhw ¢iæ f¢l­h­n j¡e¤o
quz35 hRl fl kMe a¡­cl B¢h×L¡l Ll¡ qu aMe a¡­cl ¢hL¡­n ¢hÙ¹l f¡bÑLÉ ­cM¡ k¡uzHC ¢hou¢V f¢l­h­nl
fËi¡h­LC pjbÑe L­lz
∎¢nr­Ll i¨¢jL¡x-
hwnN¢a J f¢l­h­nl fËi¡­hl ¢hQ¡­l ¢nrL­L ¢LR¥ …l¦aÆf§ZÑ i¨¢jL¡ f¡me Ll­a q­hz­kje-
¢nrL­L h¤T­a q­h ­nË¢ZL­r A¢dL¡wn ¢nr¡bÑ£ Ns rja¡pÇfæ q­mJ ¢LR¥ ¢nr¡bÑ£ B­R k¡l¡ AaÉ¿¹ h¤¢Üj¡e,
Bh¡l ¢LR¥ pwMÉL ¢nr¡bÑ£ B­R k¡l¡ ¢ejÀh¤¢ÜpÇfæzpjÙ¹ dl­el ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl Lb¡ ØjlZ L­l ¢hou pÇf¢LÑa f¡Wœ²j,
¢nMe LjÑp§Q£ J pqf¡Wœ²¢jL L¡kÑ¡h¢m eje£u Hhw °h¢QœÉf§ZÑ Ll­a q­hz
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BNËq, j­e¡i¡h, hÉ¢š²­aÆl pwmrZ fËi«¢a ¢hQ¡l L­l fËaÉ¡n¡ ¢ÙÛl Ll­a q­hzf¡n¡f¡¢n fË¢a¢V ¢nöl A¿¹Ñ¢e¢qa
pñ¡he¡…¢m k¡­a p­hÑ¡µQ j¡œ¡u ¢hL¢na q­a f¡­l ­p ¢ho­u ¢nrL­L ¢h­no ¢e­cÑne¡ ¢c­a q­hz

…l¦aÆf§ZÑ fËnÀ¡hm£x-
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f§hÑf¤l¦­ol L¡R ­b­L Bjl¡ k¡ ¢LR¥ ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡j p§­œ f¡C a¡ qm-
→ °S¢hL hwnN¢az
f§hÑf¤l¦­ol L¡R ­b­L Bjl¡ k¡ ¢LR¥ p¡j¡¢SL l£¢ae£¢a, fËb¡, cra¡ ¢q­p­h f¡C a¡ qm-
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hwnN¢a Lu¢V e£¢a­a L¡S L­l?
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hwnN¢al e£¢a…¢m qm-
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hwnN¢a­L Lui¡­N i¡N Ll¡ k¡u?
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hwnN¢al ­nË¢Z¢hi¡N…¢m qm-
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pjS¡a£u fË¡e£l¡ pjS¡a£u fË¡Z£­LC SeÈ ­cu- H¢V hwnN¢al ­L¡eÚ e£¢a­L pjbÑe L­l?
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A­eL ¢fa¡j¡a¡l p¿¹¡e ­Qq¡s¡, h¤¢Ü, N¡­ul lP CaÉ¡¢c pLm ¢c­L a¡­cl ¢fa¡ j¡a¡ ­b­L ¢iæ fËL«¢al qu-
H¢V hwnN¢al ­L¡eÚ e£¢a­L pjbÑe L­l?
→°h¢Q­œÉl e£¢az

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 17

 ¢fa¡j¡a¡ Ei­uC k¢c EµQ ­jd¡pÇfæ qu a¡­cl p¿¹¡e q­h A­fr¡L«a Lj ­jd¡pÇfæ- ¢hou¢V hwnd¡l¡l ­L¡eÚ
e£¢a­L Ae¤plZ L­l?
→¢l­NËpe e£¢az
e¡l£­cl ­k±e ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡­j b¡­L-
→'XX' ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡jz
f¤l¦o­cl ­k±e ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡­j b¡­L-
→'XY' ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡jz
LeÉ¡ p¿¹¡e aMeC q­h kMe -
→f¤l¦­ol X ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡j e¡l£l X ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡­jl p¡­b ¢j¢ma q­hz
f¤œ p¿¹¡e aMeC q­h kMe -
→e¡l£l X ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡j f¤l¦­ol Y ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡­jl p¡­b ¢j¢ma q­hz
hwnN¢al r¥âaj Ef¡c¡e qm-
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j¡e¤­ol HL¢V ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡­j ­j¡V ¢Se b¡­L-
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j¡e¤­ol ­j¡V ­œ²¡­j¡Sj pwMÉ-
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46¢V ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡­jl j­dÉ ¢nöl ­c­q ¢fa¡l ¢cL ­b­L Lu¢V B­p? 23¢Vz
S¡C­N¡V h¡ ï¥Z¡e¤­a Ah¢ÙÛa 23 ­S¡s¡ ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡­jl j­dÉ 22 ­S¡s¡ ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡j­L hm¡ qu-
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HLSe hÉ¢š²l ¢g­e¡V¡Cf qm-
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HLSe hÉ¢š²l ¢S­e¡V¡Cf qm-
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p¢œ²u Hhw ¢e¢×œ²u ¢S­el Efl …l¦aÆf§ZÑ fl£r¡ L­l­Re ­L?
→­j­ä¢mgz
hwnd¡l¡l fËi¡h­L fË¢aù¡ Ll¡l SeÉ NÉ¡mVe ­L¡eÚ f¢lh¡­ll Efl pj£r¡ L­l­Re?
→B­j¢lL¡ J CwmÉ¡­äl f¢lh¡lz
f¢l­hnh¡c£­cl f­r ph­Q­u ­S¡l¡­m¡ hš²hÉ ­L ­l­M­Re?
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NÉ¡mVe La ¢MËx je£o£­cl L¥mf¢” ¢e­u N­hoZ¡ L­le?
→1869 ¢MËx
X ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡j J Y ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡­jl j­dÉ ­L¡eÚ¢V ­h¢n E‹Æmal?
→X ­œ²¡­j¡­S¡jz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 18

 Socialization process, social world and
topic children, role of parents, peers and teachers in
the process of socialization

p¡j¡¢SL£LlZ L£?

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(L)f¢lh¡l (M)NZj¡dÉj (N)pjhu¢p ¢nö (O)¢hcÉ¡mu fËi«¢az

¢nöl p¡j¡¢SL£Ll­Z ¢fa¡j¡a¡l i¨¢jL¡x-

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f¢lh¡­ll j­dÉC a¡l B­h­Nl h¢qxfËL¡n O­Vz­L¡eÚ L¡S¢V ­p Ll­h Bl ­L¡eÚ L¡S¢V ­p Ll­he¡ a¡ ¢fa¡ j¡a¡l
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¢nöl p¡j¡¢SL£Ll­Z pjhu¢p c­ml i¨¢jL¡x-

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b¡­LzhÉ¢š²l ­b­L cm aMe ¢nöl L¡­R ­h¢n …l¦aÆ f¡uzfË­u¡S­e ¢fa¡j¡a¡l Lb¡J ­p Aj¡eÉ L­l c­ml ¢e­cÑn
Ae¤plZ L­lzpq­k¡¢Na¡, pqj¢jÑa¡, HL p­‰ L¡S Ll¡, ­h¡T¡fs¡, ­ea«aÆc¡e fËi«¢a p¡j¡¢SL …Z…¢m HC pj­u
a£hËi¡­h ­cM¡ k¡uzHC hup¢V­L "NÉ¡w' Hl hupJ hm¡ quzhuxp¢år­Z pjhu¢p c­ml i§¢jL¡ BlJ a£hË quzHC
hu­pC a¡l¡ f¢lh¡­ll i¨¢jL¡l ¢h­l¡d£a¡ Ll­a öl¦ L­lza¡­cl BcnÑ­h¡d Hhw e£¢a­h¡d fËhm qu k¡ p¡j¡¢SL
BcnÑ J j§mÉ­h¡­dl Efl ¢h­no fËi¡h ¢hÙ¹¡l L­lzpjhu¢p c­ml fË¢a fËhm BÙÛ¡ Hhw HL¡aÈa¡ A­eL pju
fËQ¢ma p¡j¡¢SL BcnÑ J j§mÉ­h¡­dl fË¢a Ae¡ÙÛ¡ fËL¡n L­l Hhw ea¥e BcnÑ J j§mÉ­h¡d °a¢l L­l, k¡­L
p¡d¡lZi¡­h "­Se¡­lne NÉ¡f' hm¡ quz¢L­n¡l-¢L­n¡l£­cl j­dÉ ­k±e p­Qaea¡ J ­k±ea¡ pÇf­LÑ d¡lZ¡l Efl
pjhu¢p c­ml i¨¢jL¡ AaÉ¿¹ …l¦aÆf§eÑzp¢WL ­k±e ¢nr¡l Ai¡­h HC pLm d¡lZ¡ ¢L­n¡l-¢L­n¡l£­cl j­dÉ ­k±e
pjpÉ¡ pª¢ø L­l k¡ p¡j¡¢SL£Ll­Zl Efl ­e¢ah¡QL fËi¡h ­g­mz
¢nöl p¡j¡¢SL£Ll­Z ¢nr­Ll i¨¢jL¡x-

p¡d¡lei¡­h 3 hRl hu­p ¢nöl¡ ¢Lä¡lN¡­VÑe, j­¾Vp¢l h¡ AeÉ¡eÉ ¢nö¢nr¡ ¢hcÉ¡m­u ¢nr­Ll p¡¢ædÉ m¡i
L­lzhaÑj¡e ¢nö­L¢¾cÊL ¢nr¡l f¡WÉœ²­j Na¡e¤N¢aL ¢ho­ul f¡n¡f¡¢n hwn flÇfl¡u p¢’a ‘¡e, A¢i‘a¡, L«¢ø
Hhw pwú«¢a fËi«¢a ¢hou…¢m Ef¢ÙÛa b¡­L k¡ ¢nr­Ll ¢nr¡c¡e J ¢e­cÑne¡l jdÉ ¢c­u ¢nö­cl j­dÉ Bu¢š

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 19

 O­VzHCph ¢hou…¢m ¢nöl p¡j¡¢SL£Ll­Z hÉ¡fL i¨¢jL¡ f¡me L­lzp¡j¡¢SL£Ll­Zl AeÉaj j¡dÉj q­µR i¡o¡,
AiÉ¡p, fËb¡, l£¢ae£¢a, p¡j¡¢SL j§mÉ­h¡d fËi«¢azHCph ¢hou…¢m ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ ¢hcÉ¡m­u ¢nr­Ll p¡¢æ­dÉ m¡i Ll­a
prj quz
…l¦aÆf§ZÑ fËnÀ¡h¢mx-

¤¢nöl p¡j¡¢SL£Ll­Zl …l¦aÆf§ZÑ pwÙÛ¡ qm-

→f¢lh¡l, NZj¡dÉj, pjhu¢p ¢nö, ¢hcÉ¡muz
¤¢nöl fËbj p¡j¡¢SL£LlZ öl¦ qu ­L¡b¡u?
→Nªq J f¢lh¡­lz
¤¢nöl p¡j¡¢SL£Ll­Zl fË¢œ²u¡…¢m qm-
→pq­k¡Se, Ef­k¡Se J BaÈ£LlZz
¤p¡j¡¢SL£Ll­Zl ph­Q­u …l¦aÆf§ZÑ Ef¡c¡e ­L¡eÚ¢V?
→i¡o¡z
¤HL¢V ¢nöl p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡n hm­a ­h¡T¡u-
→p¡j¡¢SL pÇfLÑ ÙÛ¡f­el ­r­œ f¢lf§ZÑa¡
→p¡j¡¢SL pÇfLÑ ÙÛ¡fe hª¢Ü
→c­ml j­dÉ "Bjl¡-Ae¤ih' Hl ¢hL¡nz
¤La hRu hup ­b­L ¢nö­L f¢lh¡­ll p¢œ²u pcpÉ ¢q­p­h ­cM¡ k¡u?
→2 hRlz
¤¢nöl p¡j¡¢SL BQlZ BaÈ­L¢¾cÊL b¡­L La hRl hup fkÑ¿¹?
→fË¡u 3 hRlz
¤°nn­hl fËd¡e p¡j¡¢SL BQlZ qm-
→cmNa Ae¤i­hl p§Qe¡
→­Mm¡ p¡jNË£l ¢h¢ejuz
¤¢L­n¡l ¢L­n¡l£­cl j­dÉ ¢hfl£a ¢m­‰l fË¢a BLoÑZ Ae¤i­hl L¡le qm-
→­p±¾c­kÑl Ae¤i¨¢a
→BLoÑZ£u ­f¡n¡L f¢lµRc
→cmNa ­ea«aÆ
¤¢nöl p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡­nl ­r­œ ­L¡eÚ¢V Ae¤OVLl©­f L¡S L­l?
→p¡j¡¢SL£LlZ fË¢œ²u¡z
¤¢nö a¡l ­L±a¥q­ml ¢hou…¢m ­L¡eÚ hu­p ¢fa¡j¡a¡l L¡R ­b­L ­S­e ­eu?
→°nnhL¡­mz
¤­L¡eÚ hu­p ¢nöl¡ fl£l NÒf öe­a i¡­m¡h¡­p?
→°nnhL¡­mz
¤p¡j¡¢SL£LlZ ­L¡eÚ dl­el fË¢œ²u¡?
→¢nMe fË¢œ²u¡z
¤p¡j¡¢SL£LlZ ­L¡eÚ dl­el fË¢œ²u¡?
→¢elh¢µRæ fË¢œ²u¡z

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 20

 ¤¢nöl p¡j¡¢SL£LlZ öl¦ qu L£i¡­h?
→f¢lh¡­ll pcpÉ­cl j­dÉ ¢jb¢ûu¡l g­mz
¤p¡j¡¢SL£Ll­Zl Ef¡c¡e…¢m qm-
→h¤¢Ü, i¡o¡ J °e¢aL ¢hL¡nz
¤p¡j¡¢SL£LlZ fË¢œ²u¡l A¿¹Ñi¥š² ¢hou qm-
→p¡j¡¢SL pwlrZ, p¡j¡¢SL p’¡me, p¡j¡¢SL fËN¢az
¤hÉ¢š²S£h­e ph­Q­u …l¦aÆf§ZÑ Hhw A¢dL p¡j¡¢SL£LlZ O­V ­L¡eÚ pj­u?
→huxp¢år­Zz
¤p¡j¡¢SL£Ll­Zl fËaÉr pwÙÛ¡ qm-
→f¢lh¡l, ¢hcÉ¡mu, ­V¢m¢inez
¤¢nö­cl ­L¡eÚ dl­el ¢hL¡­n "NÉ¡w' …l¦aÆf§ZÑ i¨¢jL¡ f¡me L­l?
→BaÈfËaÉu ¢hL¡­nz
¤¢nrZ fÜ¢a ¢q­p­h p¡j¡¢SL£Ll­Z p¡qua¡ L­l ­L¡eÚ¢V?
→fËLÒf fÜ¢az
¤­L¡eÚ j­e¡¢h‘¡e£ cmhÜi¡­h h¡p Ll¡­L fËi«¢š h­m E­õM L­l­Re?
→jÉ¡LX¥N¡mz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 21

 topic Piaget, Kohlberg, Vygotsky: constructs and
critical perspectives, cognitive development
theory of Piaget, moral development theory of
Kohlberg, social constructivism theory of
Vygotsky and their educational implications

¢fu¡­Sl fË‘¡j§mL ¢hL¡n ašÄ

_________________
িবংশ শতা ীেত যসব তথ িশ ার ে নানা িদক থেক সবেচেয় বিশ ভাব ফেলিছল পঁয়ােজর ানত তার মেধ
অন তম। এই তথ িশ ার পাঠ ম প িত এবং এমনিক চিলত গেবষণা প িতর ে নতন িচ াধারা সূচনা কের। তার
তে িতিন দিখেয়েছন য বৗ ক িবকাশ িনভর কের অেনক িল মানিসক য়া ও আচরেণর উপর। িশ রা িকভােব বাইেরর
জগত ও সামা জক জগত স ে ান লাভ কের এবং তা িনেজর মানিসক স মতার সে যু কের নয়, তাঁরই উপর িনভর
কের িশ র বৗ ক িবকাশ। িপয়ােজ তার এই ধারণা টেক কেয়ক ট পিরভাষার মাধ েম ব বহার কেরেছন, স িল স েক
াথিমক ধারণা নওয়া যাক –
গঠন
য মানিসক একক িল আমােদর অবদমন িচ ন য়া স কের তােক িতিন বেলেছন গঠন। কৃতপে গঠন হল বু র
সই ধরেনর কাজ যা গৃহীত তথ েক সংঘ টত কের ােন পা িরত কের।

অিভেযাজন
অিভেযাজন দুই ট পিরপূরক মানিসক য়া- িত য়ার সম য়। এর এক ট হেলা আ ীকরণ অথাৎ নতন তথ পিরবতন কের
তােক আ করার য়া। খাদ হেণর সময় যমন খাদ ক সরলতম অব ায় পা িরত করেল তা শরীের অ ীভূ ত হয়
তমিন গৃহীত তথ েক পা িরত করেল তেবই তা উপি ত সংঘটেনর অ ভ হেত পাের। আর অিভেযাজন এর ি তীয়
য়া অ ভ করণ এর ফেল উপি ত ােনর সংগঠেন িকছ পিরবতন ঘেট, যার ফেল নতন তথ তার অ ভ হেত
পাের।আ ীকরণ ও অ ভ করণ য়ার ভারসাম আমােদর ামূলক িবকাশ এর ধান িভি , তােক পঁয়ােজ বেলেছন
সুি িত।

সংগ ঠতকরণ
ােনর একক িলর মেধ য পার িরক সংেযাগ াপেনর য়া তােকই বলা হেয়েছ সংগ ঠতকরণ। এর ফেল সরল িচ ন
য়া থেক আমরা মশ জ টল িচ ার মতা অজন কির। এখােন য ধারণা িলর কথা বলা হয় স িল পার ািরক
স ক অনুধাবন কের। িপয়ােজর ত স ে জানার য়া সংগ ঠতকরণ এর এক ট উদাহরণ।

ি মা
সংগ ঠতকরণ এর ফেল িচ ন ও মানিসক স য়তার যসব িনিমত হয় তােক বলা হেয়েছ ি মা। ি মা হল এক কার মানিসক
িত প যা গঠন ও আচরেণর সংগ ঠত প মা । িপয়ােজর তে আচরণ কথা টর পিরবেত উপাদান কথা ট ব বহার করা
হেয়েছ।

উপেরর ধারণা িল এক করেল ার িবকাশ বলেত িক বু ঝেয়েছন স স ে িকছটা ধারণা পাওয়া যায়। তার মেত ার
িবকাশ এক ট স য় মানিসক য়া ও তার িমক পিরবতন। পিরেবশ থেক য িশ আেরাহন কের অিভেযাজন ও
সংগ ঠত করেণর মাধ েম শষ পয তােক ায়ী পা িরত কের তাই হেলা ার িবকাশ। এই য়া স করার জন
েত ক মানুষেক চার ট েরর মধ িদেয় অ সর হেত হয় –

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 22

 সংেবদন স ালন র
া িবকাশ এর থম র সংেবদন স ালন র। এই েরর ািয় জে র পর থেক দুই বছর বয়স পয । থম ের
িশ েদর িচ া য়ার ধান বিশ হল ই য় সংেবদন ও সম য় । য ব বারবার ই য় িলেক উ ীিপত কের স েলােকই
স ালনমূলক অিভ তার সাহােয ি মার অ ভ কের নওয়ার য়া হল এই েরর বিশ । এই ের ব র ািয় বেল
িকছ নই। এই জন বা ারা লুেকাচির খলেত মজা পায়। থম মােসর িশ িনেজর সহজাত িরে িত য়া িল স ে
সেচতন হয় যমন- মলত াগ ইত ািদ।ি তীয় থেক চতথ মাস পয িশ রা িকছ িকছ কাজ থম কের এবং বারবার করেত
থােক যমন- আঙল চাষা।চার থেক আট মাস বয়েস িশ রা তার শরীেরর বাইের কান িকছ য়া বারবার করেত ভােলাবােস
যমন- কান খলনােক বারবার ঝাকােনা।8 থেক 12 মােসর িশ রা পূববত র িলেত গ ঠত ি মার মেধ সম য় ঘটায়
যমন- চলার সময় কান বাধা থাকেল সটা তারা সিরেয় দয়।12 থেক 18 মাস বয়েসর িশ রা িবেশষ উে েশ কান কাজ
বারবার কের। ধুমা বারবর করার আন ই নয় তারা বারবার কের দখেত চায় য তার ফেল িক হয়।

াক স য়তার র
িপয়ােজ স য়তা কথা ট ব বহার কেরেছন মানিসক স য়তা বাঝােনার জন । া িবকাশ এর থম ের ত স ালন
য়ার সাহােয য ধারণা তির হয় তার মানিসক িত প পরবত পযােয় িবকােশর িভি হেয় দাঁড়ায়। অথাৎ এই ি মা িল
সরাসির িচ ন এর মাধ েম নতন ি মা গঠেনর কােজ ব বহার করােক িপয়ােজ স য়তা বেলেছন। এই ের িশ রা বা ব
বাধ,সব াণবাদ, কৃি মতা, অবেরাহ যু , এক ক ীকতা, অহিমকা, অ ন, মানিসক িচ ক এবং ভাষার নানা রকম ব বহার
করেত শেখ।

মূত স য়তার র
পূববত েরর সে এই পযােয়র ধান পাথক হল এই সমেয় িশ রা হােত কলেম কাজ করেত করেত মানিসক য়া স
করেত পাের। িক ধুমা ভাষা ব বহার কের তা করেত পােরনা। এই েরর অন তম ধান বিশ হল অিভ তাবাদ, িমক
অব ান ণীিবভাগ করেত পাের। এই ের ছা ছা ীরা সংখ ার ধারণা করেত শেখ।

যৗ কস য়তার র
যৗ কস য়তার র যু িনভর ান লােভর র। এই পযােয় িকেশার-িকেশারীরা পূববত মূত স য়তার মাধ েম গঠন কের
তােক সরাসির যু র ে েয়াগ করার অভ হেয় ওেঠ। ক গঠন কের তােক অিভ তা ও যু র সাহােয হণ বা
বজন করেত শেখ। তকিবদ া স ত অবেরাহ যু তােদর ধান হািতয়ার হেয় গেড় ওেঠ। এই পযােয় ছেলেমেয়রা অিতির
সেচতন হেয় ওঠার দ ন তারা মেন কের অন রাও তােদর মেতা কের ভাবেছ বা অন রা তােদর িত সবদা ল রাখেছ। মেন
রাখা দরকার ব মানুষই কেশারকােল যৗ ক স য়তার বিশ অনুযায়ী তােদর িচ ােক পিরচািলত কের।এই েরর
অন তম কেয়ক ট বিশ হেলা কেশােরর বা ব ও স াবনার মেধ পাথক করা স ব হয়। িকেশার িকেশারীেদর িচ া ক
িভি ক হেয় থােক।তারা যতদূর স ব তথ সং হ কের এবং তথ িলেত নানা রকম ভােব সম য় কের িস াে আসার চ া
কের। সামান ীকরণ এই পযােয়র িচ ার অি ম ফল।

R­Ll j¡dÉ­j ¢hou¢V pw­r­f ­cM¡ k¡L-

Ù¹l Ù¹­ll e¡j hupL¡m °h¢nøÉ

fËbj Ù¹l pw­hce p’¡me Ù¹l SeÈ ­b­L 2 hRl ¢h¢iæ BL¡l J ¢h¢iæ l­Pl
¢S¢epfœ, ­Mme¡ CaÉ¡¢c ü¡d£ei¡­h
e¡s¡Q¡s¡ Ll­a f¡­lz
¢àa£u Ù¹l fË¡LÚp¢œ²ua¡l Ù¹l 2 hRl ­b­L 6 hRl Lb¡ hm¡ J i¡o¡ ­h¡­dl â¥a Eæ¢a
q­a b¡­Lz
a«a£u Ù¹l j§aÑp¢œ²ua¡l Ù¹l 6 hRl ­b­L 11 h¡ 12 hRl N¢Z­al ­j±¢mL ¢euj- ­k¡N,
¢h­u¡N, …Z, i¡N CaÉ¡¢c Ll­a
f¡­lz
Qa¥bÑ Ù¹l ­k±¢š²L p¢œ²ua¡l Ù¹l 11 h¡ 12 hRl ­b­L 14 h¡ 15 hRlz pÇf¨ZÑ k¤¢š²¢eiÑl ¢nM­e AiÉÙ¹
q­a b¡­Lz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 23

 …l¦aÆf§ZÑ fËnÀ¡hm£x-

¢fu¡­Sy ¢R­me HLSe-

p¤¤CS¡lmÉ¡­äl j­e¡¢h‘¡e£z
¢fu¡­Sy ay¡l LjÑS£he öl¦ L­le HLSe
HLSe-
S£h¢h‘¡e£ ¢q­p­hz
‘¡ej§mL ¢hL¡­nl ašÄ ­L Eá¡he L­le?
Ex- ¢fu¡­Syz
¢fu¡­Syl fË‘¡j§mL ¢hL¡­nl Lu¢V Ù¹l?
Ex-4¢Vz
¢fu¡­Syl fË‘¡j§mL ¢hL¡­nl fËbj Ù¹l qmqm-
Ex-pw­hce p’¡me Ù¹lz
pw­hce p’¡me Ù¹­ll hupL¡m qm--
Ex-SeÈ ­b­L 2 hRlz
pw­hce p’¡me Ù¹­l ¢nö-
Ex-e¡e¡e
e¡e¡e BL¡l J l­Pl ¢S¢epfœ e¡s¡Q¡s¡ Ll­a f¡­lz
¢fu¡­Syl fË‘¡j§mL ¢hL¡­nl ¢àa£u Ù¹l qmqm-
Ex-fË¡LÚp¢œ²ua¡l Ù¹lz
¢fu¡­Syl fË¡LÚp¢œ²ua¡ Ù¹­ll hupL¡m qm
qm-
Ex-2hRl ­b­L 6 hRlz
¢fu¡­Syl fË‘¡j§mL ¢hL¡­nl ­L¡eÚ Ù¹­l ¢nöl Lb¡ hm¡ J i¡o¡ ­h¡­dl â¥a Eæ¢a q­a b¡­L?
Ex-fË¡LÚp¢œ²ua¡l Ù¹­lz
¢fu¡­Syl fË‘¡j§mL ¢hL¡­nl a«a£u Ù¹l qmqm-
Ex- j§aÑ p¢œ²ua¡l Ù¹lz
j§aÑ p¢œ²a¡ Ù¹­ll hupL¡m qm-
Ex-6 hRl ­b­L 11 h¡ 12 hRlz
¢fu¡­Syl fË‘¡j§mL ¢hL¡­nl ­L¡eÚ Ù¹­l ¢nöl¡ N¢Z­al ­j±¢mL ¢euj
¢euj- ­k¡N, ¢h­u¡N, …Z, i¡N CaÉ¡¢c Ll­a
f¡­l?
Ex- j§aÑ p¢œ²ua¡l Ù¹­lz
¢fu¡­Syl fË‘¡j§mL ¢hL¡­nl Qa¥bÑ Ù¹l¢V qm
qm-
Ex-­k±¢š²L p¢œ²ua¡l Ù¹lz
­k±¢š²L p¢œ²ua¡l Ù¹­ll hupL¡m qm qm-
Ex-11 h¡ 12 hRl ­b­L 14 h¡ 15 hRlz
¢fu¡­Syl fË‘¡j§mL ¢hL¡­nl ­L¡eÚ Ù¹­l ¢nö pÇf¨ZÑ k¤¢š²¢eiÑl ¢nM­e AiÉÙ¹ q­a b¡­L?
Ex-­k±¢š²L p¢œ²ua¡l Ù¹­lz
ØfnÑ, cnÑe, ü¡c CaÉ¡¢c fË¢a¢œ²u¡l jdÉ ¢c­u öl¦ qu-
Ex-¢nöl fË‘¡j§mL ¢hL¡nz
¢új¡l d¡lZ¡¢V Eá¡he L­le ­L?
Ex-j­e¡¢h‘¡e£ BVÑ h¡VÑ­mV [Art Burtlett]
­L¡e j¤q¨­aÑ A¢SÑa abÉpj§­ql HLL pwNWe­L hm¡ qu qu-
Ex-¢új¡z
¢új¡ pÇfËp¡l­Z ¢nöl ­L¡eÚ c¤¢V fË¢œ²u¡ p¢œ²u qu?
Ex-A¢i­k¡Se Hhw p¡wNW¢eL£LlZz
¢fu¡­Syl j­a A¢i­k¡Se qm c¤¢V fË¢œ²u¡l pjeÄuzHC c¤¢V fË¢œ²u¡ qmqm-
Ex-Bš£LlZ Hhw pq­k¡Sez
­L¡e ¢új¡ h¡ fË‘¡j§mL pwNW­el j­dÉ ea¥e abÉ, ¢Q¿¹¡-d¡lZ¡
d¡lZ¡ h¡ i¡­hl pw­k¡Se qm-
qm
Ex-Bš£LlZz
Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 24
 ea¥e abÉ, ¢Q¿¹¡, i¡h CaÉ¡¢c fË­u¡Se j­a¡ f¢lhaÑe L­l ¢új¡l j­dÉ k¤š² Ll¡l fË¢œ²u¡¢V qqm-
Ex-pq­k¡Sez
¢új¡ h¡ fË‘¡j§mL pwNWepj§q pwN¢Wa q­u BlJ S¢Vm ¢Q¿¹¡j§mL L¡S Ll­a prj quzH­L hm¡ qu qu-
Ex-p¡wNW¢eL£LlZz
f¢lZje ­L¡eÚ dl­el ¢hL¡n?
Ex-n¡l£¢lL ¢hL¡nz
f¢leje ¢nöl ­L¡eÚ A­‰l ¢hL¡n?
Ex-­f¢n J pÀ¡u¤­¿»l ¢hL¡nz
¢nöl¡ a¡­cl SNv R¡s¡J h¡C­ll SN­al A¢Ù¹aÆ h¤T­a f¡­l ­L¡eÚ Ù¹­l?
Ex-fË¡LÚp¢œ²ua¡l Ù¹­lz
h¡Ù¹hh¡c, phÑfË¡eh¡c, L«¢œja¡, Ahk¤¢š²f§ZÑ ¢hQ¡l
¢hQ¡l-HC…¢m
HC…¢m ‘¡ej§mL ¢hL¡­nl ­L¡eÚ Ù¹­ll °h¢nøÉ?
Ex-fË¡LÚp¢œ²ua¡l Ù¹lz
La hRl hu­p ¢nö­cl h¢qÑSNv J A¿¹ÑSNv pÇf­LÑ p¤¤Øfø d¡lZ¡ °a¢l qu?
Ex-7 hRl hu­pz
ph hÙ¹¥­¹ L pS£h h­m j­e Ll¡l ¢hou¢V­L hm¡ qu qu-
Ex-phÑfË¡Zh¡cz
¢nöl¡ f§­hÑ fËaÉr Ll¡ ­L¡e L¡S­L Ae¤plZ Ll­a f¡­l ­L¡eÚ Ù¹­l?
Ex-fË¡LÚp¢œ²ua¡l Ù¹­lz
¢nöl¡ O¤¢j­u fs¡l i¡e h¡ ¢e­S­cl AeÉ ¢LR¥ i¡h­a i¡­m¡h¡­p ­L¡eÚ Ù¹­l?
Ex-fË¡LÚp¢œ²ua¡l Ù¹­lz
¢nöl¡ a¡­cl LÒfe¡…¢m­L ¢m­L Aˆ­el j­dÉ l©f ¢c­a i¡­m¡h¡­p ­L¡eÚ ÙÙ¹­l?
Ex-fË¡LÚp¢œ²ua¡l Ù¹­lz
¢nöl¡ j¡e¢pL fË¢aLÒf NWe Ll­a f¡­l, ¢houhÙ¹¥pj§q fËL¡n Ll­a f¡­l, ¢L¿¹¥ hÙ¹¥ h¡ OVe¡pj§q­L f¢lhaÑe h¡
Ae¤j¡e Ll­a f¡­le¡ ­L¡eÚ Ù¹­l?
Ex-fË¡LÚp¢œ²ua¡l Ù¹­lz
¢nöl¡ ¢Q¿¹¡l h¡qe ¢q­p­h ­h i¡o¡­L hÉhq¡l L­l ­L¡eÚ Ù¹­l?
Ex-fË¡LÚp¢œ²ua¡l Ù¹­lz
­L¡e hÙ¹¥l h¡¢qÉL ¢LR¥ f¢lhaÑe q­mJ j§m hÙ¹¥¢Vl ­L¡e f¢lhaÑe que¡, HC ­h¡d­L hm¡ qu
Ex- pwlrZz
A¢dL pwrL hÙ¹¥l j­dÉ ­L¡e ¢ho­u p¡cªnÉ h¡ p¡d¡lZ …Z¡h¢ml ­fË¢r­a HLœ£LlZ Ll¡­L hm¡ qu qu-
Ex-­nË¢ZLlZz
h¡m­Ll¡
m­Ll¡ kb¡bÑ L¡kÑL¡lZ hÉ¡MÉ¡ Ll­a f¡­l ­L¡eÚ Ù¹­l?
Ex-­k±¢š²L p¢œ²ua¡l Ù¹­lz
h¡m­Ll¡ pjpÉ¡ pj¡d¡­el SeÉ pLm Evp ­b­L abÉpwNËq L­l fË­u¡Sej­a¡ a­bÉl pjeÄu L­l pjpÉ¡l pj¡d¡e
L­l ­L¡eÚ Ù¹­l?
Ex-­k±¢š²L p¢œ²ua¡l Ù¹­lz

­L¡mqh¡­NÑl °e¢aL ¢hL¡n ašÄ

_______________
°e¢aL ¢hL¡n L£?
______________
¢nöl ¢hL¡­nl HL¢V …l¦aÆf§ZÑ ¢hou q­µR a¡l °e¢aL ¢hL¡nzHL¢V ¢nö a¡l ¢h¢iæ ¢c­L ¢hL¡­nl f¡n¡f¡¢n LaV¡
pv, paÉh¡c£, cu¡m¤, ‘¡e£, eÉ¡ufl¡uZ, p¡qp£ fËi«¢a …Z¡hm£l A¢dL¡l£ q­h ­pV¡C q­µR a¡l °e¢aL ¢hL¡nz¢nöl
f¢lh¡l, ¢hcÉ¡mu Hhw pj¡S ¢nö­L °e¢aL ¢hL¡n N­s a¥m­a pq¡­k¡N£a¡ L­lz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 25

 ­L¡mqh¡­NÑl °e¢aL ¢hL¡­nl ašÄx-
________________________
¢nöl ¢hL¡­nl HL¢V fkÑ¡­u flØfl-¢h­l¡d£ ¢Q¿¹¡ h¡ hÉ¢š²l ¢hnÄ¡­pl p­‰ h¡¢qÉL f¢l­h­nl pwO¡­al g­m ¢nöl
j­dÉ ‘¡ej§mL à­¾àl pª¢ø quz­kje, h¡¢š² S¡­e ­k ¢jbÉ¡Lb¡ hm¡ f¡f Hhw f¡­fl n¡¢Ù¹ quz¢L¿¹¥ kMe ­L¡e hÉ¢š²
¢jbÉ¡ Lb¡ h­m m¡ih¡e qu Hhw ­p ­L¡elLj n¡¢Ù¹ f¡ue¡ aMeC ¢nöl j­dÉ ‘¡ej§mL à¾à pª¢ø quz­L¡mh¡NÑ
h­m­Re, ¢nö­cl °e¢aL ¢hL¡­n HC ‘¡ej§mL à­¾àl ¢h­no i¨¢jL¡ l­u­RzkMeC ¢nöl j­dÉ HC ‘¡ej§mL à¾à ­cM¡
k¡u aMe e£¢a­h¡d HC ‘¡ej§mL à­¾àl Ahp¡e O¢V­u hÉ¢š²l j­dÉ p¡jÉ¡hÙÛ¡ ¢g¢l­u B­ez°e¢aL ¢hL¡­nl HL¢V
…l¦aÆf§ZÑ ¢hou qm i¨¢jL¡ NËq­Zl rja¡z­L¡qmh¡­NÑl j­a, i¨¢jL¡ NËq­Zl rja¡ qm ­L¡e f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a­a A­eÉl
cª¢øi¢‰l jkÑ¡c¡ ­cJu¡, A­eÉl j­a¡ L­l ­cM¡ Hhw A­eÉl j§mÉ¡uZ­L ­h¡T¡z¢a¢e BlJ h­m­Re, ­k hÉ¢š²l i¨¢jL¡
NËqZ Ll¡l rja¡ ­h¢n Hhw ­k A­eÉl ja¡ja­L Ni£li¡­h Efm¢ì Ll­a f¡­l a¡l °e¢aL ¢hL¡­nl pñ¡he¡ ­h¢n
b¡­Lz

°e¢aL ¢hL¡­nl fkÑ¡ux-

_________________
­L¡qmh¡NÑ °e¢aL ¢hL¡­nl ¢ae¢V fkÑ¡­ul Lb¡ h­m­RezHC ¢ae¢V fkÑ¡u qm-
[1]fË¡LÚ fËb¡Na fkÑ¡u
[2]fËb¡Na fkÑ¡u
[3]Ešl fËb¡Na fkÑ¡uz
fË¡L fËb¡Na fkÑ¡u ­L¡e¢V?
___________________
¢nöl Q¡l hRl ­b­L cn hRl hup fkÑ¿¹ °e¢aL ¢hL¡n f¢lQ¡¢ma qu fËd¡ea ¢eS ü¡bÑ à¡l¡zHC pj­u n¡¢Ù¹ ­b­L
lr¡ f¡Ju¡ Hhw BaÈp¿¹¥¢øl SeÉ ¢nö °e¢aL BQlZ L­lzHC fkÑ¡­u ¢nöl j­dÉ i¡­m¡j¾c ¢hQ¡l Ll¡l rja¡
b¡­Le¡zHC fkÑ¡­ul fËbj Ù¹­l n¡¢Ù¹ Hs¡­e¡l SeÉ ¢nö A­eÉl h¡dÉ q­u L¡S L­lz­L¡elLj °e¢aL ¢hQ¡l à¡l¡ ­p
fËi¡¢ha que¡z¢àa£u Ù¹­l ­Lhmj¡œ ¢eS ü¡bÑ lr¡l SeÉ ¢nö ¢euj ­j­e Q­mzHL¢V Ec¡qlZ ¢c­m ¢hou¢V Øfø
q­h-
"a¥¢j Bj¡l ­Mme¡¢V ­i­PR, B¢jJ ­a¡j¡l ­Mme¡¢V i¡Phz'AbÑ¡v HC Ù¹­l ¢nöl °e¢aL ¢hL¡­n BaÈ­L¢¾cÊLa¡
­cM¡ k¡uz
fËb¡Na fkÑ¡u ­L¡e¢V?
________________
¢nöl ¢hL¡­nl cn ­b­L ­al hRl hup fkÑ¿¹ pju¢V qm fËb¡Na fkÑ¡uzHC hu­p ¢nö hÉ¢š² J pj¡S Ei­ul L¡R
­b­L pjbÑe fËaÉ¡n¡ L­lzHC fkÑ¡­ulJ c¤¢V Ù¹l l­u­RzfËbj Ù¹­l ¢nöl¡ Af­ll pjbÑe Bn¡ L­lz­kje, ph¡C a¡­L
i¡­m¡ hm¤L HV¡ ­p öe­a Q¡uz¢àa£u Ù¹­l pj¡­Sl ¢euje£¢a fË¡d¡eÉ f¡uzBCe, pj¡S, djÑ, °e¢aLa¡ ¢nöl
BQlZ­L ¢eu¢¿»a L­lzHC Ù¹­l ¢nöl¡ pj¡¢SL ¢euj-L¡e¤e…¢m­L LaÑhÉ h­m j­e L­l Hhw ­pi¡­hC °e¢aL
BQlZ L­lz

Ešl fËb¡Na fkÑ¡u ­L¡e¢V?

___________________
­al hRl hup ­b­L °e¢aL ¢hL¡­nl Ešl fËb¡Na fkÑ¡u öl¦ quzHC hu­pC hÉ¢š²l j­dÉ fËL«a °e¢aLa¡­h¡d
­cM¡ k¡uzHC fkÑ¡u ­b­L e£¢a­h¡d pwœ²¡¿¹ ¢pÜ¡¿¹ NËq­Z hÉ¢š² AeÉ¡eÉ­cl Efl ¢eiÑl L­le¡z¢e­Sl p¤¤pwqa ¢h­h­Ll
Efl ­p BÙÛ¡ l¡­M Hhw ¢pÜ¡¿¹ NËqZ L­lzHC fkÑ¡­ul fËbj Ù¹­l e£¢apwœ²¡¿¹ ­L¡e ¢pÜ¡¿¹ NËq­Z hÉ¢š² k¤¢š²l BnËu
­euzH­r­œ BCe a¡l BQlZ­L ¢eu¿»Z L­lz¢àa£u Ù¹­l °e¢aL BQl­Zl ­r­œ hÉ¢š²l ¢h­hL M¤h p¢œ²u
quzH­r­œ hÉ¢š²l BQlZ ¢eu¢¿»a qu a¡l ¢h­h­Ll à¡l¡z­L¡mh¡­NÑl j­a ph¡C HC Ù¹­l ­f±R¥y­a f¡­le¡, L¡lZ Hl
SeÉ fË­u¡Se qu EµQÙ¹­ll ¢hj§aÑ ¢Q¿¹­el rja¡z

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 26

 hÉ¢š²l ­nË¢Z¢hi¡Nx-
_______________
­L¡qmh¡NÑ °e¢aL ¢hL¡­nl ­fË¢r­a hÉ¢š²­L c¤C i¡­N i¡N L­l­Rezkb¡- 'A' V¡Cf J 'B' V¡Cfz'A' V¡C­fl hÉ¢š²­cl
°e¢aLa¡ ¢eu¢¿»a qu LaÑ«aÆ J ¢eu­jl à¡l¡ Hhw 'B' V¡C­fl hÉ¢š²­cl °e¢aLa¡ ¢eiÑl L­l a¡­cl BcnÑ J Eæa
¢h­h­Ll à¡l¡z'A' V¡C­fl hÉ¢š²l e£¢a­h¡­dl Efl B­h­Nl i¨¢jL¡ ­h¢n b¡­L, AeÉ¢c­L 'B' V¡C­fl hÉ¢š²­cl
e£¢a­h¡­dl Efl ‘¡e J fË‘¡l i¨¢jL¡ ­h¢nz

°e¢aL BQlZ ¢nM­el ­L±nmx-

______________________
­L¡qmh¡­NÑl j­a °e¢aL BQlZ ¢nM­el ­L±nm…¢m qm-
[1]­Qø¡ J ï¡¢¿¹l j¡dÉ­j ¢nMe
[2]fËaÉr ¢nr¡c¡e
[3]HL¡aÈ­h¡­dl j¡dÉ­j ¢nMe
[4]p¡j¡¢SL BCe-L¡e¤e ­b­L ¢nMez

…l¦aÆf§ZÑ fËnÀx-
____________
­L¡qmh¡NÑ ­L ¢R­me?
→B­j¢lL¡e j­e¡¢hcÚ
­L¡qmh¡NÑ °e¢aL ¢hL¡n­L Lu¢V fkÑ¡­u i¡N L­l­Re?
→¢ae¢V
­L¡qmh¡­NÑl °e¢aL ¢hL¡­nl fËbj fkÑ¡­ul e¡j L£?
→fË¡L fËb¡Na fkÑ¡uz
­L¡qmh¡­NÑl °e¢aL ¢hL¡­nl ¢àa£u fkÑ¡­ul e¡j L£?
→fËb¡Na fkÑ¡uz
­L¡qmh¡­NÑl °e¢aL ¢hL¡­nl a«a£u fkÑ¡­ul e¡j L£?
→Ešl fËb¡Na fkÑ¡uz
­L¡qmh¡­NÑl °e¢aL ¢hL¡­nl œ²jfkÑ¡u¢V qm-
→fË¡L fËb¡Na fkÑ¡u → fËb¡Na fkÑ¡u → Ešl fËb¡Na fkÑ¡uz
°e¢aL ¢hL¡­nl ph­Q­u …l¦aÆf§ZÑ ¢hou ­L¡e¢V?
→ ‘¡ej§mL à¾àz
­L¡qmh¡­NÑl j­a °e¢aL ¢hL¡­nl fË¢a¢V fkÑ¡u­L Lu¢V Ù¹­l i¡N Ll¡ k¡u?
→c¤¢V Ù¹lz
fË¡L fËb¡Na fkÑ¡­ul fËbj Ù¹­l hm¡ q­u­R-
→n¡¢Ù¹ Hs¡­e¡l SeÉ ¢nö A­eÉl h¡dÉ q­u L¡S L­lz
→­L¡elLj °e¢aL ¢hQ¡l à¡l¡ ­p fËi¡¢ha que¡z

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 27

 fË¡L fËb¡Na fkÑ¡­ul ¢àa£u Ù¹­l hm¡ q­u­R-
→­Lhmj¡œ ¢eS ü¡bÑ lr¡l SeÉ ¢nö ¢euj ­j­e L¡S L­lz
fËb¡Na fkÑ¡­ul fËbj Ù¹­l hm¡ q­u­R-
→¢nöl¡ Af­ll pjbÑe Bn¡ L­lz
fËb¡Na fkÑ¡­ul ¢àa£u Ù¹­l hm¡ q­u­R-
→°e¢aL ¢hL¡­n pj¡­Sl ¢euje£¢a fË¡d¡eÉ f¡uz
Ešl fËb¡Na fkÑ¡­ul fËbj Ù¹­l hm¡ q­u­R-
→e£¢apwœ²¡¿¹ ­L¡e ¢pÜ¡¿¹ NËq­Z hÉ¢š² k¤¢š²l BnËu ­euz
Ešl fËb¡Na fkÑ¡­ul ¢àa£u Ù¹­l hm¡ q­u­R-
→°e¢aL BQl­Zl ­r­œ hÉ¢š²l ¢h­hL M¤h p¢œ²u quz
→hÉ¢š²l BQlZ ¢eu¢¿»a qu a¡l ¢h­h­Ll à¡l¡z
­L¡eÚ ¢hL¡­nl ­fË¢r­a ¢nö­L 'A' V¡Cf J 'B' V¡C­f i¡N Ll¡ qu?
→°e¢aL ¢hL¡nz
'A' V¡Cf hÉ¢š²­cl °e¢aLa¡ ¢eu¢¿»a qu-
→LaÑ«aÆ J ¢eu­jl à¡l¡z
'B' V¡Cf hÉ¢š²­cl °e¢aLa¡ ¢eu¢¿»a qu-
→BcnÑ J Eæa ¢h­h­Ll à¡l¡
'A' V¡C­fl hÉ¢š²l e£¢a­h¡­dl Efl ¢L­pl i¨¢jL¡ ­h¢n b¡­L?
→B­h­Nl i¨¢jL¡z
'B' V¡C­fl hÉ¢š²­cl e£¢a­h¡­dl Efl ¢L­pl i¨¢jL¡ ­h¢n b¡­L?
→ ‘¡e J fË‘¡l i¨¢jL¡z

i¡CNV¢úl ‘¡ej§mL ¢hL¡­nl ašÄ

_________________
i¡CNV¢úl ‘¡ej§mL ¢hL¡­nl ašÄx-
________________________
¢h‘¡e£ ¢fu¡­Sy ay¡l ‘¡ej§mL ¢hL¡n a­šÄl ­k S¡uN¡u ­b­j­Re ­pM¡e ­b­LC k¡œ¡ öl¦ L­l­Re i¡CNV¢úz¢fu¡­Sy
ay¡l a­šÄ ¢nöl BiÉ¿¹l£e ¢hL¡­nl ¢h¢iæ fkÑ¡­ul Lb¡ hm­mJ ¢nöl ‘¡­el ¢hL¡­nl ­r­œ pj¡S-pwú«¢al i¨¢jL¡
pÇf­LÑ ¢LR¥ h­me¢ezi¡CNV¢ú ¢nöl ‘¡­el ¢hL¡­n pj¡S-pwú«¢al i¨¢jL¡l ¢ho­u …l¦aÆ B­l¡f L­l­RezHSeÉ
i¡CNVÚ¢ú­L pj¡¢SL ¢e¢jÑ¢ah¡­cl SeLJ hm¡ quz

i¡CNV¢ú ay¡l ‘¡ej§mL ¢hL¡­nl a­šÄ h­m­Re ­k ¢nöl ‘¡ej§mL ¢hL¡­nl f¡n¡f¡¢n a¡l j¡e¢pL J p¡j¡¢S
¢œ²u¡Lm¡f ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma …l¦aÆf§ZÑ fkÑ¡u…¢ml jdÉ ¢c­u pÇfæ qu-
[L]¢nöl qy¡V¡ [M]¢nöl Lb¡ hm¡ [N]¢nöl ¢hcÉ¡m­u k¡Ju¡
[O]¢nöl d¡lZ¡j§mL ¢Q¿¹e Hhw [P]¢nöl huxp¢år­Z BaÈp­Qaez

HC fkÑ¡u…¢m ¢h¢iæ pwLVju f¢l¢ÙÛ¢al jdÉ ¢c­u ¢nö A¢ah¡¢qa L­l h­m i¡CNV¢ú A¢ija ­cezHC pwLVju
f¢l¢ÙÛ¢al ­j¡L¡¢hm¡ Ll­a ¢N­u ¢nöl hÉ¢š²­aÆ p¡j¢NËL f¢lhaÑe f¢lm¢ra quzHC pj­u ea¥e j¡e¢pL pwNWe
Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 28
 ­kje- i¡o¡, h¡Q¢eL ¢Q¿¹e Hhw d¡lZ¡ ¢Q¿¹e CaÉ¡¢c ¢nöl j­dÉ °a¢l qu h­m ¢nöl ‘¡ej§mL ¢hL¡n HL¢V Ù¹l
­b­L AeÉ Ù¹­l Eæ£a quz

i¡CNV¢úl a­šÄl ¢ae¢V …l¦aÆf§ZÑ ¢hou qm-

[1]¢nö­cl j­dÉ fËbj hR­ll ­n­ol ¢c­L üaxØg¨aÑ Lb¡ hm¡l fËhea¡ ­cM¡ k¡uzi¡CNV¢úl j­a HC üaxØg¨aÑ Lb¡
hm¡ Hhw ¢nöl ¢Q¿¹­el j­dÉ HL ea¥e pÇfLÑ N­s E­W k¡ ¢nö­L AeÉeÉ f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a h¤T­a pq¡ua¡ L­lz

[2]i¡CNV¢úl j­a ¢nöl p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡n ¢nöl fËaÉrZ, A¢i‘a¡, ­h¡dNjÉa¡ Hhw f¢l­h­nl p­‰ ¢jb¢ûu¡l Efl
¢h­no fËi¡h ¢hÙ¹¡l L­lzi¡CNV¢ú j­e L­le, ¢nö p¡j¡¢SL f¢l¢ÙÛ¢al HL¢V Awn Hhw ¢nöl p­‰ f¢l­h­nl
pÇfLÑ J f¢l­h­nl p­‰ ¢nöl pÇfLÑ ¢eiÑl L­l ¢nöl A¢i‘a¡ J a¡l L¡kÑ¡h¢ml Eflzi¡CNV¢ú ¢hnÄ¡p L­le ­k,
¢nöl SeÈ pju ­b­L ph A¢i‘a¡ ¢nöl pj¡S à¡l¡ fËi¡¢ha quzHC p¡j¡¢SL fËi¡h ¢nöl fËaÉrZ, Øj«¢a,
fË¡­r¡¢iL fË¢œ²u¡ Hhw BiÉ¿¹l£e fË¢œ²u¡­L fËi¡¢ha L­lz

[N]i¡CNV¢úl a­šÄl a«a£u …l¦aÆf§ZÑ ¢hou¢V qm 'Zone of proximal development' Hl d¡lZ¡zi¡CNV¢ú j­e
L­le, ¢nö a¡l hup Ae¤k¡u£ ¢e­SC ¢h¢iæ f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a­a pjpÉ¡pj¡d¡e Ll¡l rja¡ l¡­Mzi¡CNV¢ú rja¡l HC Ù¹l­L
h­m­Re 'Zone of actual development' zay¡l j­a, ¢nö­L k¢c ­nM¡l ü¡d£ea¡ Hhw p¤¤­k¡N ­cJu¡ qu a¡q­m
¢nö ¢h¢iæ Ù¹­ll pjpÉ¡pj¡d¡e Ll­a prj quzi¡CNV¢ú H¢V­L h­m­Re 'Zone of proximal development'.z

i¡CNV¢ú ¢nöl p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡­n ¢hcÉ¡m­u ­nË¢Z¢nr­Ll i¨¢jL¡ l­u­R h­m ü£L¡l L­l­Rez­nË¢Z¢nr­Ll
i¨¢jL¡ fËp­‰ ¢a¢e h­m­Re-
* ¢hcÉ¡m­ul ­nË¢Z¢n­r ¢nöl ¢nMe f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a­L ¢nrL pjpÉ¡j§mL L­l ­a¡m¡l ­Qø¡ Ll­he k¡­a L­l ¢nö ¢e­S
­b­L ­p pjpÉ¡l pj¡d¡e Ll­a p­Qø quz
*¢nrL p¡j¡¢SL f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a Hjei¡­h N­s a¥m­he ­kM¡­e ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ¢nM­el j¡e¢pLa¡ N­s J­Wz
*¢nrL ­nË¢ZL­r ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl j­dÉ ­fËoe¡ S¡NËa Ll­hez

…l¦aÆf§ZÑ fËnÀ¡hm£-
______________
i¡CNV¢ú ¢R­me HLSe-
→­p¡¢i­ua j­e¡¢h‘¡e£z
p¡j¡¢SL ¢e¢jÑ¢ah¡­cl SeL ­L?
→i¡CNV¢úz
i¡CNV¢ú ay¡l a­šÄ ‘¡ej§mL ¢hL¡­nl ­L¡eÚ ¢ho­ul Efl …l¦aÆ B­l¡f L­l­Re?
→p¡j¡¢SL ¢jb¢ûu¡z
i¡CNV¢úl j­a ­k ¢hou¢V ¢nr¡bÑ£l ­L¡e HL¢V j¤q¨­aÑl f¡lc¢nÑa¡ Hhw pñ¡hÉ f¡lc¢nÑa¡l j­dÉ f¡bÑLÉ p§¢Qa
L­l a¡l e¡j-
→¢hL¡­nl °eLVÉ p£j¡ h¡ Zone of Proximal Development
The Zone of Proximal Development ¢nö­L pq¡ua¡ L­l-
→f¡Wœ²j Hhw f¡WV£L¡ fËÙ¹­az
i¡CNV¢úl ašÄ Ae¤k¡u£ ¢nMe pq¡ua¡ h¡ ­nË¢ZL­r ¢e­cÑnc¡­e ­L¡eÚ ¢ho­ul fË­u¡Se?
→i¡l¡håez
¢nM­e i¡l¡håe Lb¡l AbÑ qm-
→¢nr¡bÑ£­L pjpÉ¡ pj¡d¡­e pq¡ua¡ c¡ez
Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 29
 i¡CNV¢úl j­a ¢nöl ‘¡­el AhÙÛ¡e qm-
→¢nöl h¡¢qÉL SN­az
i¡CNV¢úl j­a ¢nMe J ¢hL¡n qm HLdl­el-
→p¡j¡¢SL J ­k±b LjÑp§Q£z
­nË¢ZL­r ¢nMe f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a­L pjpÉ¡j§mL Ll­a ­L c¡¢uaÆ ­e­he?
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¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ea¥e ¢LR¥ ­nM¡l ­r­œ fbfËcnÑ­Ll L¡S Ll­he ­L?
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i¡CNV¢úl j­a, ¢nöl fË¢a¢V p¡wú«¢aL ¢hL¡­nl Lu¢V ¢cL B­R?
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i¡CNV¢ú ¢nöl ­h±¢ÜL ¢hL¡­nl A‰ ¢q­p­h ­L¡eÚ c¤¢V ¢hou ¢e­u N­hoe¡ L­l­Re?
→i¡o¡ J h¡Q¢eL ¢hL¡nz
i¡CNV¢úl j­a ­h±¢ÜL ¢hL¡­nl EvL«ø Ef¡u L£?
→­nË¢ZL­rl h¡C­l ¢nö­cl f¡lØf¢lL ­jm¡­jn¡ J p¡j¡¢SL Bc¡e-fËc¡ez
i¡CNV¢úl j­a p¡j¡¢SL ‘¡em¡­il …l¦aÆf§ZÑ Ef¡u qm-
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i¡CNV¢úl j­a ­h±¢ÜL ¢hL¡­nl °S¢hL ¢i¢š qm-
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i¡CNV¢úl ‘¡ej§mL ¢hL¡n a­šÄl AeÉaj °h¢nøÉ qm-
→úÉ¡g¢ôwz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 30

 TOPIC Concept of child-centred and progressive
education, methods of teaching and learning,
concept of progressive education, role of
teachers

____________________________________
¢nö­L¢¾cÊL ¢nr¡x
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AeÉ¡eÉ °Sh j¡e¢pL °h¢n­øÉl Lb¡ ph­Q­u ­h¢n fË¡d¡eÉ f¡u a¡­L ¢nö­L¢¾cÊL ¢nr¡ hm¡ quzj§ma fËQ¢ma f¡WÉ
¢hou­L¢¾cÊL Hhw ¢nrL ­L¢¾cÊL ¢nr¡hÉhÙÛ¡l ¢hl¦­Ü fË¢ah¡c ül©f HC d¡lZ¡ N­s E­W­Rzje¤oÉ pj¡­S ¢nr¡hÉhÙÛ¡l
¢hhaÑ­el C¢aq¡­p Bd¤¢eL fkÑ¡u­L ¢nö­L¢¾cÊLa¡l k¤N hm¡ quzBl Hl g­mC N­s E­W­R ¢nö­L¢¾cÊL
¢nr¡hÉhÙÛ¡zHM¡­e ¢nöl pLm lLj °h¢nøÉ­L ANË¡¢dL¡l ¢c­u ¢nr¡ f¢lLÒfe¡ lQZ¡ Ll¡ quz

¢nö­L¢¾cÊL ¢nr¡l °h¢nøÉx-

¢nö­L¢¾cÊL ¢nr¡l °h¢nøÉ…¢m ¢e­jÀ B­m¡Qe¡ Ll¡ qm-

ü¡d£ea¡l ü£L«¢ax
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BaÈ¢eu¿»Z­h¡d­L p¤¤Øfø L­l ­a¡m¡ q­u­Rz

j¤š² nª´Mm¡x
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pª¢øzHM¡­e ¢nöl¡ ¢e­S ­b­L fËL«a ü¡d£ea¡l AbÑ Ae¤d¡he Ll¡l jdÉ ¢c­u ¢e­S­cl nª´M¢ma L­l b¡­LzHl g­m
HLSe ¢nöl ü¡i¡¢hL BaÈfËL¡n ­L¡ei¡­hC h¡d¡fË¡ç que¡z

hÉ¢š²­L¢¾cÊL f¡Wc¡ex
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j¡dÉ­j ¢nr¡l Jf­l …l¦aÆ ­cuz¢nöl p¢œ²ua¡l Jfl ¢eiÑl L­l q¡­a-Lm­j L¡­Sl j¡dÉ­j A¢i‘a¡ ASÑ­el
¢nr¡NËqZ HC ¢nr¡l E­õM­k¡NÉ °h¢nøÉzHl g­m ¢nr¡bÑ£l pªSen£m p¡j­bÑÉl ü¡i¡¢hL ¢hL¡n pñh quz

hÉ¢š²­aÆl p¤¤oj ¢hL¡nx

HC ¢nr¡l Bl HL¢V °h¢nøÉ q­µR ¢nöl hÉ¢š²­aÆl phÑ¡‰£Z J p¤¤oj ¢hL¡n-p¡dezf¡WÉœ²­j pqf¡WÉœ²¢jL L¡kÑ¡hm£l
A¿¹Ñi¨¢š²l à¡l¡ ¢nr¡bÑ£l °c¢qL, j¡e¢pL, °e¢aL J p¡j¡¢SL …Z ¢hL¡­nl hÉhÙÛ¡ NËqZ ¢nö­L¢¾cÊL ¢nr¡l Bl HL¢V
p¢œ²u °h¢nøÉz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 31

 f¡lØf¢lL p¤¤pÇfLÑ hS¡ux
¢nö­L¢¾cÊL ¢nr¡l °h¢nøÉ q­µR ¢nrL-¢nr¡bÑ£, ¢nr¡bÑ£-¢nr¡bÑ£ Hhw A¢ii¡hL J ¢nrL pj¡­Sl j­dÉ j¡eh£u
pÇfLÑV¥L¥­L j§aÑ L­l ­a¡m¡z HM¡­e ¢nr¡ J S£h­el j­dÉ HL A¢iæ pÇfLÑ ¢hl¡S L­lz

jeÙ¹¡¢aÆL i¡hd¡l¡l ¢hL¡nx

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NËqZz¢nr¡l jeÙ¹¡¢šÄL i¡hd¡l¡l ¢hL¡n ¢nö­L¢¾cÊL ¢nr¡l HL E­õM­k¡NÉ °h¢nøÉz
Bd¤¢eL ¢nr¡hÉhÙÛ¡u ¢nö­L¢¾cÊL ¢nr¡l …l¦aÆx-
c¡nÑ¢eL l¦­n¡, fÉ¡Ù¹¡m¢S, é­uhm, ­Øfep¡l, j­¿¹ül£, ¢Lm­f¢VÊL, N¡¢åS£, lh£¾cÊe¡b fËj¤M ¢nr¡¢h­cl p¢œ²u Ahc¡­e
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…l¦aÆ ¢e­jÀ B­m¡Qe¡ Ll¡ qm-
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q­µRe¡z¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma h¡d¡…¢m ¢nö­L¢¾cÊL ¢nr¡l ANËN¢al A¿¹l¡u-

f¢lh¡­l huú­cl ¢e­cÑn ­j­e Qm¡l L¡l­Z ¢nöl ¢eSü CµR¡ J ja fËL¡­nl p¤¤­k¡N b¡­Le¡z
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a¥m­Rz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 32

 ­jd¡ Hhw ­k¡NÉa¡l ¢hQ¡l e¡ L­l ¢nö­cl ¢h¢iæ f¡Wœ²­j k¤š² Ll¡l hªb¡ ­QØV¡ A­eL ­r­œ ¢nöl ¢nr¡l
A¿¹l¡u q­u c¡ys¡uz
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Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 33

 ¢nö­L¢¾cÊL ¢nr¡u ¢nrL J ¢nr¡bÑ£l j­dÉ pÇfLÑ ­Lje q­h?
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¢nö­L¢¾cÊL ¢nr¡ J S£he­L¢¾cÊL ¢nr¡l j­dÉ pÇfLÑ L£?
→¢nö­L¢¾cÊL ¢nr¡ S£he­L¢¾cÊL ¢nr¡l mrÉ ASÑ­e pq¡ua¡ L­lz
l¦­n¡l f§hÑhaÑ£ ­L¡eÚ ¢nr¡¢hcNZ ¢nö­L¢¾cÊL ¢nr¡ ¢e­u i¡he¡ fËL¡n L­l­Re?
→L¥C¢¾V¢mu¡e, Cl¡pj¡p, L­j¢eu¡pz
¢nö­L¢¾cÊL ¢nr¡ n¢š²n¡m£ qu k¡­cl fË­Qø¡u a¡l¡ q­me-
→­fÙ¹¡m¡v¢p, q¡hÑ¡VÑ, é­u­hm, ¢XEC, lh£¾cÊe¡b, N¡å£S£z
¢nö­L¢¾cÊL ¢nr¡l fËd¡e °h¢nøÉ qm-
→¢nr¡bÑ£l ü¡d£ea¡z
→¢nr¡bÑ£l p¢œ²ua¡z
→hÉ¢š²­L¢¾cÊLa¡ J pªSen£ma¡z
Bd¤¢eL ¢nr¡l fËbj fkÑ¡­u l­u­R-
→¢nö­L¢¾cÊL ¢nr¡z
¢nö­L¢¾cÊL ¢nr¡u ‘¡e ASÑ­el j§m ¢hou…¢m qm-
→j­e¡¢hcÉ¡, S£h¢hcÉ¡ J pj¡S¢hcÉ¡z
¢nr¡u fËN¢ah¡­cl SeL ­L?
→Se ¢XECz
fËN¢ah¡c£ ¢nr¡cnÑ­el B­¾c¡me fËbj öl¦ qu ­L¡eÚ ­c­n?
→B­j¢lL¡uz
fËN¢ah¡c£ ¢nr¡cnÑ­el B­¾c¡m­el fËd¡e L¡lZ qm-
→B­j¢lL¡u B¢bÑL pwLVz
→­üµR¡Q¡l£ ¢nr¡cnÑez
→f¤el¡u ¢hnÄk¤­Ül Bnˆ¡z
fËN¢ah¡c£ ¢nr¡l j¤MÉ fËhš²¡ q­me-
→¢fu¡pÑ, ­SjpÚ Hhw Se ¢XECz
La p¡­m Progressive Education Association N¢Wa qu?
→1918 p¡­mz
fË­u¡Nh¡c­L hÉhq¡l­f¡­k¡N£ L­l ­a¡­me ­L¡eÚ ¢nr¡¢hcÚ?
→¢LmfÉ¡¢VÊLz
fËN¢ah¡c£ ¢nr¡l mrÉ L£?
→hÉ¢š²l ¢hL¡n A­fr¡ p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡­nl Efl A¢dL …l¦aÆ B­l¡fz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 34

 TOPIC Critical perspective of the construct of intelligence,
multidimensional intelligence, Sternberg’s information
processing theory, intelligence tests, concept of IQ

h¤¢Ü
j­e¡¢h‘¡e£­cl j­a h¤¢Ü qm hý rja¡l pjeÄ­u N¢Wa hªqšl j¡e¢pL rja¡zEX­l¡ h¤¢Ü­L A¢i‘a¡ ASÑ­el rja¡
Hhw LÉ¡­Vm h¤¢Ü­L ea¥e rja¡ ASÑ­el j¡e¢pL rja¡ h­m­Rez¢h¢iæ j­e¡¢h‘¡e£ ¢h¢iæi¡­h h¤¢Ül p‘¡ ¢edÑ¡lZ
L­l­Rez¢h¢iæ j­e¡¢h‘¡e£­cl ­cJu¡ h¤¢Ül E­õlM­k¡NÉ p‘¡…¢m qm, kb¡-
¢p¢lm h¡VÑ Hl j­a, - "Intelligence is the power of re-adhustment to relatively novel
situation by organising new psycho-physical combinations.'' AbÑ¡v, "h¤¢Ü qm A­fr¡L«a ea¥e
AhÙÛ¡ J ea¥e pjpÉ¡l p¡­b pwN¢a p¡de L­l ­cq j­el Qmh¡l p¡d¡lZ rja¡z
j­e¡¢hc EC¢mu¡j ØV¡eÑ h­m­Re, "Intelligence is the general mental adaptibility to new
problems and conditions.'' AbÑ¡v, "h¤¢Ü qm S£h­e ea¥e ea¥e pjpÉ¡ J AhÙÛ¡l p¡­b pwN¢a p¡d­el
p¡d¡lZ j¡e¢pL n¢š²z'
beÑX¡C­Ll j­a, "Intelligence is the power of good response.''
AbÑ¡v, "h¤¢Ü qm p¤¤ùi¡­h fË¢a¢œ²u¡ Ll¡l rja¡z'
j­e¡¢hcÚ Bm­éX ¢h­ey Hl j­a, ­h¡d J jeen£ma¡l f¢lf§ZÑa¡, B¢h×L¡l J Eá¡he, LlZ£u L¡­kÑ AdÉhp¡u J
BNËq Hhw p¤¤ù ¢hQ¡l rja¡ qm h¤¢Üz

j­e¡¢hc V¡ljÉ¡e Hl j­a, "h¤¢Ü qm ¢hj§aÑ ¢Q¿¹¡ Ll¡l n¢š² h¡ rja¡z'

h¤¢Ü pÇf¢LÑa HCpLm p‘¡…¢ml ­L¡eV¡C pÇf¨ZÑl©­f NËqZ£u h¡ hSÑe£u euza­h Ef¢lEš² p‘¡…¢m­L ¢h­nÔoe L­l
hm¡ k¡u ­k, h¤¢Ü j¡e¤­ol Hje HL¢V SeÈNa j¡e¢pL rja¡ k¡ j¡e¤­ol L­jÑl j¡dÉ­j fËL¡¢na qu, ea¥e J
f¢lh¢aÑa f¢l¢ÙÛ¢al p¡­b M¡f M¡C­u ¢e­a p¡q¡kÉ L­l Hhw Aa£a A¢i‘a¡­L L¡­S m¡¢N­u ea¥e ¢LR¥ ¢nM­a J
¢hcÉj¡e pjpÉ¡l pj¡d¡­e p¡q¡kÉ L­lz
∎h¤¢Ül ¢hL¡nx
p¡d¡lZ h¤¢ÜpÇfæ hÉ¢š²­cl j­dÉ ­cM¡ ­N­R fËbj fy¡Q hRl h¤¢Ül ¢hL¡n M¤h â¥a O­Vzfy¡Q ­b­L 10 hRl h¤¢Ül
¢hL¡n ¢LR¥V¡ qÊÊ¡p f¡uz11 ­b­L 15 hRl fkÑ¿¹ h¤¢Ül ¢hL¡n Bh¡lJ â¥a quz15 ­b­L 20 hRl h¤¢Ül ­L¡e ¢hL¡n
O­Ve¡z20 ­b­L 45 hRl fkÑ¿¹ h¤¢Ü M¤h d£l N¢a­a qÊÊ¡p ­f­a öl¦ L­lz

∎h¤¢Ül h¾Vex-
j­e¡¢hcÚ V¡ljÉ¡e fËcš h¤¢Ül h¾Ve a¡¢mL¡¢V haÑj¡­e phÑSe ü£L«aze£­Q a¡¢mL¡¢V E­õM Ll¡ qm-
h¤ÜÉ¡ˆ ­nË¢Z¢hi¡N naLl¡ i¡N
70 Hl Lj j¡e¢pL fË¢ahå£ 2.5
70-79 M¤h AÒf h¤¢ÜpÇfæ 5
80-89 AÒf h¤¢ÜpÇfæ 14
90-100 p¡d¡lZ (Ns h¤¢ÜpÇfæ) 48
110-119 ­jd¡h£ 18
120-139 EµQ ­jd¡pÇfæ 11
140 Hl Efl AaÉ¿¹ ­jd¡h£ 1.5

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 35

 ∎h¤¢Ül ­nË¢Z¢hi¡Nx-
j­e¡¢hcÚ beÑX¡CL h¤¢Ü­L 3¢V ­nË¢Z­a ¢hiš² L­l­Rez
[1]j§aÑ h¤¢Üx-
q¡­aLm­j L¡S Ll¡l ­r­œ ­k h¤¢Ül fË­u¡Se qu a¡­L j§aÑ h¤¢Ü h­mz­kje- ­L¡e ¢LR¥ ¢e¢cÑøi¡­h ¢heÉÙ¹ Ll¡,
k­¿»l ¢h¢iæ Awn…¢m ­S¡s¡ m¡N¡­e¡ CaÉ¡¢cz
[2]¢hj§aÑ h¤¢Üx-
i¡o¡l hÉhq¡l, pwMÉ¡l hÉhq¡l, ¢Q¿¹¡, LÒfe¡, k¤¢š² ¢eZÑu CaÉ¡¢c ­r­œ ­k h¤¢Ül fË­u¡Se qu a¡­L ¢hj§aÑ h¤¢Ü
h­mz­kje- N¡¢Z¢aL pjpÉ¡ pj¡d¡e Ll¡z
[3]p¡j¡¢SL h¤¢Üx-
°ce¢¾ce S£h­el p¡j¡¢SL f¢l­h­n p¡bÑL fË¢a¢œ²u¡ Ll­a ­k h¤¢Ül fË­u¡Se a¡­L p¡j¡¢SL h¤¢Ü h­mz­kje- pL­ml
p­‰ ¢j­m¢j­n L¡S Ll¡z
haÑj¡­e fË¡­r¡¢iL h¤¢Ü e¡­jJ Bl HL fËL¡l h¤¢Ül E­õM Ll¡ quzfË¡­r¡¢iL A¢i­k¡S­el ­r­œ ­k h¤¢Ül fË­u¡Se
qu a¡­L fË¡­r¡¢iL h¤¢Ü hm¡ quz
∎h¤ÜÉ¡ˆ L£?
h¤ÜÉ¡ˆ h¡ IQ qm h¤¢Üjš¡ j§mÉ¡ue Ll¡l SeÉ f¢lL¢Òfa ¢h¢iæ fË¢ja f¢lr¡l HLp­‰ fË¡ç gm¡gmzCw­lS£ IQ
në¢V j­e¡¢h‘¡e£ EC¢mu¡j ØV¡eÑ LaÑ«L Eá¡¢ha S¡jÑ¡e në Intelligenz-Quotient ­b­L ­eJu¡ q­u­Rz
h¤ÜÉ¡ˆ h¡ IQ f¢lj¡­fl p§œ¢V qm-
j¡e¢pL hup
IQ = p¡d¡lZ hup x 100

∎h¤¢Ül ¢à-Ef¡c¡e ašÄx

¢Øfu¡ljÉ¡e 1904 ¢MËØV¡­ë fËbj a¡yl ¢à-Ef¡c¡e ašÄ¢V p¡d¡l­el L¡­R EfÙÛ¡¢fa L­lez¢a¢e
h­me,hÉ¢š²l L¡S c¤¢V Aw­n ¢hiš²-HL¢V q­µR p¡d¡le rja¡ "g' Hhw Afl¢V q­µR ¢h­no rja¡ "s'z­L¡­e¡
hÉ¢š²l "g' ph L¡­Sl j­dÉ p¡d¡le,¢L¿¹¥ "s' ¢iæ ¢iæ L¡­S ¢h¢iæz"g'hÉ¢š²­a hÉ¢š²­a fªbLz¢L¿¹¥ HLC hÉ¢š²l
¢h¢iæ L¡­S "s'¢h¢iæzHL¢V ­m¡L k¢c f¡yQ¢V ¢h¢iæ L¡S L­l a­h ­j¡V rja¡ q­h Ru¢Vz¢Øfu¡ljÉ¡e HJ
­c¢M­u­Re ­k HLC hÉ¢š²l ¢h¢iæ L¡kÑ¡h¢m­a "g'Hl h¢qxfËL¡n pjf¢lj¡e euza¡C ­pM¡­e "g'…eNai¡­h pj¡e
q­mJ f¢lj¡eNai¡­h pj¡e euzpLm Ai£r¡ a¡C hÉ¢š²l pjf¢lj¡e"g'f¢lj¡f Ll­a prj euz"g'SeÈNa
Hhw"s'¢nMe p¡­frz¢Øfu¡ljÉ¡e h­me ­k Ai£r¡ ka ­h¢n "g' f¢lj¡­f prj,­pC Ai£r¡ aa ­h¢n h¤¢Ül p§QL
fËc¡­e prjzp¤¤al¡w h¤¢Ül Ai£r¡ "g' à¡l¡ pÇf«š² qJu¡ h¡’e£uz¢e­Q "g' Hhw"s'¢e­cÑnL c¤¢V Ai£r¡ ­cJu¡ qmz

[i] Sheep : Flock : Bees:(Honey, Swarm,Hive,Sting)

[ii] 8 : 16 :: 12: (20,18,24,6)

Eš² c¤¢V fË­nÀ "g' q­µR flØf­ll j­dÉ pðå ¢eZÑu Ll¡l rja¡zfËbj¢Vl"S1'h¡ ¢h­no rja¡ q­µR në¡­bÑl ‘¡e
Hhw ¢àa£u¢V "S2' h¡ ¢h­no rja¡ q­µR …ee fË¢œ²u¡l ‘¡ez¢Øfu¡ljÉ¡e h­me ­k L¡kÑ¡h¢ml j­dÉ ­k Ae¤hå ­cM¡
k¡u ­p¢V"g'Hl Ef¢ÙÛ¢al SeÉC pñhzc¤C L¡­kÑl Ae¤hå pqN HC c¤C L¡kÑ¡h¢ml "g'Hl …egmz¢ae¢V L¡kÑ¡h¢ml
j­dÉ "g'Hl A¢Ù¹aÆ ¢Q­œl p¡q¡­kÉ ­cM¡­e¡ q­u­Rz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 36

 Sd gd g1 S1
g
Aˆe Ll¡ hš²«a¡ c¡e
(Wd) gm (W1)

Sm
Aˆ Lo¡
(Wm)

dl¡ k¡L,­L¡­e¡ hÉ¢š² Aˆ Lo­RzH­r­œ a¡l p¡d¡le j¡e¢pL rja¡l fË­u¡Se q­h Hhw Aˆ Lo¡l ¢h­no j¡e¢pL
rja¡l fË­u¡Se q­hz¢LR¥ f¢lj¡e p¡d¡le Ef¡c¡e "gm'Hhw a¡l Aˆ Lo¡l ¢h­no Ef¡c¡e "Sm' pjeÄ­uC ­p Aˆ
Lo­a f¡l­RzAbÑ¡v a¡l Aˆ Lo¡

L¡S¢V, Wm = gm+sm HLCi¡­h,hš²«a¡ c¡e Ll­a a¡l ¢LR¥ f¢lj¡e (G1) m¡N­h J hš²«a¡ c¡­el ¢h­no Ef¡c¡e
(S1)m¡N­hzAbÑ¡v hš²«a¡ c¡e-W 1=G1+S1,Ae¤l©fi¡­h,Aˆe Ll¡l ­r­œ,Aˆe L¡kÑ-Wd=gd+sd.

…l¦aÆf§ZÑ fËnÀ¡hm£
______________
"h¤¢Ü qm S£h­e ea¥e ea¥e pjpÉ¡ J AhÙÛ¡l p¡­b pwN¢a p¡d­el p¡d¡lZ j¡e¢pL n¢š²z'- j¿¹hÉ¢V ­L L­l­Re?
→ j­e¡¢hc EC¢mu¡j ØV¡eÑz
"h¤¢Ü qm p¤¤ùi¡­h fË¢a¢œ²u¡ Ll¡l rja¡z'-j¿¹hÉ¢V ­L L­l­Re?
→ beÑX¡CL
"­h¡d J jeen£ma¡l f¢lf§ZÑa¡, B¢h×L¡l J Eá¡he, LlZ£u L¡­kÑ AdÉhp¡u J BNËq Hhw p¤¤ù ¢hQ¡l rja¡ qm
h¤¢Üz'-j¿¹hÉ¢V ­L L­l­Re?
→j­e¡¢hcÚ Bm­éX ¢h­eyz
"h¤¢Ü qm ¢hj§aÑ ¢Q¿¹¡ Ll¡l n¢š² h¡ rja¡z'-j¿¹hÉ¢V ­L L­l­Re?
→j­e¡¢hc V¡ljÉ¡ez
h¤ÜÉ¡­ˆl d¡lZ¡¢V phÑfËbj ­L ­ce?
→j­e¡¢hc EC¢mu¡j ØV¡eÑz
h¤ÜÉ¡ˆ f¢lj¡­fl p§œ¢V qm-
j¡e¢pL hup
→IQ = p¡d¡lZ hup x 100
j¡e¢pL fË¢ah壭cl h¤ÜÉ¡ˆ La?
→70 Hl Ljz
M¤h AÒf h¤¢ÜpÇfæ hÉ¢š²­cl h¤ÜÉ¡ˆ La?
→70-79
Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 37
 AÒf h¤¢ÜpÇfæ hÉ¢š²­cl h¤ÜÉ¡ˆ La?
→80-89
p¡d¡lZ (Ns h¤¢ÜpÇfæ) h¤¢ÜpÇfæ hÉ¢š²­cl h¤ÜÉ¡ˆ La?
→90-100
­jd¡h£ h¤¢ÜpÇfæ hÉ¢š²­cl h¤ÜÉ¡ˆ La?
→110-119
EµQ ­jd¡pÇfæ hÉ¢š²­cl h¤ÜÉ¡ˆ La?
→120-139
AaÉ¿¹ ­jd¡pÇfæ hÉ¢š²­cl h¤ÜÉ¡ˆ La?
→140 Hl Efl
j­e¡¢hcÚ beÑX¡CL h¤¢Ü­L Lu¢V ­nË¢Z­a h¡N L­l­Re?
→3¢Vz
q¡­aLm­j L¡S Ll¡l ­r­œ ­k h¤¢Ül fË­u¡Se qu a¡­L hm¡ qu-
→j§aÑ h¤¢Üz
­L¡e ¢LR¥ ¢e¢cÑøi¡­h ¢heÉÙ¹ Ll¡, k­¿»l ¢h¢iæ Awn…¢m ­S¡s¡ m¡N¡­e¡ CaÉ¡¢c ­L¡eÚ dl­el h¤¢Ül Ec¡qlZ?
→j§aÑ h¤¢Üz
i¡o¡l hÉhq¡l, pwMÉ¡l hÉhq¡l, ¢Q¿¹¡, LÒfe¡, k¤¢š² ¢eZÑu CaÉ¡¢c ­r­œ ­k h¤¢Ül fË­u¡Se qu a¡­L hm¡ qu-
→¢hj§aÑ h¤¢Üz
N¡¢Z¢aL pjpÉ¡ pj¡d¡e Ll¡ ­L¡eÚ dl­el h¤¢Ül Ec¡qlZ?
→¢hj§aÑ h¤¢Üz
°ce¢¾ce S£h­el p¡j¡¢SL f¢l­h­n p¡bÑL fË¢a¢œ²u¡ Ll­a ­k h¤¢Ül fË­u¡Se a¡­L hm¡ qu-
→p¡j¡¢SL h¤¢Üz
pL­ml p­‰ ¢j­m¢j­n L¡S Ll¡ ­L¡eÚ dl­el h¤¢Ül Ec¡qlZ?
→p¡j¡¢SL h¤¢Üz
fË¡­r¡¢iL A¢i­k¡S­el ­r­œ ­k h¤¢Ül fË­u¡Se qu a¡­L hm¡ qu-
→fË¡­r¡¢iL h¤¢Üz
h¤¢Ül ¢à-Ef¡c¡e a­šÄl fËhš²¡ q­me-
→¢Øfu¡ljÉ¡ez
¢Øfu¡ljÉ¡e ¢R­me HLSe-
→¢hË¢Vn j­e¡¢h‘¡e£z
¢Øfu¡ljÉ¡e h¤¢Ül ¢à-Ef¡c¡e ašÄ¢V La p¡­m fËL¡n L­le?
→1904 p¡­mz
¢Øfu¡ljÉ¡e ay¡l ¢à-Ef¡c¡e ašÄ¢V ­L¡b¡u fËL¡n L­le?
→"B­j¢lL¡e S¡eÑ¡m AhÚ p¡C­L¡m¢S'-­az
¢Øfu¡ljÉ¡e h¤¢Ü pÇf­LÑ ay¡l pw­n¡¢da a­šÄ Lu¢V Ef¡c¡­el E­õM L­l­Re?
→¢ae¢Vz
¢Øfu¡ljÉ¡­el ¢à-Ef¡c¡e a­šÄl p¡d¡lZ Ef¡c¡e qm-
→G
¢Øfu¡ljÉ¡­el ¢àe-Ef¡c¡e a­šÄ ¢h­no Ef¡c¡e qm-
→S
¢Øfu¡ljÉ¡­el ¢à-Ef¡c¡e a­šÄ p¡d¡lZ n¢š² G Ef¡c¡­el °h¢nøÉ qm-
-H¢V p¡hÑSe£e J hwnNaz
-H¢V hÉ¢š²l j­dÉ dË¥hL AhÙÛ¡u b¡­Lz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 38

 -hÉ¢š²­i­c Hl f¡aÑLÉ ­cM¡ k¡uz
-H¢V hÉ¢š²l ph L¡­S fË­u¡Se quz
¢Øfu¡ljÉ¡­el ¢à-Ef¡c¡e a­šÄ p¡d¡lZ n¢š² S Ef¡c¡­el °h¢nøÉ qm-
-H…¢m fËd¡ea A¢SÑaz
-hÉ¢š²l fË¢a¢V L¡­S fªbL fªbL ¢h­no n¢š²l fË­u¡Sez
-¢h­no n¢š²l ­r­œJ hÉ¢š²Na f¡bÑLÉ haÑj¡ez
-HLC hÉ¢š²l j­dÉ HL¡¢dL ¢h­no n¢š² b¡L­a f¡­l Hhw Hl f¢lj¡e ¢iæ q­a f¡­lz
'Abilities of Man' NË¿Û¢V ­L ¢m­M­Re?
→¢Øfu¡ljÉ¡ez

b¡pÑ­V¡­el hýEf¡c¡e h¡ cmNa Ef¡c¡e ašÄx-

[Thurstone's Theory of Primary
Mental Abilities or Group Factor Theory]

j­e¡¢hcÚ b¡pÑ­V¡e 240 Se ¢nr¡bÑ£l Efl 56 lL­jl h¤¢Ül Ai£r¡ fË­u¡N L­le Hhw a¡l gm¡g­ml ¢i¢š­a ¢pÜ¡­¿¹
B­pe ­k, ­h±¢ÜL L¡­Sl SeÉ c¤C Hl ­h¢n ¢e¢cÑø pwMÉL j¡e¢pL Ef¡c¡­el fË­u¡Se quzay¡l j­a, j¡e¢pL
Ef¡c¡­el HC pwMÉ¡ 7¢Vz¢e­Q HC p¡a¢V Ef¡c¡­el f¢lQu ­cJu¡ qm-

[1]pwMÉ¡ pðå£u Ef¡c¡e [N]

°ce¢¾ce S£h­e N¡¢Z¢aL ¢h¢iæ pjpÉ¡l pj¡d¡e Ll¡ k¡u h¤¢Ül HC Ef¡c¡e à¡l¡z

[2]h¡Q¢eL rja¡ [V]

nëi¡ä¡l, në¡bÑ, ­h¡dNjÉa¡, nËhZ­h¡d CaÉ¡¢cl ­r­œ j¡e¤­ol i¡o¡ HC rja¡k¤š²z

[3]­rœ pðå£u Ef¡c¡e [S]

HC rja¡ qm ÙÛ¡e fËaÉr­Zl rja¡zHl p¡q¡­kÉ j¡e¤o ­L¡e hÙ¹¥l AhÙÛ¡e, BL¡l CaÉ¢cl d¡le¡ f¡uz

[4]h¡LfV¥aÆ Ef¡c¡e [W]

HC rja¡l p¡q¡­kÉ hÉ¢š² p¢WL fÜ¢a­a ü¡i¡¢hL Ef¡­u h¡LÉNWe, nëQu­el j¡dÉ­j ¢houhÙÛ¥l EfÙÛ¡fe Ll­a
pjbÑ quz

[5]¢hQ¡ln¢š² pðå£u Ef¡c¡e [R]

¢hQ¡l­h¡d, k¤¢š²­h¡­dl rja¡ à¡l¡ j¡e¤o ­L¡e ¢pÜ¡­¿¹ Efe£a q­a f¡­lz

[6]fËaÉr pðå£u Ef¡c¡e [P]

‘¡­e¢¾cÊ­ul p­‰ k¤š² HC rja¡ ­L¡e hÉ¢š²­L ­L¡e ¢LR¥ Efm¢ì­a pq¡ua¡ L­lz

[7]Øj«¢a pðå£u Ef¡c¡e [M]

HC rja¡ qm f¤el¦­â­Ll rja¡, k¡l g­m hÉ¢š² f§hÑ A¢i‘a¡­L j­e Ll­a f¡­lz¢h¢iæ ­h±¢ÜL L¡­Sl SeÉ HC
fË¡b¢jL Ef¡c¡e…¢m HLC f¢lj¡­e b¡­Le¡zHC Ef¡c¡e…¢m ¢h¢iæ f¢lj¡­Z haÑj¡e b¡­Lz
­h±¢ÜL L¡­Sl SeÉ HC p¡a¢V Ef¡c¡e HL­œ fË­u¡Se qu eu­a¡h¡ H­cl jdÉ ­b­L L­uL¢V fË­u¡Se quzp¤¤al¡w
HC ašÄ Ae¤k¡u£ h¤¢Ü qm La…¢m ¢e¢cÑø pwMÉ¡l fË¡b¢jL J j¡e¢pL rja¡l pjh¡uz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 39

 bjpe Hl h¡R¡C ašÄx-
[Thompson's Sampling Theory]

bjp­el ašÄ Ae¤p¡­l Bj¡­cl je La…¢m ­j±¢mL flØfl ¢el­fr Ef¡c¡­el pjh¡­u N¢WazHCph ­j±¢mL Ef¡c¡e
HaC p§rÈ ­k, a¡­cl fËL«¢a kb¡kbi¡­h ¢h­nÔoZ Ll¡ pñh euzfË¢a¢V r¥â r¥â ­j±¢mL Ef¡c¡e qm h¤¢Ül
HLLz­k­L¡e L¡S Ll¡l SeÉ H­cl LaL…¢m fË­u¡Se quz­L¡e HL¢V j¡e¢pL L¡S Ll¡l pju ApwMÉ Ef¡c¡­el
j­dÉ L­uL¢V HL¢œa q­u L¡S¢V­L pj¡d¡e L­lz­L¡e L¡­Sl SeÉ ­L¡e ­L¡e ­j±¢mL Ef¡c¡e fË­u¡Se a¡ ¢eZÑ£a
q­h L¡­Sl fËL«¢al Efl Hhw Ef¡c¡e…¢ml °h¢n­øÉl Eflz
c¤¢V L¡­Sl j­dÉ pq-pÇfLÑ ¢eiÑl L­l LaL…¢m HLL Ef¡c¡e, Eš² L¡S c¤¢Vl j­dÉ ¢L pwMÉ¡u B­R a¡l Eflz

¢Nm­g¡­XÑl ¢œ-j¡¢œL ašÄx-

[Theory on Structure of Intellect/SOI]

B­j¢lL¡l c¢rZ LÉ¡¢m­g¡¢eÑu¡ ¢hnÄ¢hcÉ¡m­ul AdÉ¡fL J.P.Guilford h¤¢Ül ¢œ-j¡¢œL a­šÄl hÉ¡MÉ¡ ¢c­u­Rez ay¡l
j­a, h¤¢Ül ¢ae¢V j¡œ¡ B­RzHC ¢ae¢V j¡œ¡ qm-
[1]fË¡b¢jL j¡e¢pL fË¢œ²u¡ pwœ²¡¿¹ Ef¡c¡e h¡ fË¢œ²u¡Na j¡œ¡z
[Operational Dimension]
¢Nm­g¡XÑ ay¡l fË¢œ²u¡Na j¡œ¡u fy¡Q¢V ­nË¢Zl j¡e¢pL rja¡l Lb¡ h­m­Rezkb¡-
[L]fË‘¡ [Cognition]
HC fË¢œ²u¡l à¡l¡ ‘¡eNa ¢hou Ah¤d¡he Ll¡ k¡uz
[M]Øj«¢a [Memory]
HC j¡e¢pL fË¢œ²u¡l à¡l¡ ‘¡­el ¢hou d¡lZ Ll¡ k¡u h¡ pwlrZ Ll¡ k¡uz
[N]­L¾cÊ¡fp¡l£ ¢Q¿¹e [Divergent Thinking]
­L¾cÊ¡fp¡l£ h¡ A¢ip¡l£ ¢Q¿¹­el à¡l¡ ¢h¢iæ lLj pñ¡hÉ pj¡d¡­el fb My¥­S f¡Ju¡ k¡uzHl g­m ¢Q¿¹¡l fËp¡l O­Vz
[O]­L¾cÊ¡e¤N ¢Q¿¹e [Convergent Thinking]
­L¾cÊ¡e¤N ¢Q¿¹e à¡l¡ p­hÑ¡vL«ø HLL pjpÉ¡ pj¡d¡­el fb My¥­S f¡Ju¡ k¡uz
[P]j§mÉ¡ue [Evaluation]
j§mÉ¡u­el à¡l¡ ¢houhÙ¹¥l Ef­k¡¢Na¡ h¡ kb¡bÑa¡ ¢hQ¡l Ll¡ k¡uz

[2]¢houhÙ¹¥Na j¡œ¡
[Content Dimension]

¢houhÙ¹¥Na j¡œ¡u ¢Nm­g¡XÑ h¤¢Ül ­r­œ Q¡l lLj ¢houhÙ¹¥l Bu­aÆl rja¡­L A¿¹Ñi¥š² L­l­Rez kb¡-
[L]¢QœNa h¡ j§aÑ ¢houhÙ¹¥ [Figural Content]
C¢¾cÊ­ul à¡l¡ Ae¤d¡he Ll¡ k¡u Hje j§aÑ hÙ¹¥ Bu­šl rja¡z­kje- cªnÉNË¡qÉ hÙ¹¥l BL¡l, BL«¢a, lw CaÉ¡¢cz
[M]p¡w­L¢aL ¢houhÙ¹¥ [Symbolic Content]
H¢V qm p¡w­L¢aL ¢houhÙ¹¥ Bu­šl rja¡z­kje- hZÑj¡m¡, pwMÉ¡ CaÉ¡¢cz
[N]¢hj§aÑ ¢houhÙ¹¥ [Semantic Content]
H¢V qm i¡o¡Na h¡ i¡hNa AbÑ Bu­šl rja¡z­kje- fËh¡c, fËhQe CaÉ¡¢cz
[O]BQlZj§mL ¢houhÙ¹¥ [Behavioural Content]
H¢V qm p¡j¡¢SL BQ¡l-BQlZ Bu­š Be¡l rja¡z

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 40

 [3] Evf¡ce j¡œ¡
[Dimension of Product]

j¡e¢pL fË¢œ²u¡ J ¢houhÙ¹¥ pwœ²¡¿¹ rja¡l f¡lØf¢lL ¢œ²u¡l g­m 6 lL­jl gmnË¥¢a ­cM¡ k¡uz HC 6 dl­el
gmn财a qm-
[L]HL­Ll d¡lZ¡ [Units]
¢hou­L ­L¾cÊ L­l cª¢ø, nË¥¢a Hhw fËa£Lpq ‘¡e¡SÑe Ll¡l rja¡ Hl A¿¹Ñi¥š²z
[M]­nËe£Na d¡lZ¡ [Class]
­L¡e në h¡ i¡hd¡l¡­L ­nËe£hÜ Ll¡l j¡e¢pL rja¡z
[N]pÇfLÑ pð­å d¡lZ¡ [Relation]
¢h¢iæ hÙ¹¥l j­dÉ pÇfLÑ ¢hd¡­el rja¡z
[O]pwNWe pwœ²¡¿¹ d¡lZ¡ [System]
hÙ¹¥Na pwNWe, fËa£LdjÑ£ ¢hou pwNWe, pj¡d¡­el SeÉ pjpÉ¡ pwNWe Ll¡l rja¡ HC Aw­nl A¿¹iš ¥ ²z­kje-
jdÉ¡LoÑZ e¡ b¡L­m L£ qa?
[P]f¢lhaÑen£ma¡ [Transformation]
H¢V qm ­L¡e OVe¡l f¢lhaÑe OV­m ¢L q­h a¡ Ae¤j¡e Ll¡l rja¡z
[Q]a¡vfkÑ ¢hQ¡l [Implication]
haÑj¡­el ­fË¢r­a i¢hoÉ­al Lb¡ i¡h¡l rja¡ HC gmnË¥¢al A¿¹Ñi¥š²z

…l¦aÆf§ZÑ fËnÀ¡hm£x-
_______________
h¤¢Ül hýEf¡c¡e h¡ cmNa Ef¡c¡e a­šÄl fËhš²¡ ­L?
→ b¡pÑ­V¡ez
j­e¡¢hcÚ b¡pÑ­V¡e a¡yl hýEf¡c¡e a­šÄl fË¢aù¡l SeÉ LaSe ¢nr¡bÑ£l Efl Ai£r¡ L­l­Re?
→240 Sez

j­e¡¢hcÚ b¡pÑ­V¡e a¡yl hýEf¡c¡e a­šÄl fË¢aù¡l SeÉ ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl Efl La lL­jl h¤¢Ül A¢ir¡ fË­u¡N L­le?
→56 lL­jlz
b¡pÑ­V¡e ay¡l h¤¢Ül hýEf¡c¡e h¡ cmNa Ef¡c¡e a­šÄ Lu¢V j¡e¢pL Ef¡c¡­el Lb¡ h­m­Re?
→7¢Vz
b¡pÑ­V¡­el fË¡b¢jL j¡e¢pL rja¡l a­šÄ pwMÉ¡ pðå£u Ef¡c¡e­L ­L¡eÚ Arl à¡l¡ p§¢Qa Ll¡ qu?
→N

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 41

 b¡pÑ­V¡­el fË¡b¢jL j¡e¢pL rja¡l a­šÄ h¡Q¢eL rja¡ Ef¡c¡e­L ­L¡eÚ Arl à¡l¡ p§¢Qa Ll¡ qu?
→V
b¡pÑ­V¡­el fË¡b¢jL j¡e¢pL rja¡l a­šÄ ­rœ pðå£u Ef¡c¡e­L ­L¡eÚ Arl à¡l¡ p§¢Qa Ll¡ qu?
→S
b¡pÑ­V¡­el fË¡b¢jL j¡e¢pL rja¡l a­šÄ h¡LfV¥aÆ Ef¡c¡e­L ­L¡eÚ Arl à¡l¡ p§¢Qa Ll¡ qu?
→W
b¡pÑ­V¡­el fË¡b¢jL j¡e¢pL rja¡l a­šÄ ¢hQ¡ln¢š² pðå£u Ef¡c¡e­L ­L¡eÚ Arl à¡l¡ p§¢Qa Ll¡ qu?
→R
b¡pÑ­V¡­el fË¡b¢jL j¡e¢pL rja¡l a­šÄ fËaÉr pðå£u Ef¡c¡e­L ­L¡eÚ Arl à¡l¡ p§¢Qa Ll¡ qu?
→P
b¡pÑ­V¡­el fË¡b¢jL j¡e¢pL rja¡l a­šÄ Øj«¢a pðå£u Ef¡c¡e­L ­L¡eÚ Arl à¡l¡ p§¢Qa Ll¡ qu?
→M
°ce¢¾ce S£h­e N¡¢Z¢aL ¢h¢iæ pjpÉ¡l pj¡d¡e Ll¡ k¡u ­k Ef¡c¡e à¡l¡ a¡ qm-
→pwMÉ¡ pðå£u Ef¡c¡e
nëi¡ä¡l, në¡bÑ, ­h¡dNjÉa¡, nËhZ­h¡d CaÉ¡¢cl ­r­œ j¡e¤­ol i¡o¡l ¢hL¡n ­L¡eÚ fËL¡l j¡e¢pL Ef¡c¡e à¡l¡
O­V b¡­L?
→h¡Q¢eL rja¡z
b¡pÑ­V¡­el fË¡b¢jL j¡e¢pL rja¡l a­šÄ ÙÛ¡e fËaÉr­Zl rja¡ qm
→­rœ pðå£u Ef¡c¡ez
b¡pÑ­V¡­el fË¡b¢jL j¡e¢pL rja¡l a­šÄ ­L¡eÚ Ef¡c¡­el p¡q¡­kÉ hÉ¢š² p¢WL fÜ¢a­a ü¡i¡¢hL Ef¡­u h¡LÉNWe,
nëQu­el j¡dÉ­j ¢houhÙÛ¥l EfÙÛ¡fe Ll­a pjbÑ qu?
→h¡LfV¥aÆ Ef¡c¡ez
b¡pÑ­V¡­el fË¡b¢jL j¡e¢pL rja¡l a­šÄ ­L¡eÚ Ef¡c¡­el p¡q¡­kÉ ¢hQ¡l­h¡d, k¤¢š²­h¡­dl rja¡ à¡l¡ j¡e¤o ­L¡e
¢pÜ¡­¿¹ Efe£a q­a f¡­l?
→¢hQ¡ln¢š² pðå£u Ef¡c¡ez
b¡pÑ­V¡­el fË¡b¢jL j¡e¢pL rja¡l a­šÄ ­L¡eÚ Ef¡c¡e ­L¡e hÉ¢š²­L ­L¡e ¢LR¥ Efm¢ì­a pq¡ua¡ L­l?
→fËaÉr pðå£u Ef¡c¡ez

b¡pÑ­V¡­el fË¡b¢jL j¡e¢pL rja¡l a­šÄ ­L¡eÚ Ef¡c¡­el p¡q¡­kÉ hÉ¢š² f§hÑ A¢i‘a¡­L j­e Ll­a f¡­l?
→Øj«¢a pðå£u Ef¡c¡ez
h¤¢Ül h¡R¡C a­šÄl fËhaÑL ­L?
→bÇfpez
h¤¢Ül ¢œ-j¡¢œL a­šÄl fËhaÑL ­L?
→¢Nm­g¡XÑz
¢Nm­g¡XÑ ­L¡eÚ ¢hnÄ¢hcÉ¡m­ul AdÉ¡fL ¢R­me?
→B­j¢lL¡l c¢rZ LÉ¡¢m­g¡¢eÑu¡ ¢hnÄ¢hcÉ¡m­ulz
¢Nm­g¡­XÑl ašÄ Ae¤p¡­l h¤¢Ül Lu¢V j¡œ¡?
→¢ae¢Vz
¢Nm­g¡­XÑl fË¡b¢jL j¡e¢pL fË¢œ²u¡ pwœ²¡¿¹ Ef¡c¡e h¡ fË¢œ²u¡Na j¡œ¡u Lu¢V ­nË¢Zl j¡e¢pL rja¡l Lb¡
h­m­Re?
→fy¡Q¢Vz
¢Nm­g¡­XÑl fË¢œ²u¡Na j¡œ¡u ­k fË¢œ²u¡u ‘¡eNa ¢hou Ae¤d¡he Ll¡ k¡u a¡­L hm¡ qu-
→fË‘¡z

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 42

 ¢Nm­g¡­XÑl fË¢œ²u¡Na j¡œ¡u ­k fË¢œ²u¡u ‘¡­el ¢hou d¡lZ Ll¡ k¡u a¡­L hm¡ qu-
→Øj«¢az
¢Nm­g¡­XÑl fË¢œ²u¡Na j¡œ¡u ­k fË¢œ²u¡u ¢h¢iæ lLj pñ¡hÉ pj¡d¡­el fb My¥­S f¡Ju¡ k¡u a¡­L hm¡ qu-
→­L¾cÊ¡fp¡l£ ¢Q¿¹ez
¢Nm­g¡­XÑl fË¢œ²u¡Na j¡œ¡u ­k fË¢œ²u¡u p­hÑ¡vL«ø HLL pjpÉ¡ pj¡d¡­el fb My¥­S f¡Ju¡ k¡u a¡­L hm¡ qu-
→­L¾cÊ¡e¤N ¢Q¿¹ez
¢Nm­g¡­XÑl fË¢œ²u¡Na j¡œ¡u ­k fË¢œ²u¡u ¢houhÙ¹¥l Ef­k¡¢Na¡ h¡ kb¡bÑa¡ ¢hQ¡l Ll¡ k¡u a¡­L hm¡ qu-
→j§mÉ¡uez
¢Nm­g¡­XÑl ¢œ-j¡¢œL a­šÄl ¢houhÙ¹¥Na j¡œ¡u Ludl­el ¢houhÙ¹¥l Lb¡ h­m­Re?
→Q¡l dl­elz
¢Nm­g¡­XÑl ¢œ-j¡¢œL a­šÄ cªnÉNË¡qÉ hÙ¹¥l BL¡l, BL«¢a, lw CaÉ¡¢c ­L¡eÚ dl­el ¢houhÙ¹¥l A¿¹ÑNa?
→¢QœNa h¡ j§aÑ ¢houhÙ¹¥z
¢Nm­g¡­XÑl ¢œ-j¡¢œL a­šÄ hZÑj¡m¡, pwMÉ¡ CaÉ¡¢c Bu­šl rja¡ ­L¡eÚ ¢houhÙ¹¥l A¿¹ÑNa?
→p¡w­L¢aL ¢houhÙ¹¥
¢Nm­g¡­XÑl ¢œ-j¡¢œL a­šÄ i¡o¡Na h¡ i¡hNa AbÑ Bu­šl rja¡ ­L¡eÚ ¢houhÙ¹¥l A¿¹ÑNa?
→¢hj§aÑ ¢houhÙ¹¥z
¢Nm­g¡­XÑl ¢œ-j¡¢œL a­šÄ p¡j¡¢SL BQ¡l-BQlZ Bu­š Be¡l rja¡ ­L¡eÚ ¢houhÙ¹l A¿¹ÑNa?
→BQlZj§mL ¢houhÙ¹¥z
¢Nm­g¡­XÑl ¢œ-j¡¢œL a­šÄ gm¡g­ml j¡œ¡u Lu dl­el gmnË¥¢al Lb¡ E­õM L­l­Re?
→6 dl­elz
¢Nm­g¡­XÑl ¢œ-j¡¢œL a­šÄ gm¡g­ml j¡œ¡u E­õ¢Ma ­L¡e ¢hou­L ­L¾cÊ L­l cª¢ø, nË¥¢a Hhw fËa£Lpq ‘¡e¡SÑe
Ll¡l rja¡ ­L¡eÚ gmnË¥¢al A¿¹Ñi¥š²?
→HL­Ll d¡lZ¡z

¢Nm­g¡­XÑl ¢œ-j¡¢œL a­šÄ gm¡g­ml j¡œ¡u E­õ¢Ma ­L¡e në h¡ i¡hd¡l¡­L ­nËe£hÜ Ll¡l j¡e¢pL rja¡ ­L¡eÚ
gmnË¥¢al A¿¹Ñi¥š²?
→­nËe£Na d¡lZ¡z
¢Nm­g¡­XÑl ¢œ-j¡¢œL a­šÄ gm¡g­ml j¡œ¡u E­õ¢Ma ¢h¢iæ hÙ¹¥l j­dÉ pÇfLÑ ¢hd¡­el rja¡ ­L¡eÚ gmnË¥¢al
A¿¹Ñi¥š²?
→pÇfLÑ pð­å d¡lZ¡z
¢Nm­g¡­XÑl ¢œ-j¡¢œL a­šÄ gm¡g­ml j¡œ¡u E­õ¢Ma hÙ¹¥Na pwNWe, fËa£LdjÑ£ ¢hou pwNWe, pj¡d¡­el SeÉ
pjpÉ¡ pwNWe Ll¡l rja¡ ­L¡eÚ gmnË¥¢al A¿¹Ñi¥š²?
→pwNWe pwœ²¡¿¹ d¡lZ¡z
¢Nm­g¡­XÑl ¢œ-j¡¢œL a­šÄ gm¡g­ml j¡œ¡u E­õ¢Ma ­L¡e OVe¡l f¢lhaÑe OV­m ¢L q­h a¡ Ae¤j¡e Ll¡l
rja¡ ­L¡eÚ gmnË¥¢al A¿¹Ñi¥š²?
→f¢lhaÑen£ma¡z
¢Nm­g¡­XÑl ¢œ-j¡¢œL a­šÄ gm¡g­ml j¡œ¡u E­õ¢Ma haÑj¡­el ­fË¢r­a i¢hoÉ­al Lb¡ i¡h¡l rja¡ ­L¡eÚ
gmnË¥¢al A¿¹Ñi¥š²?
→a¡vfkÑ ¢hQ¡lz
∎h¤¢Ül HLL Ef¡c¡e ašÄx-
j­e¡¢hc ØV¡eÑ Hl j­a, h¤¢Ü qm HLL n¢š² Ef¡c¡e k¡ ph dl­el j¡e¢pL L¡­S hÉhq©a quzh¤¢Ü pÇf¢LÑa j­e¡¢hc
ØV¡eÑ Hl HC ašÄ¢V h¤¢Ül HLL Ef¡c¡e ašÄ e¡­j f¢l¢Qaz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 43

 ∎ØV¡eÑ Hl a­šÄl pj¡­m¡Qe¡x-
ØV¡eÑ Hl HLL Ef¡c¡e ašÄ¢V pj¡­m¡¢Qa q­u­Rzpj¡­m¡QL­cl j­a, HC ašÄ¢V k¢c p¢WL qu, a¡q­m ­L¡e HLSe
hÉ¢š² k¢c HLC L¡­kÑ pgm qu a¡q­m ­p pLm L¡­S pgm q­hzHLCi¡­h ­L¡e hÉ¢š² k¢c ­L¡e HL¢V L¡­S ¢hgm
qu a¡q­m ­p pLm L¡­S ¢hgm q­hz¢L¿¹¥ h¡Ù¹­h H¢V Apñh Hhw Ah¡¿¹l ¢houz­kje- ­Mm¡d¤m¡u HLSe hÉ¢š² cr
q­m ­p p‰£­a cr e¡J q­a f¡­lz Bh¡l, ­k hÉ¢š² p‰£­a cr, ­p ­Mm¡d¤m¡u cr q­h HlLj ­L¡e ¢hou ­eCz
∎h¤¢Ül hý Ef¡c¡e ašÄx-
j­e¡¢hc beÑX¡C­Ll j­a, ¢e¢cÑø EŸ£f­Ll ¢e¢cÑø fË¢a¢œ²u¡ l­u­RzHClLj ApwMÉ EŸ£f­Ll p­‰ ApwMÉ fË¢a¢œ²u¡
hå­el e¡jC qm h¤¢ÜzhÉ¢š²­i­c h¤¢Ül a¡la­jÉl L¡lZ qm pÀ¡u¤a­¿»l hå­el pwMÉ¡l Lj ­h¢nzHC ašÄ Ae¤k¡u£
p¡d¡lZ h¤¢Ü h­m ¢LR¥ ­eCzhý Ef¡c¡­el pjeÄ­uC ­L¡e L¡S pÇfæ quzbeÑX¡C­Ll h¤¢Ü pwœ²¡¿¹ HC ašÄ¢VC h¤¢Ül
hýEf¡c ašÄ e¡­j f¢l¢QazbeÑX¡C­Ll HC ašÄ­L h¤¢Ül f¡lj¡e¢hL ašÄJ hm¡ quz
∎beÑX¡CL ay¡l a­šÄ h¤¢Ül Q¡l¢V …­Zl Lb¡ h­m­Rez­kje-
[1]Ù¹lx-
Ù¹l qm pj¡d¡e­k¡NÉ L¡­Sl S¢Vma¡l j¡œ¡zk¢c HL¡¢dL L¡S…¢m­L L¢Wea¡l j¡œ¡ Ae¤k¡u£ ­L¡e ­ú­m ¢heÉ¡p Ll¡
k¡u a¡q­m hÉ¢š² ­k f¢lj¡e L¢We L¡S Ll­a prj a¡C qm a¡l h¤¢Ül Ù¹l j¡œ¡zHC "Ù¹l j¡œ¡' h¤¢Ül HL¢V
…l¦aÆf§eÑ Ef¡c¡ez
[2]¢hÙ¹«¢ax-
HLC L¡¢WeÉ j¡œ¡u ka A¢dL pwMÉL ¢h¢iæ fËL¡­ll pjpÉ¡pj¡d¡e Ll¡ k¡u a¡C qm h¤¢Ül hÉ¡¢ç djÑza¡¢šÄLi¡­h
hÉ¢š² h¤¢Ül ­k Ù¹­l AhÙÛ¡e L­l­R ­pC Ù¹­ll pjÙ¹ pjpÉ¡C a¡l pj¡d¡e Ll¡ E¢Qazh¤¢Ül HC hÉ¡¢çd­jÑl ¢hL¡­nl
SeÉ A¢i‘a¡l hÉ¡fLa¡ Hhw ¢nM­el fË­u¡Sez
[3]­rœx-
¢e¢cÑø Ù¹­l hÉ¢š²l ¢h¢iæ f¢l¢ÙÛ¢al pjpÉ¡l pjeÄu­L ­rœ h­mzh¤¢Ül fË¢a¢V Ù¹­l hÉ¢š² kapwMÉL f¢l¢ÙÛ¢al fË¢a
pgm fË¢a¢œ²u¡ Ll­a prj a¡­L a¡l h¤¢Ül ­rœ h­mz
[4]N¢ax-
pjpÉ¡ pj¡d¡­el â¥aa¡C qm h¤¢Ül N¢a djÑz

…l¦aÆf§ZÑ fËnÀ¡hm£x-
_______________
h¤¢Ül HLL Ef¡c¡e a­šÄl fËhš²¡ ­L?
→j­e¡¢hc ØV¡eÑz
h¤¢Ül hý Ef¡c¡e a­šÄl fËhš²¡ ­L?
→j­e¡¢hc beÑX¡CLz
hÉ¢š²­i­c h¤¢Ül a¡la­jÉl L¡lZ qm-
→pÀ¡u¤a­¿»l hå­el pwMÉ¡l Lj ­h¢nz
h¤¢Ül ­L¡eÚ a­šÄ p¡d¡lZ Ef¡c¡­el Lb¡ E­õM ­eC?
→beÑX¡C­Ll hýEf¡ce a­šÄz
beÑX¡C­Ll j­a ­L¡e L¡S pÇfæ qu-
→hý Ef¡c¡­el pjeÄ­uz
h¤¢Ül ­L¡e ašÄ­L h¤¢Ül f¡lj¡e¢hL ašÄ hm¡ qu?
→beÑX¡C­Ll hý Ef¡c¡e ašÄ­Lz
beÑX¡CL ay¡l h¤¢Ül a­šÄ h¤¢Ül Lu¢V …­Zl Lb¡ h­m­Re? →4¢Vz
beÑX¡C­Ll hý Ef¡c¡e a­šÄ h¤¢Ül ph­Q­u …l¦aÆf§ZÑ Ef¡c¡e ­L¡eÚ¢V?
→Ù¹l j¡œ¡z
beÑX¡C­Ll hý Ef¡c¡e a­šÄ h¤¢Ül N¢adjÑ hm­a ­h¡T¡u-
→pjpÉ¡ pj¡d¡­el â¥aa¡z
Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 44
 TOPIC Language and thought, different stages of language
development, role of teacher in the process of
language development

___________________________________________
¤i¡o¡x
fË¡Z£ SN­al j­dÉ j¡e¤o qm ­nËùzh¤¢Ü, ­jd¡ J ‘¡­el f¡n¡f¡¢n j¡e¤­ol ­nËùaÆ m¡­il AeÉaj j¡dÉj qm
i¡o¡zBjl¡ Bj¡­cl j­el Lb¡ A­eÉl L¡­R fËL¡n Ll­a Q¡CzHC i¡h fËL¡­nl j¡dÉjC qm i¡o¡zHLLb¡u i¡o¡
qm i¡h fËL¡­nl j¡dÉjz
¤¢Q¿¹ex
¢Q¿¹e qm ­L¡e ¢ho­ul Efl HL¢V L¡Òf¢eL R¢h °a¢l Ll¡z¢Q¿¹e j¡eh j­el HL¢V pqS¡a °h¢nøÉzfË¢a¢V j¡e¤o­LC
fË¢a¢eua ¢Q¿¹­el p¡­b Qm­a quz¢Q¿¹e­L j¡e¤o i¡o¡l jdÉ ¢c­u fËL¡n L­lz AbÑ¡v i¡o¡ qm ¢Q¿¹­el h¡qez
¤i¡o¡ J ¢Q¿¹­el pÇfLÑx-
i¡o¡l j¡dÉ­j ¢Q¿¹­el h¢qxfËL¡n O­Vzi¡o¡l j¡dÉ­jC ¢Q¿¹e fË¢œ²u¡ ¢œ²u¡n£m quza­h ph ¢Q¿¹e­L i¡o¡l j¡dÉ­j fËL¡n
Ll¡ k¡ue¡zk¡l¡ h¡L-fË¢ahå£ a¡­cl ¢Q¿¹e j­el j­dÉC p¤¤ç ­b­L k¡uzh¢qxfËL¡n Ll¡l j­a¡ i¡o¡ b¡L­mJ a¡­cl
h¡L-k¿» ¢hLm b¡L¡u a¡ AfËL¡¢na ­b­L k¡uz
¢Q¿¹e J i¡o¡l j­dÉ pÇfLÑ B­m¡Qe¡u Whorf Hl hš²hÉ ¢h­no a¡vfkÑf§ZÑz¢Q¿¹­el Efl i¡o¡l fËi¡h ¢e­u
Whorf Hl hš²hÉ qm-
¤i¡o¡ ¢Q¿¹­el Efl …l¦aÆf¤ZÑ fËi¡h ¢hÙ¹¡l L­lx-
i¡o¡¢hcÚ p¡¢fl Hhw ­h”¡¢je ýgÑ B­j¢lL¡l B¢ch¡p£ i¡o¡ "­q¡¢f' Hl Efl N­hoe¡ L­l­RezCw­lS£ i¡o¡l
'Time' h¡ pju pÇf¢LÑa d¡le¡l ­L¡e fË¢anë "­q¡¢f' i¡o¡u ­eCz¢L¿¹¥ "­q¡¢f' i¡o¡u SNv h¡ h¡Ù¹h pÇf­LÑ ­k
hÉ¡MÉ B­R a¡ ­b­L 'Time' h¡ pju pÇf­LÑ d¡le¡ Ll¡ ­k­a f¡­lzHC Ec¡ql­Zl p¡q¡­kÉ Whorf ¢Q¿¹­el Efl
i¡o¡l fËi¡h fË¢a¢ùa Ll­a ­Q­u­Rez
¤Whorf Hl a­šÄl pj¡­m¡Qe¡x-
A­eL N­hoL p¡¢fl Hhw ýgÑ Hl ašÄ­L ¢ae ¢cL ­b­L pj¡­m¡Qe¡ L­l­Rez­kje-
[1]p¡¢fl Hhw ýgÑ Hl a­šÄl ¢hl¦­Ü A­e­LC Ae¤h¡c­k¡NÉa¡l ¢el£­M pj¡­m¡Qe¡ L­l­RezHL¡¢dL i¡o¡l j­dÉ
fËL¡nNa f¡bÑLÉ b¡L­mJ ­k­L¡e i¡o¡­L AeÉ i¡o¡u Ae¤h¡c Ll¡ pñhz
[2]p¡¢fl Hhw ýgÑ Hl ašÄ­L Eric Lennberg pj¡­m¡Qe¡l cª¢ø­a h­m­Re ­k, i¡o¡u hÉš²­k¡NÉ Hhw i¡o¡u
hÉš²­k¡NÉ eu Hje OVe¡l j­dÉ pÇfLÑ ­cM¡l f§­hÑ fªbLi¡­h ¢hQ¡l Ll¡ fË­u¡Sez¢a¢e BlJ h­me, HC c¤C dl­el
OVe¡l j­dÉ f¡bÑLÉ ¢hQ¡l e¡ L­l ¢Q¿¹­el Efl i¡o¡ fËi¡h ¢hÙ¹¡l L­l HC ašÄ ­L¡ei¡­hC fËj¡Zp¡­fr euzi¡o¡
¢Q¿¹­el Efl fËi¡h ¢hÙ¹¡l L­l HC a­šÄl ¢i¢š qm ¢h¢iæ i¡o¡l j­dÉ f¡bÑLÉzi¡o¡u hÉš²­k¡NÉ eu Hje A­eL
OVe¡ B­R ­kM¡­e ¢Q¿¹e fË¢œ²u¡ ¢œ²u¡n£mz
[3]i¡o¡ ¢Q¿¹e­L fËi¡¢ha L­l HC a­šÄl a«a£u pj¡­m¡Qe¡ qm phÑSe£ea¡l d¡lZ¡zphÑSe£e d¡lZ¡l ¢i¢š qm Qj¢ú
Hhw hÉ¥vf¢šNa hÉ¡LlZz­kM¡­e hm¡ qu pjÙ¹ i¡o¡l j­dÉ ¢LR¥ p¡d¡lZ L¡W¡­j¡ B­Rzi¡o¡l HC L¡W¡­j¡Na p¡cª­nÉl
¢i¢š qm pjÙ¹ pwú«¢a h¡Ù¹ha¡l ¢i¢š­a N­s J­W k¡ p¡¢fl Hhw ýgÑ a­šÄl pÇf¨ZÑ ¢h­l¡d£, ­kM¡­e hm¡ q­u­R
¢h¢iæ pwú«¢a h¡Ù¹h­L ¢iæ ¢iæ ­Q¡­M ­c­M k¡l L¡lZ qm i¡o¡Na f¡bÑLÉz
¤i¡o¡ ¢Q¿¹e­L Bw¢nLi¡­h fËi¡¢ha L­lx-
¢h¢iæ Evp ­b­L abÉpwNË­ql fl A¢dL¡wn N­hoL j­e L­le i¡o¡ Bw¢nLi¡­h ¢Q¿¹e­L fËi¡¢ha L­lzLinda
Roger HC ¢ho­u HL¢V fl£r¡ L­le Hhw fËj¡¢Za qu ­k, i¡o¡ J ¢Q¿¹­el j­dÉ pÇfLÑ b¡L­mJ a¡l f¢lj¡f
Ljz¢a¢e ­c¡i¡o£ ¢nö­cl HL¢V NÒf f­s ­n¡e¡e Hhw a¡­cl j¢Ù¹­×L al­‰l ¢heÉ¡p ­lLXÑ L­lezfËb­j ¢a¢e

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 45

 Cw­lS£­a NÒf f­se Hhw ­c­Me ­k, j¢Ù¹­×L h¡j A­dÑl Awn p¢œ²u q­u­RzflhaÑ£ pj­u kMe ¢a¢e ­ei¡­q¡ i¡o¡u
NÒf f­s ­n¡e¡e aMe X¡e A­dÑl j¢Ù¹×L p¢œ²u quzlS¡pÑ j­e L­le, Hl L¡lZ qm Cw­lS£ i¡o¡ qm ¢h­noÉ
­L¢¾cÊL Hhw ­ei¡­q¡ i¡o¡ qm ¢œ²u¡ ­L¢¾cÊLzHi¡­h fËj¡¢Za qu ­k, i¡o¡Na f¡bÑ­LÉl L¡l­Z ¢nöl¡ NÒf c¤i¡­h
¢h­hQe¡ L­l AbÑ¡v i¡o¡ ¢Q¿¹­el Efl Bw¢nL fËi¡h ¢hÙ¹¡l L­lz

…l¦aÆf§ZÑ fËnÀ¡h¢m

¤e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ hš²hÉ¢V p¢WL?

(L)i¡o¡ ¢Q¿¹­el Efl ¢h­no fËi¡h ¢hÙ¹¡l L­lz
(M)i¡o¡ hÙ¹¥l fËaÉrZ­L fËi¡¢ha L­lz
(N)i¡o¡ ¢Q¿¹e Hhw hÙ¹¥l fËaÉrZ­L fËi¡¢ha L­lz
(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mCz Ex- (O)
¤¢Q¿¹­el Efl i¡o¡l fËi¡­hl Efl ¢h¢iæ f¢lr¡u pwNªq£a a­bÉl ¢hQ¡­l e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ ¢pÜ¡¿¹¢V p¢WL?
(L)i¡o¡l Efl ¢Q¿¹­el …l¦aÆf¤eÑ fËi¡h l­u­Rz
(M)i¡o¡l Efl ¢Q¿¹­el ­L¡e fËi¡h ­eCz
(N)i¡o¡l Efl ¢Q¿¹­el Bw¢nL fËi¡h l­u­Rz
(O) Ef­ll ph…¢mCz Ex- (O)
¤p¡j¡¢SL ­k¡N¡­k¡­Nl SeÉ phÑ¡­fr¡ …l¦aÆf§ZÑ Ef¡c¡e qm-
(L)­k¡N¡­k¡N hÉhÙÛ¡
(M)hÉ¢š²Na pÇfLÑ
(N)i¡o¡
(O)hÉpÙÛ¡­el °eLVÉ Ex- (N)
¤i¡o¡Na f¡bÑ­LÉl L¡l­ZC ¢h¢iæ hÉ¢š² h¡Ù¹h­L ¢iæ ­Q¡­M ­c­M - L¡l hš²hÉ?
(L)p¡¢fl Hhw ýgÑ
(M)Qj¢ú
(N)H¢lL ­meh¡NÑ
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (L)

¤HL i¡o¡ ­b­L AeÉ i¡o¡u l©f¡¿¹l­k¡NÉa¡ L£ fËj¡Z L­l?

(L)i¡o¡, ¢Q¿¹e J h¡Ù¹­hl j­dÉ pÇfLÑ haÑj¡ez
(M)i¡o¡ J ¢Q¿¹­el j­dÉ pÇfLÑ B­R, a­h h¡Ù¹h pÇf­LÑ ¢LR¥ hm¡ k¡ue¡z
(N)i¡o¡, ¢Q¿¹e J h¡Ù¹h flØfl ¢el­frz
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (L)
¤e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ hš²hÉ¢V p¢WL?
(L)i¡o¡ J h¡Ù¹­hl j­dÉ ­L¡e pÇfLÑ ­eCz
(M)i¡o¡ h¡Ù¹h­L fËi¡¢ha L­lz
(N)h¡Ù¹h i¡o¡­L fËi¡¢ha L­l e¡z
(O)i¡o¡ J h¡Ù¹­hl j­dÉ pÇfLÑ Eiuj¤M£z Ex- (N)

¤¢Q¿¹­el °h¢nøÉ qm-

(L)EµQ ­nËZ£l fË¡e£l¡ ¢Q¿¹­el A¢dL¡l£z
(M)¢Q¿¹e fË¢nrZ­k¡NÉz
(N)¢Q¿¹e ¢h­nÔoZ, pw­nÔoe Hhw pjpÉ¡pj¡d¡­e p¡q¡kÉ L­lz
(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mCz Ex- (O)

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 46

 ¤e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ¢V p¢WL?
(L)i¡o¡l p¡q¡­kÉ ­k¡N¡­k¡N lr¡ Ll¡ k¡uz
(M)i¡o¡ hÉ¢š²l j¡e¢pL S¢Vma¡ c§l Ll­a p¡q¡kÉ L­lz
(N)i¡o¡ ¢Q¿¹e­L H¢N­u ¢e­u k¡uz
(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mz Ex- (O)

¤e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ¢V p¢WL?

(L)i¡o¡l j¡dÉ­j ¢Q¿¹e fË¢œ²u¡l fËL¡n O­Vz
(M)i¡o¡ ¢Q¿¹e­L L¡kÑL¡l£ L­lz
(N)i¡o¡ ¢Q¿¹e­L d­l l¡M­a p¡q¡kÉ L­lz
(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mCz Ex- (O)

¤i¡o¡ ¢Q¿¹­el Efl Ni£l fËi¡h ¢hÙ¹¡l L­l - p¡¢fl J ýgÑ Hl HC a­šÄl Ef­l ¢ae¢V ¢cL ­b­L ¢h­l¡¢da¡ Ll¡
q­u­Rze£­Ql ­L¡eÚ¢V Hl A¿¹Ñi¥š² eu?
(L)i¡o¡l Ae¤h¡c­k¡NÉa¡z
(M)i¡o¡l phÑSee£a¡z
(N)i¡o¡u hÉš²­k¡NÉ OVe¡ Hhw i¡o¡u hÉš²­k¡NÉ OVe¡ eu, H­cl j­dÉ f¡bÑLÉz
(O)i¡o¡l S¢Vma¡z Ex- (O)

¤¢Q¿¹e fË¢œ²u¡­L n¢š²n¡m£ Ll¡l SeÉ ¢nr­Ll LaÑhÉ qm-

(L)¢hj§aÑ ‘¡e­L j§aÑ hÙ¹¥l p¡q¡­kÉ a¥­m dl­a q­hz
(M)d¡lZ¡ NWe rja¡­L n¢š²n¡m£ Ll­a q­hz
(N)i¡o¡l ¢hL¡­nl fË¢a ¢h­no eSl ¢c­a q­hz
(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mz Ex- (O)

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 47

 topic Gender as a social construct, gender roles,
gender-bias and educational practices,
gender equality, teachers’ role

p¡j¡¢SL pwNWe ¢q­p­h ¢m‰

j¡e¤o kMe ­L¡e p¡d¡lZ E­ŸnÉ p¡d­el SeÉ HL¢œa q­u J pwOhÜ q­u hph¡p L­l aMe a¡­L pj¡S hm¡
quzAeÉi¡­h hm¡ k¡u, flØfl ¢eiÑln£m q­u N­s JW¡ Sepj¢ø­L pj¡S hm¡ quzpj¡S HL¢V ¢hj§aÑ d¡lZ¡zpj¡­Sl
­L¡e ¢e¢cÑø p£j¡e¡ ­eCzpj¡S ­R¡V q­a f¡­l Bh¡l hsJ q­a f¡­l, Hje¢L ¢hnÄhÉ¡f£J q­a f¡­lz
fË¢a¢V pj¡­Sl ¢LR¥ ¢eSü l£¢ae£¢a, dÉ¡e-d¡lZ¡ ab¡ ¢eSü °h¢nøÉ b¡­Lz¢LR¥ p¡j¡¢SL fË¢aù¡­el jdÉ ¢c­u pj¡­Sl
HC pLm l£¢ae£¢a J dÉ¡ed¡le¡…¢m fË¢aù¡ m¡i Ll­a f¡­lzpj¡S­L ­L¾cÊ L­l N­s JW¡ HCpLm fË¢aù¡e…¢m­L
hm¡ qu p¡j¡¢SL fË¢aù¡ez¢hcÉ¡mu h¡ ¢nr¡fË¢aù¡e, f¢lh¡l, djÑ£u fË¢aù¡e, LÓ¡h CaÉ¡¢c qm p¡j¡¢SL fË¢aù¡ezl¡øÊ
pj¡­Sl j¡e¤­ol Q¡¢qc¡ f§lZ Ll¡l m­rÉ ¢LR¥ fË¢aù¡e N­s ­a¡­mz­kje- A¢gp, Bc¡ma fËi«¢azHC pLm
fË¢aù¡­el jdÉ ¢c­u j¡e¤­ol ¢el¡fš¡, ü¡ÙÛÉ, AbÑ fËi«¢a ¢cL…¢m p¤¤l¢ra quz
¢m‰ h¡ Gender qm jeÙ¹¡¢šÄL cª¢øi¢‰­a f¤l¦o h¡ e¡l£zHC f¡bÑLÉ p¡j¡¢SL pwNWL ¢q­p­h ¢m­‰l i¨¢jL¡
Ae¤d¡h­e p¡q¡kÉ L­lz¢m‰Na f¡bÑLÉ kMe M¤h hs L­l ­cM¡ qu h¡ ¢hQ¡l Ll¡ qu aMe a¡­L ¢m‰Na °hojÉ hm¡
quzHl L¡lZ qm Ù»£ J f¤l¦­ol fË¢a Apj¡e BQlZ­L k¤¢š²pwNa Ll¡zpj¡­S ¢m‰ °hojÉ b¡L­mJ p¡j¡¢SL
pwNWe…¢m N­s J­W e¡l£-f¤l¦o Ei­ul pjeÄ­uCz

Í ¢m‰¢i¢šL i¨¢jL¡x-
¢h­nÄl ph pj¡­SC f¤l¦o Hhw e¡l£l i§¢jL¡ ¢h¢iæ Ef¡c¡­el à¡l¡ ¢edÑ¡¢la quz­kje- A’mNa, djÑ, pwú«¢a,
Bhq¡Ju¡, ¢hnÄ¡p, S£hek¡f­el e£¢a Hhw A¢i‘a¡zHC i¨¢jL¡…¢m­L ¢ejÀ¢m¢Mai¡­h ­nË¢Z¢hi¡N Ll¡ ­k­a f¡­l-
[L]n¡l£¢lL °h¢nøÉx-
pj¡S NW­e e¡l£ fl¦o Ei­ul i¨¢jL¡ b¡L­mJ n¡l£¢lL °h¢n­øÉl ¢i¢š­a L­jÑ ¢ek¤š² Ll¡ q­u b¡­LzEc¡qlZül©f
hm¡ k¡u- ­kph L¡kÑ¡h¢ml SeÉ n¡l£¢lL rja¡ ¢h­no fË­u¡Se qu f¤l¦ol¡ ­pCph L¡­S ¢ek¤š² quz­kje- i¡l£
¢n­Òf L¡S Ll¡, ­pe¡h¡¢qe£­a L¡S Ll¡ CaÉ¡¢cz
[j¡e¢pL °h¢nøÉx-
¢iæ ¢iæ L¡­Sl SeÉ ¢iæ ¢iæ j¡e¢pL rja¡pÇfæ hÉ¢š²l fË­u¡Se quz¢m‰­i­c j¡e¢pL °h¢n­øÉl f¡bÑLÉ
f¢lm¢rÉa quz­kje- NªqÙÛ¡m£l L¡S, ¢nö f¡me CaÉ¡¢c L¡S…¢m e¡l£l¡C L­l b¡­Lz
[3]p¡j¡¢SL håe h¡ hÉ¢š² fR¾cx-
pj¡S NW­e e¡l£-f¤l¦o Ei­ul Ahc¡e b¡L­mJ p¡j¡¢SL håe h¡ hÉ¢š² fR­¾cl ¢hou¢V ¢h­no HL¢V ­nË¢Zl j¡e¤o­L
L­jÑ ¢ek¤¢š² L­lz­kje- La«f­rl fR­¾cl hÉ¢š²­L L­jÑ ¢ek¤¢š² ­cJu¡ quz

Í ¢m‰ frf¡ax-
¢m‰Na f¡bÑLÉ kMe M¤h h­s¡ L­l ­cM¡ qu h¡ ¢hQ¡l Ll¡ qu aMe a¡­L ¢m‰Na °hojÉ hm¡ quzHC ¢m‰Na
°hojÉ ­b­LC ¢m‰ frf¡­al ¢hou¢V B­pz¢m‰ frf¡­a Ù»£ J f¤l¦­ol fË¢a Apj¡e BQlZ­L k¤¢š²pwNa Ll¡ quz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 48

 Í ¢m‰pja¡x-
e¡l£-f¤l¦o ¢e¢hÑ­n­o pL­ml j­dÉ pÇf­cl A¢dL¡l J p¤¤­k¡N-p¤¤¢hd¡l pjh¾Ve­L ¢m‰pja¡ hm¡ quzkMe H­r­œ ­L¡e
°hojÉ Ll¡ qu aMe a¡­L hm¡ qu ¢m‰ Apja¡ze¡l£l ¢hl¦­Ü HC dl­el Apja¡ ¢h­nÄl pLm pj¡­S Lj-­h¢n
mrÉ Ll¡ k¡uzf¤l¦oa¡¢¿»L pj¡S hÉhÙÛ¡u ¢hcÉj¡e °hojÉj§mL p¡j¡¢SL cª¢øi¢‰ Apja¡l j§m L¡lZz

Í ¢nr­Ll i¨¢jL¡x-
¢m‰Na Apja¡ c§l L­l pj¡­S ¢m‰p¡jÉ ¢g¢l­u Be¡l ­r­œ ¢nr­Ll i¨¢jL¡ …l¦aÆf§ZÑz¢nrLC f¡­le ¢nöj­e HC
°hojÉ c§l L­l p¡­jÉl d¡lZ¡ fË¢aù¡ Ll­az¢nrL a¡­cl ¢eS BQl­Zl j¡dÉ­j ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl j­dÉ HC p¡­jÉl i¡h N­s
a¥m­a f¡­lezHR¡s¡ ¢nr­Ll E¢Qa ¢m‰ p¡­jÉl …l¦aÆ ¢e­u ­nË¢ZL­r B­m¡Qe¡ Ll¡za­hC ¢nr¡bÑ£l jdÉ ­b­L
¢m‰°ho­jÉl j­e¡i¡h c§l q­u p¡jÉi¡h N­s JW­hz

…l¦aÆf§ZÑ fËnÀ¡hm£
ÍL¡­Sl h¾Ve qJu¡ E¢Qa-
(L)¢m‰¢i¢šL
(M)fR¾c J BNËq¢i¢šL
(N)fR¾c, BNËq J rja¡¢i¢šL
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢cC euz Ex-(N)

Ípj¡­Sl Q¡l¢V fË¢aù¡­el j­dÉ ­L¡eÚ¢V ¢m‰Na i¨¢jL¡ ¢edÑ¡l­Z p¢œ²u eu?
(L)f¢lh¡l
(M)h¡S¡l
(N)¢hcÉ¡mu
(O)plL¡l Ex- (N)

Íe£­Ql ­L¡eÚ¢V­a p¡d¡lZ O­ll e¡l£l¡ AiÉÙ¹ eu?

(L)pjbÑe Ll¡
(M)­j­e ­eJu¡
(N)h¡d¡ ­cJu¡
(O)B­¾c¡me Ll¡ Ex- (O)

Ípj¡S pwNW­e e¡l£l i¨¢jL¡ qm-

(L)f¤l¦­ol pj¡e qJu¡ E¢Qa
(M)¢eiÑl Ll­h p¡j¡¢SL l£¢a-e£¢a, ¢hnÄ¡p, pwú¡l CaÉ¡¢c­a
(N)¢eiÑl Ll­h °S¢hL ¢m‰Na f¡bÑ­LÉl ¢i¢š­a
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (L)

Í¢m‰Na f¡bÑLÉ ¢nr¡bÑ£l-

(L)hª¢Ül ­r­œ fËi¡h ¢hÙ¹¡l L­lz
(M)¢hL¡­nl ­r­œ fËi¡h ¢hÙ¹¡l L­lz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 49

 (N)fËhZa¡l ­r­œ fËi¡h ¢hÙ¹¡l L­lz
(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mCz Ex- (L)

Íe¡l£l¡ p¡d¡lZa ¢e­S­L f¤l¦­ol ­b­L ­R¡­V¡ j­e L­l L¡lZ-

(L)k¤N k¤N hÉ¡f£ e¡l£ °ho­jÉl ¢nL¡l q­u­Rz
(M)e¡l£l¡ B¢bÑL ¢cL ­b­L c¤hÑmz
(N)e¡l£l¡ n¡l£¢lL ¢cL ­b­L c¤hÑmz
(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mCz Ex- (O)

Í¢fa¡j¡a¡ f¤œ J LeÉ¡­L-

(L)pj­Q¡­M ­cM­hez
(M)f¤­œl fË¢a A¢dL eSl ­c­he L¡lZ i¢hoÉ­a f¤œC a¡­cl ilZ­f¡o­Zl c¡¢uaÆ ­e­hz
(N)LeÉ¡l ¢hh¡­q A­bÑl fË­u¡Se h­m AeÉ¡eÉ ¢ho­ul f¢lh­aÑ AbÑ p’­ul Efl A¢dL eSl ­c­hez
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (L)

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 50

 topic
Individual differences among learners,
understanding differences based on
diversity of language, caste, gender,
community and religion etc.

______________________________________
j¡e¤­ol j­dÉ ­kje ¢h¢iæ ¢cL ­b­L ¢jm l­u­R, ­aj¢e a¡­cl j­dÉ e¡e¡ ¢ho­u f¡bÑLÉJ f¢lm¢ra quzhÙ¹¥af­r
j¡e¤­o j¡e¤­o ¢h¢iæ ¢cL ­b­L hÉ¡fL °hojÉ ­cM¡ k¡u, a¡ Bl ­L¡e fË¡Z£l j­dÉ H­a¡ hÉ¡fL ­eCzj¡e¤o SN­al
ph­Q­u Eæa fË¡Z£ qJu¡u a¡­cl j­dÉ H­a¡ f¡bÑLÉ ¢hcÉj¡ezfË¢a¢V j¡e¤­ol Hje ¢LR¥ °h¢nøÉ B­R k¡ a¡­L
AeÉ j¡e¤o ­b­L fªbL L­l l¡­Mz

hÉ¢š²Na °hojÉ
hÉ¢š²­a hÉ¢š²­a ­k j¡e¢pL, °c¢qL J j¡ep-fËL«¢aNa f¡bÑLÉ ­cM¡ k¡u, a¡­LC hm¡ qu hÉ¢š²Na °hojÉz­kje- ­LE mð¡, ­LE ­hy­V,
­LE l¡N£, Bh¡l ­LE n¡¿¹, ­LE gpÑ¡ Bh¡l ­LEh¡ L¡­m¡zj­e¡¢hcÚ i¥ä, H¢hwqp fËj¤Ml¡ N­hoZ¡ L­l fËj¡Z L­l­Re ­k, j¡e¢pL
rja¡ kb¡ - h¤¢Ü, Øj«¢a, BNËq, hÉ¢š²aÆ, j­e¡­k¡N, üi¡h CaÉ¡¢c ¢ho­u HL hÉ¢š² AeÉ hÉ¢š² ­b­L Bm¡c¡za¡­cl p¡jbÑÉ, cra¡, Q¢lœ,
AiÉ¡p fËi«¢al j­dÉ k­bø f¡bÑLÉ ¢hcÉj¡ezhÉ¢š²­a hÉ¢š²­a ¢h¢iæ ¢cL ­b­L HC f¡bÑLÉ­L j­e¡¢hcÉ¡u hÉ¢š²Na °hojÉ hm¡ q­u b¡­Lz

hÉ¢š²Na °ho­jÉl ­nË¢Z¢hi¡N

¢nr¡bÑ£­cl j­dÉ ­kph ¢c­L hÉ¢š²Na f¡bÑLÉ mrÉ Ll¡ k¡u ­p…¢m ¢e­jÀ B­m¡Qe¡ Ll¡ qm-
[L]A¢SÑa f¡bÑLÉx-
­k ph f¡bÑLÉ pqS¡a eu, f¢l­h­nl p¡­b ¢jb¢ûu¡l g­m O­V, a¡­cl A¢SÑa f¡bÑLÉ hm¡ quzHC A¢SÑa f¡bÑLÉ­L Q¡l i¡­N i¡N Ll¡
quz­kje-
¤p¡j¡¢SL f¡bÑLÉx
Ec¡qlZ- ¢nr¡bÑ£l BQ¡l-BQlZ, üi¡hQ¢lœ, ­jm¡­jn¡l rja¡ CaÉ¡¢cz
¤p¡wú«¢aL f¡bÑLÉx
Ec¡qlZ- l£¢ae£¢a, fËb¡, i¡o¡, M¡cÉ¡iÉ¡p, ­f¡n¡L-f¢lµRc CaÉ¡¢cz
¤fË¡­r¡¢iL f¡bÑLÉx
Ec¡qlZ- ­œ²¡d, iu, Bnˆ¡, EcÚ­hN CaÉ¡¢cz
¤¢nr¡Na f¡bÑLÉx
Ec¡qlZ- EµQ f¡lc¢nÑa¡pÇfæ, Ns f¡lc¢nÑa¡ pÇfæ Hhw ¢ejÀ f¡lc¢nÑa¡ pÇfæz

[M]pqS¡a f¡bÑLÉx-
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kb¡-
¤°c¢qL f¡bÑLÉx
Ec¡qlZ- j¤­Ml Nse, EµQa¡, JSe, Nm¡l ül, qy¡V¡l i¢‰ CaÉ¡¢cz
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Ec¡qlZ- h¤¢Ü, BNËq, LÒfe¡, ¢hQ¡lLlZ, Øj«¢an¢š² CaÉ¡¢cz
¤­jS¡SNa f¡bÑLÉx
Ec¡qlZ- AÒf­aC ­jS¡a q¡¢l­u ­gm¡, n¡¿¹ b¡L¡, AaÉ¿¹ hc­jS¡Sz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 51

 hÉ¢š²Na °ho­jÉl L¡lZ
hÉ¢š²Na °ho­jÉl L¡lZ ¢e­u ¢h¢iæ j­e¡­h¡cÚ, ¢nr¡¢hcÚ, pj¡SašÄ¢hcÚ hÉ¡fL N­hoZ¡ L­l­Rez­LE hÉ¢š²Na °ho­jÉl SeÉ hwnN¢al Lb¡
h­m­Re, Bh¡l ­LE f¢l­h­nl Lb¡ h­m­Re Bh¡l ­LE ­LE AeÉ¡eÉ L¡l­Zl Lb¡J h­m­Rez
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hÉ¢š²­cl j­dÉ f¡bÑ­LÉl A¢Ù¹aÆ ­cM¡­e¡ q­u­Rz

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hÉ¢š²Na °ho­jÉl ¢nr¡Na a¡vfkÑ

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(1)hýj¤M£ f¡WÉœ²j lQZ¡x
Bd¤¢eL L¡­m hÉ¢š²Na °ho­jÉl e£¢a­L ü£L«¢a ¢c­u hýj¤M£ f¡WÉœ²­jl hÉhÙÛ¡ Ll¡ q­u­Rzhýj¤M£ f¡WÉœ²­jl E­ŸnÉ qm, fË­aÉL
¢nr¡bÑ£­L ¢eSü Ae¤l¡N J rja¡ Ae¤k¡u£ ¢hL¡­nl p¤¤­k¡N L­l ­cJu¡zHl g­m, HL¢c­L ­kje hÉ¢š²S£h­el ¢hL¡n p¡de pñh qu,
­aj¢e ¢nr¡c¡­el L¡SJ pqS quz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 52

 (2)hÉ¢š²üa­¿»Él ¢hL¡nx
Bd¤¢eL ¢nr¡fÜ¢a hÉ¢š²Na °ho­jÉl e£¢al Efl fË¢a¢ùaz­kje X¡mVe f¢lLÒfe¡u hÉ¢š² ü¡a­¿»Él f¢lf§ZÑ ¢hL¡­nl SeÉ ¢nö­cl
Ah¡d ü¡d£ea¡ ­cJu¡ q­u­RzhÉ¢š² ­L¢¾cÊL f¡Wc¡­el l£¢a hÉ¢š²Na °ho­jÉl e£¢al Efl fË¢a¢ùaz
(3)¢eSü °h¢n­øÉl Øg¨lZx
Bd¤¢eL ¢nr¡u pqf¡WÉœ²¢jL L¡kÑ¡hm£…¢m­L ¢h­no …l¦aÆ ­cJu¡ quzHCph L¡­Sl j¡dÉ­j ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ a¡­cl ¢eSü °h¢nøÉ Ae¤k¡u£
¢hL¡­nl p¤¤­k¡N f¡u Hhw Hl g­m ¢nr¡ a¡­cl L¡­R q­u E­W Be¾cc¡uLz
(4)hª¢š ¢ehÑ¡Q­e pq¡ua¡x
hª¢š ¢ehÑ¡Q­el ­r­œJ hÉ¢š²Na °ho­jÉl e£¢al Efl …l¦aÆ ­cJu¡ quzhª¢š ¢ehÑ¡Qe k¢c hÉ¢š²l p¡jbÑÉ J fR¾c Ae¤k¡u£ qu a­h hÉ¢š²
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hª¢šj§mL f¢lQ¡me¡ J ¢e­cÑne¡l Efl ¢h­no ­S¡l ­cJu¡ q­u­Rz
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…l¦aÆf§ZÑ fËnÀ¡hm£

¤hÉ¢š²Na °hojÉ­L Lu i¡­N i¡N Ll¡ k¡u?

↣c¤C i¡­Nz [A¢SÑa J pqS¡a]
¤­k ph f¡bÑLÉ f¢l­h­nl p¡­b ¢jb¢ûu¡l g­m O­V, a¡­cl hm¡ qu-
↣A¢SÑa f¡bÑLÉz
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↣p¡j¡¢SL f¡bÑLÉz
¤l£¢ae£¢a, fËb¡, i¡o¡, M¡cÉ¡iÉ¡p, ­f¡n¡L-f¢lµRc CaÉ¡¢c ­L¡eÚ dl­el hÉ¢š²Na f¡bÑ­LÉl Ec¡qlZ?
↣p¡wú«¢aL f¡bÑLÉz
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↣¢nr¡Na f¡bÑ­LÉl L¡l­Zz
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↣­jS¡SNa f¡bÑLÉz
¤hÉ¢š²Na f¡bÑLÉ ¢L­pl Efl ¢eiÑl L­l?
↣hwnd¡l¡ J f¢l­h­nl Eflz
¤hÉ¢š²¢i¢šL ¢nrZ fÜ¢a qm-
↣EC­eVÚL¡ fÜ¢a Hhw f¢lL¢Òfa ¢nMe fÜ¢az
¤"h¤¢Ül ­r­œ hÉ¢š²Na f¡bÑ­LÉl L¡lZ qm hwnd¡l¡'-E¢š²¢V ­L L­l­Re?
↣NÉ¡mVez
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↣hwnd¡l¡ Hhw f¢l­hnz
¤¢nr¡Na f¡lc¢nÑa¡l f¡bÑ­LÉl fËd¡e L¡lZ L£?
↣h¤¢Ü, fËhZa¡ Hhw f¡W¡iÉ¡pz
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↣NÉ¡¢lpez

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 53

 topic Distinction between assessment for learning
and assessment of learning, school based
assessment, continuous and comprehensive
evaluation, perspectives and procedures

¢nr¡Na j§mÉ¡ue
Educational Evaluation

Bd¤¢eL ¢nr¡l HL¢V …l¦aÆf§ZÑ ¢hou qm j§mÉ¡uezj§mÉ¡ue R¡s¡ Bd¤¢eL ¢nr¡ pÇf¨ZÑ qu e¡z ¢nr¡l g­m ¢nr¡bÑ£l
hÉ¢š²pš¡l j­dÉ ­kph …l¦aÆf§ZÑ f¢lhaÑe O­V,pC f¢lhaÑe…¢ml j¡œ¡ J ül©f ¢eZÑu Ll¡ Hhw ¢nr¡j§mL LjÑp§¢Ql
hÉ¡fL EŸnÉ LaV¡ h¡Ù¹h¡¢ua q­u­R, a¡ f¢lj¡e Ll¡C j§mÉ¡u­el L¡Sz
j§mÉ¡u­el j¡dÉ­j ¢nr¡l EŸnÉ…¢m f¢lj¡eNa J …eNai¡­h LaV¡ h¡Ù¹h¡¢ua q­u­R a¡ f¢lj¡f Ll¡ quzj§mÉ¡ue
HL¢V p¡j¢NËL J d¡l¡h¡¢qL fË¢œ²u¡zHl j¡dÉ­j ¢nr¡bÑ£l °c¢qL, j¡e¢pL, p¡j¡¢SL, fË¡­r¡¢iL, °e¢aL CaÉ¡¢c pLm -
­r­œl pÇf¡¢ca BQl­Zl j§mÉ ¢edÑ¡lZ Ll¡ quz
p¡j¢NËL Bm¡Qe¡u hm¡ k¡u, ¢nr¡l EŸnÉj¤M£ p¡j”pÉf§ZÑ ¢nMe J ¢nre fËQø¡l p¡¢hÑL gmnË¥¢al j¡e ¢hQ¡lLl­el -
­k A¢h¢µRæ fË¢œ²u¡, a¡C qm ¢nr¡l j§mÉ¡uez

j§mÉ¡u­el ­L±nm h¡ fÜ¢a

j§mÉ¡u­el E­ŸnÉ qm ¢nr¡bÑ£­L p¡¢hÑL ¢cL ¢c­u f¢lj¡f Ll¡za¡C j§mÉ¡u­el SeÉ ¢h¢iæ EfLlZ,­L±nm h¡ fÜ¢a
Ahmðe Ll¡ quzj§mÉ¡u­el fËQ¢ma fÜ¢a…¢m­L Q¡li¡­N i¡N Ll¡ k¡u, kb¡--
(L)A¢ir¡x
Ai£r¡ qm La…¢m L¡kÑ¡hm£ k¡ ­L¡e ¢e¢cÑø pj­u hÉ¢š²l ¢h­no ­L¡e BQlZ f¢lj¡­f hÉhq©a quzHC Ai£r¡­L
e¡e¡i¡­h ¢hiš² Ll¡ k¡u,kb¡--
(1)f¡lc¢nÑa¡ Ai£r¡x
HC A¢ir¡l p¡q¡­kÉ ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ¢hou J ­nË¢Z¢i¢šL f¡lc¢nÑa¡ f¢lj¡f Ll¡ k¡uzf¡lc¢nÑa¡l Ai£r¡ c¤Ci¡­N
¢hiš²,kb¡-- BcnÑ¡¢ua Hhw ¢nrL ¢e¢jÑaz
(2)j­e¡°h‘¡¢eL Ai£r¡x
­k Ai£r¡l à¡l¡ hÉ¢š²l j¡e¢pL °h¢nøÉ¡hm£ f¢lj¡f Ll¡ qu a¡­L j­e¡°h‘¡¢eL Ai£r¡ h­mz­kje- h¤¢Ü Ai£r¡,
BNËq Ai£r¡ CaÉ¡¢cz
(3)¢m¢Ma fl£r¡x
haÑj¡­e j§mÉ¡u­el ­L±nm ¢q­p­h ¢m¢Ma fl£r¡J hÉhq©a quzHM¡­e ¢ho­ul Efl fl£r¡bÑ£­L La…¢m fË­nÀl Ešl
Ll¡l SeÉ ­cJu¡ quz
(4)­j±¢ML f¢lr¡x
¢nr¡bÑ£l fWe rja¡, EµQ¡l­Zl ¢eiÑ¥ma¡,pfË¢ai¡,‘¡­el Ni£la¡ fËi«¢a j§mÉ¡u­el SeÉ ­j±¢ML fl£r¡ ­eJu¡ quz
(5)c¤hÑma¡ ¢eeÑ¡uL Ai£r¡x
HC Ai£r¡l p¡q¡­kÉ ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl f¡WÉ ¢houL c¤hÑma¡ f¢lj¡f Ll¡ quz
(M)¢e¢lre ­L±nmx
¢el£rZ qm hÉ¢š²l h¡¢qÉL BQlZ pÇf­LÑ S¡e¡l SeÉ hÉ¢š²­L fkÑ­hre Ll¡zfkÑ­hrZ fÜ¢a­a hÉ¢š²­L fËL«a
BQlZla AhÙÛ¡u ¢el£rZ L­l hÉ¢š²l ¢Q¿¹¡ J AeÉ¡eÉ BQlZ pÇf­LÑ ‘¡a qJu¡ k¡uz¢el£rZj§mL ­L±nm…¢ml
j­dÉ ¢h­no E­õM­k¡NÉ qm,-

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 54

 (1)Aa£a pwœ²¡¿¹ abÉ¢m¢fz
(2)­QL¢mØVz
(3)­l¢Vw ­úm Hhw
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Ll­a f¡­lzHC ­L±nm­LC BaÈ¢hhª¢aj§mL ­L±nm hm¡ quzHl j­dÉ hÉhq©a fÜ¢a…¢m qm—
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(2)fËnÀ…µRz
(3)hÉ¢š²Na ¢m¢fz
(4)BaÈS£he£ Hhw
(5)B­m¡Qe¡z

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Ll¡ quzhaÑj¡­e fË¢agme Ai£r¡­L Ru i¡­N i¡N Ll¡ qu, ­kje-
(1)pw­k¡Nj§mLz
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fl ­b­L ­no fkÑ¿¹ Q­mz
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h­m­Re- "­k j§mÉ¡ue hÉhÙÛ¡ Ai£r¡l gm¡gm ­b­L a­bÉl gm¡haÑe h¡ ¢gXhÉ¡­Ll j¡dÉ­j ¢nMe hÉhÙÛ¡­L Eæa
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j§mÉ¡ue h¡ N¡W¢eL j§mÉ¡ue h­mz'
NWej§mL j§mÉ¡u­el °h¢nøÉx
NWej§mL j§LmÉ¡u­el ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma °h¢nøÉ…¢m f¢lm¢ra qu-
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(4)H¢V ¢nr¡bÑ£l ¢nMe E­ŸnÉ­L f¢lj¡f Ll­a prjz

(5)H¢V Be¤ù¡¢eL J Ae¡e¤ù¡¢eL c¤'i¡­hC pÇfæ Ll¡ k¡uz
(6)H¢V q­a f¡­l °c¢eL, p¡ç¡¢qL, j¡¢pL, °œj¡¢pL, o¡eÈ¡¢pL Abh¡ ­k ­L¡e ¢f¢lJ¢XL j§mÉ¡uez

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 55

 p¡j¢øL j§mÉ¡ue
HL¢V ¢e¢cÑø pj­ul ­n­o ¢nrZ E­ŸnÉ…¢m L£ f¢lj¡­Z A¢SÑa q­u­R ­p pÇf¢LÑa abÉpwNËq­L L¡kÑpj¡¢ç­a
p¡j¢øL j§mÉ¡ue h­mz­L¡e ­L¡pÑ pj¡¢ç­a ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ fËaÉ¡¢na ¢nMe p¡jbÑÉ…¢m L£ f¢lj¡­Z ASÑ­e prj q­u­R a¡
¢eeÑu L­l ­NËX ¢edÑ¡l­Z HC fËL¡l j§mÉ¡ue hÉhq¡l Ll¡ quz­L¡pÑ pj¡¢ç­a h¡ c£OÑ pj­ul fl HC j§mÉ¡ue hÉhq¡l
Ll¡ quzp¡j¢øL j§mÉ¡u­e ¢nrZ E­ŸnÉ¡h¢ml ¢e¢l­MC L£ dl­el ­L±nm hÉhq©a q­h a¡ ¢h­h¢Qa quzHC fËL¡l
j§mÉ¡u­e h¢qÑj§mÉ¡ue, ¢nrLL«a Ai£r¡, ­l¢Vw fËi«¢a hÉhq©a quz
HLLb¡u, ¢nMe-¢nrZ L¡kÑœ²j h¡Ù¹h¡ue ­n­o L¡kÑœ²­jl p¡j¢NËL gm¡gm, fËi¡h A¢SÑa mrÉj¡œ¡ ¢el©f­el SeÉ ­k
j§mÉ¡ue Ll¡ qu, a¡­L p¡j¢øL j§mÉ¡ue h­mz
R.N.Patel h­m­Re, "­L¡e LjÑL¡ä pÇf­LÑ f§ZÑ¡‰ J phÑ­no j§mÉ¡ue h¡ ¢pÜ¡¿¹­L p¡j¢øL j§mÉ¡ue h­mz'
p¡j¢øL j§mÉ¡u­el °h¢nøÉx
p¡j¢øL j§mÉ¡u­el fËd¡e °h¢nøÉ…¢m qm, kb¡-
(1)HL¢V ¢e¢cÑø pju¡­¿¹, fhÑ­n­o, ­p­jØV¡l ­n­o p¡j¢øL j§mÉ¡ue Ll¡ quz
(2)H¢V qm ¢nr¡bÑ£ LaÑ«L ¢e¢cÑø ­L¡e ¢ho­u cra¡ ASÑ­el Q¨s¡¿¹ AhÙÛ¡l j§mÉ¡uez
(3)Hl fËd¡e E­ŸnÉ qm ­NËX ¢eZÑu, ¢nrZ cra¡ ¢eZÑu J ¢nr¡œ²j fkÑ¡­m¡Qe¡ Ll¡z
(4)i¢hoÉv LjÑf¿Û¡ ¢edÑ¡lZ J A¢dLal Eæa L¡kÑœ²j NËq­Zl fb ¢e­cÑn L­lz
(5)H¢V j§mÉ¡ue fË¢œ²u¡­L ¢h­no a¡vfkÑf§ZÑ °h¢nøÉj¢äa L­l ­a¡­mz
(6)p¡j¢øL j§mÉ¡ue qm j§mÉ¡ue fË¢œ²u¡l Af¢lq¡kÑ HL¢V fc­rfz
(7)H¢Vl p¡q¡­kÉ ¢nr¡bÑ£l f¡lc¢nÑa¡l HL¢V p¡j¢NËL ¢Qœ f¡Ju¡ k¡uz
(8)H¢V fËd¡ea Be¤ù¡¢eLi¡­h pÇfæ quz
(9)H¢Vl j¡dÉ­j ¢nr¡bÑ£l ¢nMe J a¡l ANËN¢al HL¢V p¡lpw­rf f¡Ju¡ k¡uz
(10)HC fËL¡l j§mÉ¡ue i¢hoÉv LjÑ f¢lLÒfe¡l SeÉ L¡kÑLl£ ¢pÜ¡¿¹ fËc¡­e prjz
p¡j¢øL j§mÉ¡u­el ­nË¢Z¢hi¡Nx
p¡j¢øL j§mÉ¡ue p¡d¡lZa c¤C dl­el q­u b¡­L, kb¡-
(L)¢m¢Ma fl£r¡ Hhw (M)­j±¢ML fl£r¡z
¢m¢Ma fl£r¡x
¢m¢Ma fl£r¡ Bh¡l c¤C fËL¡l q­a f¡­l, ­kje-
(A)lQe¡j§mL Hhw
(B)°ehÑÉ¢š²Lz
lQe¡j§mL Ai£r¡ c¤ClLj q­a f¡­l, ­kje-
(A)pw¢rç lQe¡j§mL Hhw
(B)c£OÑ lQe¡j§mLz
­j±¢ML fl£r¡x
i¢aÑ fl£r¡ h¡ HC dl­el AeÉ ­L¡e fl£r¡, f¡h¢mL fl£r¡ CaÉ¡¢c­a HC dl­el fl£r¡ hÉhq©a quzHR¡s¡ ¢e¢cÑø
pju¡­¿¹ AÉ¡p¡Ce­j¾V Abh¡ V¡jÑ ­ff¡l J p¡j¢øL j§mÉ¡u­e hÉhq©a quz

¢nr¡Na f¢lj¡f
Educational Measurement

f¢lj¡f në¢Vl AbÑ qm ­L¡e ¢LR¥l f¢lj¡e ¢eeÑu Ll¡z¢L¿¹¥ l¡¢n¢h‘¡­e CwlS£ Measurement në¢Vl AbÑ qm
Quantification of test result AbÑ¡v Ai£r¡l g­ml f¢lj¡ZNa fËL¡nz¢nr¡l f¢lj¡f hm­a ¢nr¡bÑ£l ­L¡e
A¢SÑa ‘¡e h¡ ­L¡e ¢h­no cra¡ h¡ ­L¡e n¢š²l ¢h­no ¢cL¢Vl f¢lj¡f ­h¡T¡uz­kje- HLSe ¢nr¡bÑ£ N¢Z­a 95
eðl ­fmzHC eðl fËc¡­el fË¢œ²u¡¢V qm f¢lj¡fzp¡d¡lZ A­bÑ f¢lj¡f qm ¢euj¡e¤p¡­l ¢h¢iæ ¢el£rZ hÙ¹¥ h¡

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 56

 OVe¡hm£­a AbÑf§ZÑ Hhw p‰al©­f pw­La ¢Qq² h¡ pwMÉ¡j§mL pw­La fËc¡e Ll¡l fË¢œ²u¡z¢h¢iæ ¢nr¡¢hcÚ J j-
­e¡¢h‘¡e£NZ ¢h¢iæi¡­h f¢lj¡f­L p‘¡¢ua L­l­Rez
Hp Hp ¢ØV­i¾p h­m­Re, "­L¡e ¢e¢ÕQa ü£L«a ¢euj¡hm£ Ae¤p¡­l hÙ¹¥…­m¡­a pwMÉ¡ fËc¡­el fË¢œ²u¡ qm f¢lj¡fz'
j­e¡¢hcÚ NË¡emÉ¡ä J ¢me h­m­Re, "­L¡e hÉ¢š² HL¢V p¤¤¢e¢cÑø °h¢nøÉ LaV¥L¥ ASÑe L­l­R a¡l pwMÉ¡Na hZÑe¡ m¡-
­il fË¢œ²u¡C qm f¢lj¡fz'
j­e¡¢hcÚ Bl He fÉ¡­Vm h­m­Re, "f¢lj¡f qm HL¢V ¢œ²u¡ h¡ fË¢œ²u¡ k¡ ­L¡e j§mÉ B­l¡­fl ­hm¡u HL¢V
pwMÉ¡p§QL­L S¢sa L­lz'

¤f¢lj¡f J j§mÉ¡u­el pÇfLÑx

[Relationship between measurement and evaluation]
¢nr¡u f¢lj¡f hm­a ¢nr¡bÑ£l ­L¡e A¢SÑa ‘¡e h¡ ­L¡e ¢h­no cra¡ h¡ ­L¡e n¢š²l ¢h­no ¢cL¢Vl f¢lj¡f
­h¡T¡uzfr¡¿¹­l, ¢nr¡l m­rÉ ­f±R¡­e¡l SeÉ ¢nr¡bÑ£ Hhw ¢nrL ­k pj­ha ­Qø¡ L­l­Re Hhw k¡l g­m ¢nr¡bÑ£l
°c¢qL, ­h±¢ÜL, p¡j¡¢SL, fË­r¡¢iL, BdÉ¡¢aÈL, °e¢aL fËi¢« a ¢c­Ll ­k paa f¢lhaÑe OV­R Hhw a¡l fËi¡­h
hÉ¢š² S£h­el ­k p¡j¢NËL l©f¢V œ²­j œ²­j f¢lØg¨V q­u EW­R, j§mÉ¡ue qm a¡lC f¢lj¡fzj§mÉ¡ue J f¢lj¡­fl j­dÉ
¢h­no pÇfLÑ l­u­R, ­kje--
(1)f¢lj¡f qm j§mÉ¡u­el HL¢V Ù¹l j¡œ, f¢lj¡f J j§mÉ¡ue HL AbÑ euz
(2)f¢lj¡f ¢nr¡bÑ£l ­L¡e ¢h­no AhÙÛ¡­L ¢hQ¡l L­lzAeÉ¢c­L j§mÉ¡ue I ¢h­no AhÙÛ¡¢Vl i¡m-j¾c ¢hQ¡l L­lz
(3)f¢lj¡f qm j§mÉ¡u­el HL¢V EfLlZ h¡ q¡¢au¡l j¡œzüa¿»i¡­h Hl ­L¡e j§mÉ ­eC, ¢L¿¹¥ f¢lj¡f hÉa£a
j§mÉ¡ue AbÑq£ez
(4)¢nr¡u pLm f¢lj¡fC j§mÉ¡ue quzkMe ­L¡e ¢e¢cÑø mrÉ h¡ E­ŸnÉ­L p¡j­e ­l­M a¡l …Z, °h¢nøÉ h¡ j§mÉ
¢hQ¡l Ll¡ qu aMe H¢V qu j§mÉ¡uez
(5)öd¤ fl£r¡ J f¢lj¡fC j§mÉ¡ue eu, H¢V ¢nr¡ ¢houL pLm LjÑL¡­äl A¢h­µRcÉ A‰z
(6)¢nr¡bÑ£l ­L¡e ¢ho­ul L«¢a­aÆl pwMÉ¡Na fËL¡n qm f¢lj¡fzBl j§mÉ¡ue qm HC A¢SÑa L«¢aaÆ LaV¥L¥ Ešj
a¡l …ZNa ¢hQ¡lz
(7)f¢lj¡f öd¤ f¢lj¡ZNa, ¢L¿¹¥ j§mÉ¡ue öd¤ f¢lj¡ZNa eu, …ZNaJ h­Vz

¢nr¡Na AÉ¡­pp­j¾V
Educational Assessment

A­eL pju j§mÉ¡ue, f¢lj¡f J AÉ¡­pp­j,¾V HLC A­bÑ hÉhq©a quz¢L¿¹¥ fËL«af­r H…¢m pj¡bÑL euzAÉ¡­p­j­¾Vl
c¡lZ¡ j§mÉ¡u­el d¡lZ¡ ­b­L pwL£ZÑ ¢L¿¹¥ f¢lj¡­fl d¡lZ¡ ­b­L hªqvz
HL¢V Ec¡ql­Zl p¡q¡­kÉ f¢lj¡f, j§mÉ¡ue J AÉ¡­pp­j­¾Vl d¡lZ¡x-
j¡dÉ¢jL ­h¡XÑ ­L¡e ¢nr¡Ù¹­ll ¢e¢cÑø f¡WÉœ²­jl ¢i¢š­a fl£r¡ NËqZ Llmz¢h¢iæ ¢ho­u R¡œ­cl f¡lc¢nÑa¡l eðl
­cJu¡ qmzH¢V qm f¢lj¡fzfl£r¡u fË¡ç eð­ll ¢i¢š­a ¢nr¡¢hcÚNZ, l¡S°e¢aL ­ea«aÆhª¾c Hhw A¢ii¡hLNZ ¢ÙÛl
Ll­he Eš² f¡Wœ²j Q¡¢m­u k¡Ju¡ q­h e¡¢L f¤e¢hÑeÉ¡­pl fË­u¡Se B­RzHC abÉ plhl¡q Ll¡ qm AÉ¡­pp­j­¾Vl
c¡¢uaÆzQ¨s¡¿¹ ¢pÜ¡¿¹ qm j§mÉ¡uezAbÑ¡v, AÉ¡­pp­j¾V qm j§mÉ¡u­el f§­hÑl L¡S¢Vzpw­r­f hm¡ k¡u ­k, f¢lj¡f qm
eðl c¡e Ll¡, AÉ¡­pp­j¾V qm j§mÉ¡u­el SeÉ abÉ plhl¡q Ll¡ Hhw j§mÉ¡ue qm Q¨s¡¿¹ ¢pÜ¡¿¹ NËqZ Ll¡z

¢nM­el SeÉ AÉ¡­pp­j¾V Hhw ¢nM­el AÉ¡­pp­j­¾Vl j­dÉ f¡bÑLÉx-

¤¢nM­el SeÉ AÉ¡­pp­j¾V q­µR ¢nM­el EvLoÑa¡ J ANËN¢a q­µR ¢Le¡ a¡ ¢hQ¡l Ll¡z

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 57

 Afl¢c­L, ¢nMe ­n­o ¢nr¡bÑ£ L£ f¢lj¡­Z ¢nMe pÇfæ L­l­R a¡ ¢hQ¡l Ll¡ qm ¢nM­el AÉ¡­pp­jeVz
¤¢nM­el SeÉ AÉ¡­pp­j­¾Vl E­ŸnÉ q­µR ¢nrL Hhw ¢nr¡bÑ£ kb¡œ²­j ¢nrZ Hhw ¢nM­e fËaÉ¡n¡ Ae¤k¡u£ ANËp­l
prj q­µR ¢Le¡ ­p pÇf­LÑ Ah¢qa qJu¡z
Afl¢c­L, ¢nM­el AÉ¡­pp­j­¾V f¡WQm¡L¡m£e f¢lhaÑ­el p¤¤­k¡N Lj Hhw ¢nMe œ¥¢V ¢eZÑu Hhw a¡l SeÉ
pw­n¡dej§mL hÉhÙÛ¡ a¡vr¢ZL Ll¡ que¡z
¤¢nM­el SeÉ AÉ¡­pp­j­¾Vl E­ŸnÉ qm ­NËX ­cJu¡zAeÉ­cl p­‰ a¥me¡ Ll¡ h¡ nwp¡fœ ­cJu¡ euz
AeÉ¢c­L, ¢nM­el AÉ¡­pp­j­¾Vl AeÉaj E­ŸnÉ qm ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ­NËX c¡e, AeÉ­cl p­‰ a¥me¡ Ll¡ Hhw nwp¡fœ
c¡e Ll¡z
¤¢nM­el SeÉ AÉ¡­pp­jeV qm ¢hL¡nj§mL Hhw HC AÉ¡­pp­j­¾V HLL fl£r¡, LÉ¥CS, NªqS¡L, ­nË¢ZL­r ­j±¢ML
fËnÀ CaÉ¡¢c fË­u¡N Ll¡ quz
AeÉ¢c­L, ¢nM­el AÉ¡­pp­j¾V qm ¢hQ¡lj§mL Hhw HC AÉ¡­pjp­j­¾V °œj¡¢pL, o¡eÈ¡¢pL, h¡¢oÑL fl£r¡ h¡ ­h¡XÑ
LaÑ«L fl£r¡ NËqZ Ll¡ quz

¢hcÉ¡mu¢i¢šL AÉ¡­p­j¾V
School basis Assessment

¢nrL ¢h¢iæ dl­el ­L±nm Ahmð­el j¡dÉ­j ¢hcÉ¡m­u AÉ¡­pp­j­¾Vl L¡kÑ f¢lQ¡me¡ L­l b¡­LezHl j­dÉ AeÉaj
qm ¢nrLLaÑ«L f¡lc¢nÑa¡l Ai£r¡zHC Ai£r¡u A¢a pw¢rç, pw¢rç Hhw lQe¡djÑ£ fËnÀ b¡­Lz¢nrL ­nË¢ZL­r k¡
fs¡e a¡l Efl ¢i¢š L­lC HC fËnÀ…¢m °a¢l Ll¡ qu Hhw ¢e¢cÑø ­nË¢ZL­rC a¡ fË­u¡N L­lezHR¡s¡J ¢h¢iæ
­j±¢ML fl£r¡ J hÉhq¡¢lL f¢lr¡l j¡dÉ­jJ ¢hcÉ¡m­u HC AÉ¡­pp­j¾V Ll¡ q­u b¡­Lz

¢elh¢µRæ J p¡j¢NËL j§mÉ¡ue

Continuous & Comprehensive Evaluation

1986 p¡­ml S¡a£u ¢nr¡e£¢a Ae¤p¡­l ¢elh¢µRæ J p¡j¢NËL j§mÉ¡u­el c¡le¡ NËqZ Ll¡ q­u­RzH¢V HL dl­el
¢hcÉ¡mu ¢i¢šL j§mÉ¡ue hÉhÙÛ¡ k¡ ¢nr¡bÑ£l ¢h¢iæ ¢c­Ll ¢hL¡n­L ¢elh¢µRæi¡­h j§mÉ¡ue L­lzHC j§mÉ¡u­e
¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ¢nMe f¡lc¢nÑa¡l j§mÉ¡u­el f¡n¡f¡¢n ¢nr¡bÑ£l ¢h¢iæ dl­el BQl­Zl j§mÉ¡ue Ll¡ quz

p¡j¢NËL j§mÉ¡ue hm­a ­h¡T¡u j§mÉ¡ue hÉhÙÛ¡l j­dÉ f¡Wœ²¢jL Hhw pqf¡Wœ²¢jL Eiu dl­el L¡kÑ¡h¢m ¢h­h¢Qa
q­hz­k­qa¥ fËb¡Na ¢m¢Ma fl£r¡l à¡l¡ ¢nr¡aÑ£­cl rja¡, fËhZa¡, BNËq, hÉ¢š²aÆ CaÉ¡¢c pÇfLÑ£u abÉ pwNËq Ll¡
pñh eu a¡C j§mÉ¡ue hÉhÙÛ¡ Hje qJu¡ fË­u¡Se k¡l p¡q¡­kÉ ¢nM­e fË­u¡Se£u ph dl­el °h¢nøÉ¡h¢m ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl
j­dÉ L£ f¢lj¡­Z haÑj¡e a¡ S¡e¡ pñhzHl SeÉ ¢h¢iæ dl­el Ai£r¡j§mL J A-Ah£r¡j§mL ­L±nm hÉhq¡l Ll¡
quzpjÙ¹ lLj ­L±nm J fÜ¢a hÉhq¡l L­l ­k j§mÉ¡ue Ll¡ qu, a¡­L p¡j¢NËL j§mÉ¡ue h­mz¢elh¢µRæ Hhw p¡j¢NËL
j§mÉ¡u­e f¡Wœ²¢jL Hhw pqf¡Wœ²¢jL L¡SÑ¡h¢ml j§mÉ¡ue NWeNa J pj¢øNa Eiu dl­el AÉ¡­pp­j¾V Ll¡ fË­u¡Sez

…l¦aÆf§ZÑ fËnÀ¡h¢m
¤¢nr¡l EŸnÉj¤M£ p¡j”pÉf§ZÑ ¢nMe J ¢nre fËQø¡l p¡¢hÑL gmnË¥¢al j¡e ¢hQ¡lLl­el ­k A¢h¢µRæ fË¢œ²u¡, a¡ qm-
→j§mÉ¡uez
¤j§mÉ¡ue ­L¡eÚ dl­el fË¢œ²u¡?
→p¡j¢NËL J d¡l¡h¡¢qL fË¢œ²u¡z

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 58

 ¤j§mÉ¡u­el p¡q¡­kÉ ¢nr¡bÑ£l ­L¡eÚ ¢ho­ul j§mÉ ¢edÑ¡lZ Ll¡ qu?
→¢nr¡bÑ£l °c¢qL, j¡e¢pL, p¡j¡¢SL, fË¡­r¡¢iL, °e¢aL CaÉ¡¢c BQl­Zlz
¤¢nr¡l f¢lj¡f hm­a ¢L ­h¡T¡u?
→¢nr¡bÑ£l ­L¡e A¢SÑa ‘¡e h¡ ­L¡e ¢h­no cra¡ h¡ ­L¡e n¢š²l ¢h­no ¢c­Ll f¢lj¡fz
¤"­L¡e ¢e¢ÕQa ü£L«a ¢euj¡hm£ Ae¤p¡­l hÙ¹¥…­m¡­a pwMÉ¡ fËc¡­el fË¢œ²u¡ qm f¢lj¡fz'- HLb¡ h­m­Re-
→Hp Hp ¢ØV­i¾pz
¤¢houNa f¡lc¢nÑa¡l ­r­œ ¢nrL NWeNa AÉ¡­pp­j­¾V ­L¡eÚ ­L±nm hÉhq¡l L­le?
→­j±¢ML fËnÀ, fkÑhlrZ J hý¢hd fR­¾cl fËnÀz
¤¢elh¢µRæ J p¡j¢NËL j§mÉ¡u­el pÇfLÑ L£?
→H­L Af­ll f¢lf§lLz
¤pw­n¡dej§mL n£M­el SeÉ ­L¡eÚ dl­el j§mÉ¡ue hÉhq¡l Ll¡ fË­u¡Se?
→NWeNa J ¢elh¢µRæ j§mÉ¡uez
¤j§mÉ¡u­el ¢h¢iæ fÜ¢a…¢m qm-
→Ai£r¡, ¢hl£rZ ­L±nm, BaÈ¢hhª¢aj§mLL ­L±nm, fË¢agme Ai£r¡z
¤La…¢m L¡kÑ¡hm£ k¡ ­L¡e ¢e¢cÑø pj­u hÉ¢š²l ¢h­no ­L¡e BQlZ f¢lj¡­f hÉhq©a qu, a¡ qm-
→Ai£r¡z
¤­k Ai£r¡l p¡q¡­kÉ ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ¢hou J ­nË¢Z¢i¢šL f¡lc¢nÑa¡ f¢lj¡f Ll¡ k¡u, a¡ qm-
→f¡lc¢nÑa¡ Ai£r¡z
¤­k Ai£r¡l à¡l¡ hÉ¢š²l j¡e¢pL °h¢nøÉ¡hm£ f¢lj¡f Ll¡ qu, a¡ qm-
→j­e¡°h‘¡¢eL Ai£r¡z
¤h¤¢Ü Ai£r¡, BNËq Ai£r¡ CaÉ¡¢c ­L¡eÚ dl­el Ai£r¡?
→j­e¡°h‘¡¢eL Ai£r¡z
¤¢nr¡bÑ£l fWe rja¡, EµQ¡l­Zl ¢eiÑ¥ma¡,pfË¢ai¡,‘¡­el Ni£la¡ fËi«¢a j§mÉ¡u­el SeÉ ­k Ai£r¡ ­eJu¡ qu, a¡
qm-
→­j±¢ML f¢lr¡z
¤¢nr¡bÑ£­cl f¡WÉ ¢houL c¤hÑma¡ f¢lj¡f Ll¡ qu ­L¡eÚ Ai£r¡l p¡q¡­kÉ?
→c¤hÑma¡ ¢eeÑ¡uL Ai£r¡z
¤h¡¢qÉL BQlZ pÇf­LÑ S¡e¡l SeÉ hÉ¢š²­L fkÑ­hre Ll¡ qu ­k Ai£r¡l p¡q¡­kÉ, a¡ qm-
→¢el£re Ai£r¡z
¤¢el£rZj§mL ­L±nm…¢ml j­dÉ ¢h­no E­õM­k¡NÉ qm-
→Aa£a pwœ²¡¿¹ abÉ¢m¢f,­QL¢mØV,­l¢Vw ­úm Hhw pj¡S¢j¢az
¤BaÈ¢hhª¢aj§mL ­L±n­m hÉhq©a fÜ¢a…¢m qm-
→p¡r¡vL¡l, fËnÀ…µR, hÉ¢š²Na ¢m¢f, BaÈS£he£ Hhw B­m¡Qe¡z
¤¢nMe L¡kÑœ²j h¡Ù¹h¡u­el L¡kÑœ²­j ¢e­u¡¢Sa pLm Ef¡c¡e, fÜ¢a, ­L±nm J L¡kÑL¡¢la¡ k¡Q¡C L­l L¡kÑœ²­jl
mrÉj¡œ¡u ­fy±R¡­e¡l SeÉ ­k j§mÉ¡ue Ll¡ qu a¡ qm-
→NWej§mL j§mÉ¡uez
¤°c¢eL, p¡ç¡¢qL, j¡¢pL, °œj¡¢pL, o¡eÈ¡¢pL Abh¡ ­k ­L¡e ¢f¢lJ¢XL j§mÉ¡ue qm-
→NWej§mL j§mÉ¡uez
¤L¡kÑœ²j h¡Ù¹h¡ueL¡­m ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ANË¢a pÇf­LÑ d¡lZ¡ ­cu ­L¡eÚ j§mÉ¡ue fÜ¢a?
→NWej§mL j§mÉ¡uez

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 59

 ¤¢nr¡bÑ£­cl pjpÉ¡ pj¡d¡­e a¡vr¢eL ¢pÜ¡¿¹ ¢c­a p¡q¡kÉ L­l ­L¡eÚ j§mÉ¡ue fÜ¢a?
→NWej§mL j§mÉ¡uez
¤HL¢V ¢e¢cÑø pj­ul ­n­o ¢nrZ E­ŸnÉ…¢m L£ f¢lj¡­Z A¢SÑa q­u­R L¡kÑpj¡¢ç­a ­p pÇf¢LÑa abÉpwNËq qm-
→p¡j¢øL j§mÉ¡uez
¤HL¢V ¢e¢cÑø pju¡­¿¹, fhÑ­n­o, ­p­jØV¡l ­n­o ­k j§mÉ¡ue Ll¡ qu a¡ qm-
→p¡j¢øL j§mÉ¡uez
¤­NËX ¢eZÑu, ¢nrZ cra¡ ¢eZÑu J ¢nr¡œ²j fkÑ¡­m¡Qe¡ Ll¡ ­L¡eÚ fËL¡l j§mÉ¡u­el E­ŸnÉ?
→p¡j¢øL j§mÉ¡uez
¤i¢hoÉv LjÑ f¢lLÒfe¡l SeÉ L¡kÑLl£ ¢pÜ¡¿¹ fËc¡­e prj ­L¡eÚ fËL¡l j§mÉ¡ue?
→p¡j¢øL j§mÉ¡uez

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 60

 topic Formulating appropriate questions for
assessing readiness levels of learners for
enhancing learning and critical thinking in the
classroom and for assessing learners’
achievement

____________________________________
¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ¢nMe fËÙ¹¥¢a f¢lj¡­fl SeÉ fËnÀLlZ

­nË¢ZL­r ­L¡eÚ ea¥e f¡W ­cJu¡l f§­hÑ I f¡W ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ NËqZ Ll¡l SeÉ LaV¥L¥ fËÙ¹¥a h¡ ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl f¡W NËq­Zl
rja¡ LaV¥L¥ ­p ¢ho­u ¢nrL­L AhnÉC Ah¢qa q­a q­hzHC ¢ho­u Ah¢qa qJu¡l SeÉ ¢nrL ¢LR¥ f¿Û¡
Ahmðe Ll­he, a¡l j­dÉ AeÉaj f¿Û¡ qm ¢nr¡bÑ£l p¡­b B­m¡Qe¡ J ¢LR¥ fË­nÀl j¡dÉ­j ¢nr¡bÑ£l pÇf­LÑ d¡lZ¡
NqZ Ll¡z
­r­œ ¢nrL ­k fËnÀ…¢m Ll­he a¡l ¢LR¥ fË¡p¢‰La¡ J e£uj-e£¢a b¡L­hz­kje-
¤fËnÀ…¢m B­m¡QÉ f¡W f¢lLÒfe¡l fË¡p¢‰L q­a q­hz
¤fËnÀ…¢m kb¡pñh ¢nr¡bÑ£l h¡Ù¹h A¢i‘¡¢i¢šL q­a q­hz
¤fË­nÀl L¡¢W­eÉl j¡e œ²jn pqS ­b­L L¢W­el ¢c­L q­hz
¤fËnÀ…¢m q­a q­h Ns ¢nr¡b£Ñ­cl Ef­k¡¢Nz
¤k¢c ­L¡e ¢nr¡bÑ£ ­L¡e fË­nÀl Ešl e¡ ¢c­a f¡­le, aMe ¢nrL­L ­p ÙÛ¡e ­b­LC B­m¡Qe¡ öl¦ Ll­a q­hz
¤fËnÀ…¢ml j­dÉ ‘¡ej§mL, ­h¡dj§mL Hhw fË­u¡Nj§mL ph dl­el pw¢jnËZ b¡L­hzfË­nÀl j­dÉ "­fË¡¢hw' AbÑ¡v ¢Q¿¹­el
¢hou¢V b¡L­a q­hz

¢nr¡bÑ£l f¡lc¢nÑa¡l f¢lj¡f

pw¢nÔø ¢ho­ul Efl f¡Wc¡e ­n­o ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ L£ f¢lj¡­Z A¢i‘a¡ ASÑe Ll­a prj q­u­R ¢Lwh¡ f¡Wc¡­el E­ŸnÉ
LaV¡ pgm q­u­R a¡ S¡e¡l SeÉ ¢nrL ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl Efl HLL Ai£r¡fœ hÉhq¡l L­lezHC Ai£r¡fœ ­j±¢ML,
¢m¢Ma h¡ hÉhq¡¢lL q­u b¡­Lz

¤Ai£r¡f­œl E­ŸnÉx-
Ai£r¡f­œl ¢ae¢V E­ŸnÉ b¡L­h, kb¡-
[1]¢nr¡bÑ£­cl f¡lc¢nÑa¡ f¢lj¡f Ll¡z
[2]¢nr¡bÑ£­cl c¤hÑma¡ ¢eZÑu Ll¡z
[3]¢nrL, ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ¢gXhÉ¡L plhl¡q Ll¡z

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 61

 ¤Ai£r¡f­œl °h¢nøÉ¡h¢mx-
BL¢V BcnÑ Ai£r¡f­œl ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma °h¢nøÉ…¢m b¡L­h-
•Ai£r¡fœ ­j±¢ML, ¢m¢Ma h¡ hÉhq¡¢lL q­a f¡­lz
•Ai£r¡¢V ¢e¢cÑø HLL f¡W¢i¢šL q­hz
•Ai£r¡¢V HLL f¡W pj¡ç qJu¡l f­l q­hz
•fËnÀ…¢m f¡­Wl ¢hou Hhw ¢nrZ E­ŸnÉ¡e¤k¡u£ q­h AbÑ¡v ‘¡ej§mL, ­h¡dj§mL, fË­u¡Nj§mL Hhw cra¡j§mL fËnÀ
b¡L­hz
•HLL Ai£r¡f­œl pjup£j¡ ¢nrL ¢e¢cÑø Ll­hezHC pju E­ŸnÉ J f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a Ae¤k¡u£ 10 ¢j¢eV ­b­L 1 O¾V¡
q­a f¡­lz

¤HLL Ai£r¡fœ fËÙ¹¥­al e£¢ax-

HLL Ai£r¡fœ fËÙ¹¥­al e£¢a…¢m qm-
•¢houhÙ¹¥­L La…¢m EfHL­L i¡N L­l ¢nrZ E­ŸnÉ Hhw fË­nÀl fËL«¢a Ae¤p¡­l hÔ¥ ¢f˾V fËÙ¹¥a Ll¡z
•hÔ¥ ¢f˾V Ae¤k¡u£ fËnÀ fËÙ¹¥a Ll¡z
•fË¢a¢V fË­nÀl j¡e ¢edÑ¡lZ Ll¡z
•Ešlfœ fËÙ¹¥a Ll¡z
HLL f¡­Wl °c­OÑÉl Efl ¢i¢š L­l Ai£r¡l pjup£j¡ ¢edÑ¡lZ Ll¡z

¤f¡lc¢nÑa¡ f¢lj¡­fl fË­u¡Se£ua¡x-

¢nr¡bÑ£­cl f¡lc¢nÑa¡ f¢lj¡­fl fË­u¡Se£ua¡…¢m qm-
•¢nr¡bÑ£­cl c¤hÑma¡ ¢eZÑuz
•f¡lc¢nÑa¡l j­dÉ â¥aa¡ Beuez
•¢nr¡bÑ£­cl j­dÉ ­fËlZ¡ pª¢øz
•¢nrL J ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ¢gXhÉ¡L plhl¡q Ll¡z
•fËnÀhÉ¡wL fËÙ¹aLlZz
•¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ü-j§mÉ¡uez
…l¦aÆf§ZÑ fËnÀ¡h¢m

¤f¡Wc¡­el f§­hÑ ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl fËnÀ Ll¡l L¡lZ-

(L)¢nr¡bÑ£­cl f§hÑ ‘¡e pÇf­LÑ Ah¢qa qJu¡l SeÉ
(M)¢nr¡bÑ£­cl j­e¡­k¡N BLoÑZ Ll¡l SeÉ
(N)¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ¢Q¿¹¡n¢š² p¢œ²u Ll¡l SeÉz
(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mCz Ex-(O)
¤¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ­nË¢Z ¢nM­e BNËq£ Ll¡l SeÉ ­L¡eÚ dl­el fËnÀ Ll¡ fË­u¡Se?
(L)pqS fËnÀ
(M)j¡T¡¢l dl­el fËnÀ
(N)j§aÑ fËnÀ
(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mC Ex- (O)
¤¢nr¡bÑ£­cl f¡lc¢nÑa¡ f¢lj¡­fl E­ŸnÉ qm-
(L)¢nr¡bÑ£­cl c¤hÑma¡ ¢eZÑu
(M)¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ¢gXhÉ¡L plhl¡q Ll¡

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 62

 (N)pw­n¡dej§mL ¢nr­Zl SeÉ ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ¢e¢cÑø Ll¡
(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mCz Ex- (O)
¤HLL Ai£r¡l °h¢nøÉ qm-
(L)fË­nÀl dle lQe¡djÑ£, A¢apw¢rç J pw¢rç quz
(M)fËnÀ…¢m ­j±¢ML, ¢m¢Ma h¡ hÉhq¡¢lL quz
(N)HLL¢V­L La…¢m E­fL­L ¢hiš² Ll¡ quz
(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mCz Ex- (O)
¤HLL Ai£r¡fœ fËÙ¹¥­al e£¢a qm-
(L)¢houhÙ¹¥­L La…¢m EfHL­L i¡N L­l ¢nrZ E­ŸnÉ Hhw fË­nÀl fËL«¢a Ae¤p¡­l hÔ¥ ¢f˾V fËÙ¹¥a Ll¡z
(M)hÔ¥ ¢f˾V Ae¤k¡u£ fËnÀ fËÙ¹¥a Ll¡z
(N)fË¢a¢V fË­nÀl j¡e ¢edÑ¡lZ Ll¡z
(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mCz Ex- (O)
¤¢nr¡bÑ£­cl f¡lc¢nÑa¡ f¢lj¡­fl fË­u¡Se£ua¡ qm-
(L)¢nr¡bÑ£­cl j­dÉ ­fËlZ¡ pª¢øz
(M)¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ü-j§mÉ¡uez
(N)(L) J (M) EiuC p¢WL
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (N)
¤¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ¢nMe fËÙ¹¥¢a pÇf­LÑ fËnÀ Ll¡l E­ŸnÉ L£?
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¤­L¡eÚ j­e¡¢h‘¡e£ a¡l e£¢a­a ¢nM­el SeÉ j¡e¢pL fËÙ¹¢al …l¦­aÆl Lb¡ E­õM L­l­Re?
→beÑX¡CLz
¤¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ¢nMe fËÙ¹¥¢a S¡e¡l SeÉ ­L¡eÚ j¡e¢pL Ef¡c¡e pÇf­LÑ abÉ S¡e¡ clL¡l?
→­fËoe¡, Q¡¢qc¡ J BNËqz
¤¢nMe fËÙ¹¥¢a ¢fËj¡­fl SeÉ A¢dL¡wn fËnÀ…¢m ­L¡eÚ fËL«¢al qJu¡ fË­u¡Se?
→ ‘¡ej§mL fËnÀz
¤­L¡e ea¥e ¢houhÙ¹¥l Efl f¡Wc¡e öl¦ Ll¡l f§­hÑ ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl fËÙ¹¥¢a f¢lj¡­fl SeÉ ­L¡eÚ dl­el fËnÀ Ll¡
fË­u¡Se?
→ea¥e ¢hou pwœ²¡¿¹ °ce¢¾ce A¢i‘a¡ pwœ²¡¿¹ fËnÀz
¤¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ¢nMe fËÙ¹¥¢a f¢lj¡­fl fËnÀ…¢m ­nË¢ZL­r L¡­cl Ll¡ E¢Qa?
→pLm ¢nr¡bÑ£­clz
¤¢nrZ fËÙ¹¥a f¢lj¡­fl fËnÀ…¢m j§ma ­L¡eÚdl­el q­a q­h?
→¢nrZ E­ŸnÉ Ae¤k¡u£z

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 63

 topic Concept of Inclusive Education and
Understanding Children with Special Needs

_______________________________________
A¿¹iÑ¥¢š²j§mL ¢nr¡
A¿¹iÑ¥¢š²j§mL ¢nr¡ qm Hje HL¢V ¢nr¡hÉhÙÛ¡ ­kM¡­e p¤¤ÙÛ ¢nö­cl f¡n¡f¡¢n j¡e¢pL, n¡l£¢lL fË¢ahå£ Hhw ¢h­no
Q¡¢qc¡pÇfæ pLm ¢nö­cl HLp¡­b ¢nr¡l B­u¡Se Ll¡ quz
¤A¿¹iÑ¥¢š²j§mL ¢nr¡l mrÉx-
•ü¡i¡¢hL J Aü¡i¡¢hL pLm ¢nö­cl j­dÉ p¤¤¾cl ­h¡T¡fs¡l pÇfLÑ N­s ­a¡m¡z
•¢h­no Q¡¢qc¡pÇfæ ¢nö­cl ¢nM­el f¡lc¢nÑa¡ O¢V­u ¢nM­e h¡d¡ c§l£i¨a Ll¡z
•¢h­no Q¡¢qc¡pÇfæ ¢nö­cl j­dÉ BaÈ¢hnÄ¡p S¡¢N­u ­a¡m¡ Hhw a¡­cl hÉ¢š²­aÆl ¢hL¡­n pq¡ua¡ Ll¡z
•p¡d¡lZ ¢nö­cl f¡n¡f¡¢n ¢h­no Q¡¢qc¡pÇfæ ¢nö­cl pLm fËL¡l p¤¤­k¡N p¤¤¢hd¡ fËc¡e Ll¡z
¤A¿¹iÑ¥¢š²j§mL ¢nr¡l h¡d¡x-
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Q¡¢qc¡pÇfæ ¢nr¡bÑ£ hm¡ quz
¢h­no Q¡¢qc¡pÇfæ ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl j­dÉ l­u­R-
[1]Eæa h¤¢ÜpÇfæ J pªSen£m ¢nöx-
•H­cl °c¢qL ¢hL¡n â¥a quz
•Hl¡ Lj hu­p qy¡V­a ­n­Mz
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•Hl¡ M¤h AÒf hu­p fs­a J NZe¡ Ll­a ­n­Mz
•H­cl d¡lZ¡l ¢hL¡n â¥a quz
•Hl¡ phpju k¤¢š²pÇfæ Lb¡ h­mz
•H­cl j­e¡­k¡­Nl f¢lpl A­eL ¢hÙ¹«az

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 64

 •H­cl Øj«¢al pwlrZ rja¡ ­h¢n Hhw pq­S f¤el¦­âL Ll­a f¡­lz
•Hl¡ ­k­L¡e pjpÉ¡l â¥a pj¡d¡e Ll­a f¡­lz
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[2]r£Z h¤¢ÜpÇfæ ¢nöx-
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•H­cl i¡o¡l ¢hL¡n d£l N¢a­a quz
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[3]AeNËpl h¡ d£l ¢nöx-
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[4]‘¡­e¢¾cÊ­ul ¢cL ­b­L ApjbÑ ¢nöx-

‘¡­e¢¾cÊ­ul ¢cL ­b­L ApjbÑ ¢nöl¡ qm-
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­Q­u Ljz
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•üÒf hÉqa nË¥¢apÇfæ ¢nö­cl në ­n¡e¡l a£hËa¡ 26-40 dBz
•…l¦al hÉqa nË¥¢apÇfæ ¢nö­cl në ­n¡e¡l a£hËa¡ 41-80 dB z
•f§ZÑ h¢dl ¢nö­cl në ­n¡e¡l a£hËa¡ 80 dB z
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•BL¢ØjL h¢dla¡l L¡lZ- q¡j, ¢Xf­b¢lu¡, Nm¡ h¡ e¡­Ll ­l¡Nz
•k¡¢¿»L ­L±n­ml hÉhq¡­ll j¡dÉ­j Hl¡ ¢nr¡NËqZ L­lz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 65

 ¤n¡l£¢lL fË¢ahå£x-
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→¢LEj¤­m¢Vi ­lLXÑ L¡XÑz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 66

 ¤hÉ¢aœ²j£ ¢nö­cl fËL«¢a ¢Q¢q²aLl­el p­hÑ¡vL«ø Ef¡u ­L¡eÚ¢V?
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¤¢mMe Arja¡­L L£ hm¡ qu?
→¢XpNË¡¢gu¡ (Dysgraphia)
¤N¡¢Z¢aL Arja¡­L L£ hm¡ qu?
→¢XpLÉ¡mL¥¢mu¡ (Dyscalculia)
¤¢nMe Arja¡l f¢lj¡fL¡l£ Ai£r¡…¢m qm-
→BcnÑ¡¢ua c¤hÑma¡ ¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡
→fË¢œ²u¡j§mL Ai£r¡
→AfËb¡Na fWe Ai£r¡
→¢eZÑ¡uL ¢i¢šL Ai£r¡
→BQlZNa j§mÉ¡ue Ai£r¡
¤¢nMe Arja¡l f¢lj¡fL¡l£ BcnÑ¡¢ua f¡lc¢nÑa¡l Ai£r¡ qm-
→Monroe Diagonistic Reading Examination
Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 67
 →Gates Reading Diagonistic Test
→Gray Oral Reading Test
→Durrel Analysis of Learning Difficulty
→Woodcock Reading Mastery Test
→Key Math Diagonistic Arithmetic
→Stanford Diagonistic Arithmetic Test

¤¢nMe Arja¡l f¢lj¡fL¡l£ fË¢œ²u¡j§mL Ai£r¡ qm-

→Illinois Test of Psycho-linguistic Abilities
→Marianne Frostig Development Test of Visual Perception
¤50-69 Hl j­dÉ h¤ÜÉ¡ˆpÇfæ­cl L£ hm¡ qu?
→­j¡le (Moron)
¤­h¡dq£e (Imbecile) hÉ¢š²­cl h¤ÜÉ¡ˆ La?
→25-49 Hl j­dÉz
¤Ssh¤¢ÜpÇfæ (Idiot) hÉ¢š²­cl h¤ÜÉ¡ˆ La?
→25 Hl Ljz
¤jªc¤ j¡œ¡u j¡e¢pL fË¢ah壭cl h¤ÜÉ¡ˆ La?
→50-69
¤jdÉj¡œ¡l j¡e¢pL fË¢ah壭cl h¤ÜÉ¡ˆ La?
→35-49
¤…l¦al j¡œ¡l j¡e¢pL fË¢ah壭cl h¤ÜÉ¡ˆ La?
→25-34
¤Q¨s¡¿¹ j¡e¢pL fË¢ah壭cl h¤ÜÉ¡ˆ La?
→25 Hl e£­Qz
¤¢nMe Arja¡k¤š² ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ¢nr¡hÉhÙÛ¡…¢m qm-
→­X ú¥mz
→¢h­no ­nË¢Z hÉhÙÛ¡z
→pj¢eÄa ¢nr¡hÉhÙÛ¡z
¤Arj hÉ¢š²­cl A¢dL¡l pwœ²¡¿¹ ¢h¢iæ ¢ho­u fc­rf NËqZ L­l­R Hje B¿¹ÑS¡¢aL pwÙÛ¡ qm-
→¢hnÄ ü¡ÙÛÉ pwÙÛ¡z
→¢hnÄ hÉ¡ˆz
→CE­e­ú¡z
¤h¢dl ¢nöl¡ p¡d¡lZ ¢nö A­fr¡ A¢dL ¢f¢R­u b¡­L ­L¡eÚ ¢ho­u?
→i¡o¡l ¢hL¡­nz
¤fË¡l¢ñL ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl p¡d¡lZa ­kph ¢hnª´Mm BQlZ ­cM¡ k¡u, ­p…¢m qm-
→Ah¡dÉ Hhw HLNy¥­u¢jz
→Ae¡œ²jZdjÑ£a¡z
→hc­jS¡Sz
¤pªSen£ma¡l Ef¡c¡e…¢m qm-
→p¡hm£ma¡, eje£ua¡, ­j±¢mLaÆ, pÇfËp¡lZz
¤p¡hm£ma¡ Lb¡¢Vl AbÑ qm-
→¢Q¿¹e fË¢œ²u¡l â¥aa¡z
Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 68
 ¤pªSen£ma¡l HL¢V …l¦aÆf§ZÑ Ef¡c¡e qm-
→eje£ua¡z
¤pªSen£m ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl °h¢nøÉ qm-
→Hl¡ ­M¡m¡­jm¡ f¢l­h­n ü¡µR¾cÉ Ae¤ih L­lz
→H­cl BQl­Z Afp¡l£ i¡h fË¡d¡eÉ f¡uz
→H­cl fËMl Øj«¢an¢š² J Ae¤o‰ lQZ¡ Ll¡l ¢h­no rja¡ l­u­Rz
¤pªSen£m ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl °h¢nøÉ qm-
→H­cl ­fËoZ¡ LjÑ­L¢¾cÊL Hhw AiÉ¿¹l£Zz
→Hl¡ LÒfe¡fËhZz
→a¡­cl ¢Q¿¹¡ J ¢pÜ¡¿¹ NËq­Z ­j±¢mLaÆ f¢lm¢ra quz
→Hl¡ ­L±a¨qm£ quz
¤pªSen£m ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl °h¢nøÉ qm-
→a¡­cl j­dÉ Ap¡hd¡e£ J nª´Mm¡l Ai¡h ­cM¡ k¡uz
→Hl¡ AeÉjeú J i¥­m¡j­el quz
→Hl¡ BaÈ­L¢¾cÊL quz
→Hl¡ ­jS¡¢S Hhw B­hNfËhZ quz
¤¢h­c­n fËÙ¹¥a BcnÑ¡¢ua pªSen£ma¡l f¢lj¡­fl Ai£r¡ qm-
→Minnesota test of creative thinking
→Guilford's divergent thinking instrument
→Torrance test of creative thinking
¤i¡lah­oÑ fËÙ¹¥a BcnÑ¡¢ua pªSen£ma¡l f¢lj¡­fl Ai£r¡ qm-
→Baqer Mehadi's test of creative thinking
→Passi test of creativeness
→Sharma's divergent production ability test
→Sharma's test of creativity
¤pªSen£m ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl SeÉ ­L¡eÚ dl­el ¢nr¡hÉhÙÛ¡ NËqZ Ll¡ fË­u¡Se?
→fªbL ¢hcÉ¡mu
→rja¡l ¢i¢š­a ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ­nË¢ZLlZ
→pjªÜ f¡Wœ²j °a¢l L­lz
¤cª¢ø fË¢ahå£l¡ fW­el SeÉ ­L¡eÚ C¢¾cÊu hÉhq¡l L­l?
→ØfnÑ C¢¾cÊuz
¤­j¢mu¡p, CeL¡p Hhw ­ØV¢fp NË¢¿Û…¢m ­L¡b¡u Ah¢ÙÛa?
→h¢qxL­ZÑz
¤Autism Hl mrZ qm-
→A­eÉl p­‰ pÇf­LÑl Ai¡h
→LÒfe¡ n¢š²l Ai¡h
→¢hj§aÑ d¡lZ¡ NW­e c£OÑ pj­ul fË­u¡Se quz
¤pw¢hd¡e Ae¤k¡u£ pj¡­Sl c¤hÑm h¡ ¢f¢R­u fs¡ Awn L¡l¡?
→pj¡­Sl ­k Awn p¡j¡¢SL J AbÑ°e¢aL ¢cL ­b­L ¢f¢R­u l­u­Rz
¤fÕQ¡vfc ­nË¢Z hm­a L¡­cl ­h¡T¡u?
→SC Hhw ST

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 69

 ¤AeÉ¡eÉ fÕQ¡vfc ­nË¢Z (OBC) L¡l¡?
→S¢jq£e L«oLpÇfËc¡uz
→p¡j¡¢SL J ¢nr¡Na ¢cL ­b­L fÕQ¡vfcz
¤i¡la£u pw¢hd¡­e ­L¡eÚ ­L¡eÚ d¡l¡u pwMÉ¡mO¤ pÇfËc¡­ul ¢nr¡l ­r­œ p¤¤­k¡Np¤¤¢hd¡ ­cJu¡ q­u­R?
→29(1), 29(2) Hhw 30(2) ew d¡l¡uz
¤e¡l£¢nr¡ fËp¡­ll SeÉ L£ fË­u¡Se?
→e¡l£¢nr¡l fË­u¡Se£ua¡ pÇf­LÑ SeNZ­L p­Qae Ll¡z
→A¢dL f¢lj¡­Z e¡l£¢nrL ¢e­u¡Nz
→¢hcÉ¡m­u h¡¢mL¡­cl SeÉ Efk¤š² f¢lL¡W¡­j¡l hÉhÙÛ¡ Ll¡z
¤e¡l£¢nr¡ fËp¡­l A¿¹l¡u qm-
→f¤œ J LeÉ¡ p¿¹¡­el j­dÉ f¡bÑLÉj§mL cª¢øi¢‰z
→¢hcÉ¡m­u ­j­u­cl SeÉ f¢lL¡W¡­j¡l Ai¡hz
→¢fa¡j¡a¡l ¢elrla¡ J Ap­Qaea¡z

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 70

 Pedagogy

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 71

 Basic process of teaching and learning,
topic
children’s strategies of learning, learning as
a social activity, social context of learning

•Creative learning situations, criteria of learning

experiences, different modes of learning, social
learning, co-operative and collaborative learning,
group discussion, role of teachers
•Child as a problem solver and a scientific
investigator

¤­nË¢ZL­r f¡Wc¡e fË¢œ²u¡¢V ¢nrL à¡l¡ ¢eu¢¿»a quz¢nrL ¢eu¢¿»a f¡Wc¡e­L L­uL¢V i¡­N i¡N Ll¡ quzkb¡-
[1]hš²«a¡ fÜ¢az
[2]fËcnÑe fÜ¢az
[3]cmNa f¡Wc¡ez
[4]p¢œ²ua¡¢i¢šL f¡Wc¡ez

¢e­jÀ f¡Wc¡­el fË¢œ²u¡…¢m­L pw­r­f B­m¡Qe¡ Ll¡ qm-

¤hš²«a¡ fÜ¢ax-
hš²«a¡ fÜ¢al °h¢nøÉ…¢m qm-
•HC fÜ¢a­a ¢nrL ¢e¢cÑø pj­u HLp­‰ hý pwMÉL ¢nr¡bÑ£­L ­nM¡­a f¡­lez
•H¢V HL¢V ¢nrL­L¢¾cÊL ¢nrZ fÜ¢az
•H¢V HL¢V HLj¤M£ fË¢œ²u¡zHM¡­e ¢nr¡bÑ£ A¢dL¡wn pj­uC ¢e¢×œ²u b¡­Lz
•¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ­L±a¥qm£ L­l a¥m­a Hhw a¡­cl pªSen£ma¡­L ¢hL¢na Ll­a HC fÜ¢a prj euz
•HC fÜ¢a­a ¢nrL J ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ ¢gXhÉ¡L f¡ue¡z

¤hš²«a¡ fÜ¢al Eæ¢aLl­Z ¢nrL ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma f¿Û¡ Ahmðe Ll­he-

•¢nrL ­nË¢ZL­r fË­u¡Se j­a¡ Qm¡­gl¡ Ll­he Hhw ­Q¡­Ml cª¢ø­aJ Qm¡­gl¡l pw­La l¡M­hez
•¢nrL fË­u¡Se j­a¡ A‰i¢‰ Ll­he, Hl g­m f¡W-B­m¡Qe¡ h¤T­a pqS q­h Hhw ¢nrL-¢nr¡bÑ£­cl pÇfLÑ
Ni£l q­hz
•¢nrL f¢l­hn f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a Ae¤k¡u£ LM­e¡ EµQü­l Lb¡ hm­he, Bh¡l LM­e¡ ¢ejÀü­l hš²­hÉl jdÉ ¢c­u R¡œ­cl fË¢a
ay¡l ­pÀqi¡­m¡h¡p¡, clc, pq¡e¤i¨¢a f¢lØg¨V Ll­hez
•hš²«a¡ fÜ¢al Eæ¢aLl­Z ¢nrL ¢h¢iæ dl­el ­g¡L¡¢pw hÉhq¡l Ll­hez­kje- ¢nr¡bÑ£l fË¢a ¢e­cÑne¡ c¡e,
hÔÉ¡L­h¡­XÑl …l¦aÆf§ZÑ ¢ho­ul e£­Q c¡N ­cJu¡, j¡e¢Qœ hÉhq¡l, pÔ¡CX Hl hÉhq¡l, ¢houhÙ¹¥­L hÉ¡MÉ¡Ll­Zl cra¡
CaÉ¡¢cl jdÉ ¢c­u ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl f¡W NËq­Zl fË¢a BL«ø Ll­hez
¤fË¢af¡ce fÜ¢ax-
Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 72
 fË¢af¡ce fÜ¢al °h¢nøÉ…¢m qm-
•H­r­œ hš²«a¡ h¡ ¢S‘¡p¡ h¡ Eiu fÜ¢al f¡n¡f¡¢n ¢LR¥ Ll¡l jdÉ ¢c­u f¡Wc¡e Ll¡ quz
•HC fÜ¢a­a ¢h¢iæ ¢nr¡ EfLlZ ­kje- j¡e¢Qœ, X¡u¡NË¡j, Ji¡l­qX ­fË¡­Sƒl, pÔ¡CX ­fË¡­Sƒl CaÉ¡¢c hÉhq¡l
Ll¡ quz
•HC fÜ¢a­a d¡lZ¡, e£¢a, S¢Vm ­L±nm Hhw ­h±¢ÜL J p¡C­L¡­j¡Vl cra¡ ¢nrZ­L BlJ pqS-plm L­l
­a¡­mz
•HC fÜ¢a­a ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ¢e­S­cl Ae¤n£me Ll¡l ¢i¢š °a¢l quz
•fË¢af¡ce fÜ¢a hÉhq¡l Ll¡l f§­hÑ ¢nrL­L k­bøl fËÙ¹¥¢a ¢e­a quz
•HC fÜ¢a­a ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ ¢nrL LaÑ«L B­m¡¢Qa abÉ, ašÄ J d¡le¡­L p¢WLi¡­h h¤T­a f¡­lz

¤fË¢af¡ce fÜ¢al Ap¤¤¢hd¡x-

•H¢V HL¢V ¢nrL­L¢¾cÊL fË¢œ²u¡ qJu¡u ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ ¢e¢×œ²u b¡­Lz
•H­r­œ hÉ¢š²Na f¡bÑ­LÉl e£¢a Ae¤pªa que¡, g­m ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ a¡­cl rja¡ Ae¤k¡u£ ANËpl q­a f¡­le¡z
•H­r­œ ¢eS q¡­a fl£r¡ Ll¡l p¤¤­k¡N e¡ b¡L¡u hÉhq¡¢lL cra¡ ASÑ­el p¤¤­k¡N O­V e¡z
•HC fÜ¢a­a ¢nrL­L phpju a¡l fËcnÑ­el fË¢a j­e¡­k¡N£ b¡L¡u ­nË¢Z­a ¢hnª´Mm¡ pª¢ø qJu¡l pñ¡he¡ b¡­Lz
•HC fÜ¢a­a ­jd¡h£ ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ EfL«a q­mJ p¡d¡lZ ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ M¤h ­h¢n H¢N­u ­k­a f¡­le¡z

¤¢Vj ¢V¢Qw fÜ¢ax-

¢Vj ¢V¢Qw fÜ¢al °h¢nøÉ…¢m qm-
•HC fÜ¢a­a c¤C h¡ A¢dL ¢nrL ay¡­cl ¢eS ¢eS A¢i‘a¡­L ¢i¢š L­l f¡lØf¢lL pq­k¡¢Na¡l j¡dÉ­j pjNË
­L¡­pÑl ¢h¢iæ Aw­nl Efl f¡Wc¡e L­lez
•H¢V HL¢V eje£u fÜ¢az¢h¢iæ fÜ¢a…¢m­L HM¡­e fË­u¡N Ll¡ qu, ­kje- AÉ¡p¡Ce­j¾V, ¢p¢XE¢mw, NË¥¢fw CaÉ¡¢cz
•¢nrL, R¡œ, ¢nr¡ Ae¤l¡N£NZ pL­m f¡lØf¢lL pq­k¡¢Na¡l j¡dÉ­j f¡Wc¡e­L pgm L­l ­a¡­mz
•HLC cmi¥š² ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl fWef¡W­e EvLoÑa¡l SeÉ ¢nrLNZ f¡W-f¢lLÒfe¡, pwNWe, ­ea«aÆc¡e, ¢eu¿»Z Hhw
j§mÉ¡u­e pq­k¡¢Na¡ L­lez
•¢Vj ¢V¢Qw fÜ¢a­a ¢nr­Ll ü¡d£ea¡ Hhw AeeÉa¡ lr¡ Ll­a ­L¡e Ap¤¤¢hd¡ que¡z

¤¢Vj ¢V¢Qw fÜ¢al p¤¤¢hd¡x-

¢Vj ¢V¢Qw fÜ¢al p¤¤¢hd¡…¢m qm-
•HC fÜ¢a­a Ns ­jd¡, ­jd¡h£, AÒf ­jd¡h£ CaÉ¡¢c ¢h¢iæ j¡­el ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ¢nr¡c¡­e ­L¡elLj Ap¤¤¢hd¡ que¡z
•HC fÜ¢a f¡Wc¡­el ašÄ¡hd¡e­L Eæa L­lz
•HC fÜ¢a­a f¡Wc¡­el EfLlZ, ­kje- ­Vf, pÔ¡CX, ¢i¢XJ ­fË¡NË¡j CaÉ¡¢cl p¡bÑL J p¢WL hÉhq¡l Ll¡l p¤¤­k¡N
b¡­Lz
•HC fÜ¢a­a fË­u¡Se J f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a Ae¤k¡u£ ¢nrL ay¡l f¡Wc¡e fÜ¢a fË­u¡N Ll¡l p¤¤­k¡N f¡ez
¤p¢œ²ua¡¢i¢šL f¡Wc¡e fÜ¢ax-
p¢œ²ua¡¢i¢šL f¡Wc¡e fÜ¢a ¢nr¡bÑ£­L¢¾cÊL Hhw ¢nrL­L¢¾cÊL q­u b¡­Lz¢nr¡bÑ£­L¢¾cÊL f¡Wc¡­e ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ pjpÉ¡
fR¾c Ll¡l ü¡d£ea¡ f¡u Hhw L£i¡­h pjpÉ¡ pj¡d¡e q­h a¡l ­L±nm ¢ÙÛl Ll¡l pjuJ ü¡d£ea¡ f¡uzH­r­œ
¢nrL­Ll LaÑhÉ qm pjpÉ¡ pj¡d¡­e ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl fË­u¡Se j­a¡ ¢e­cÑne¡ c¡e Ll¡z
AeÉ¢c­L ¢nrL­L¢¾cÊL f¡Wc¡­e ¢nrL öd¤j¡œ ¢e­cÑne¡ ­cee¡zf¡n¡f¡¢n f¢lLÒfe¡L¡l£ J jÉ¡­eS¡­ll L¡SJ L­l
b¡­Lez

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 73

 ¤¢nrL­L¢¾cÊL f¡Wc¡­el ­nË¢Z¢hi¡Nx-
¢nrL­L¢¾cÊL f¡Wc¡­el ­r­œ ¢h¢iæ dl­el L¡kÑ¡h¢m E­õM Ll¡ k¡uzfËd¡e fËd¡e L¡S…¢m ¢e­jÀ E­õM Ll¡ qm-
(a) Incident Method:-
HM¡­e ¢nrL h¡Ù¹h ­L¡e OVe¡l E­õM Ll­hezHC fÜ¢al jdÉ ¢c­u ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl pjpÉ¡…¢m ¢e¢cÑø Ll­a hm¡ qu
Hhw L£i¡­h f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a­L p¡S¡­m ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ i¡­m¡i¡­h ¢nM­a f¡­l ­p pÇf­LÑ p¤¤f¡¢ln Ll­a hm¡ quz
(b)­Lp ØV¡¢X ­jbXx-
HC fÜ¢a­a ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl pÇj¥­M h¡Ù¹h h¡ Ae¤j¡e¢i¢šL ­L¡e pjpÉ¡, hš²hÉ, ¢m¢Ma h¡ °hcÉ¥¢ae j¡dÉ­jl p¡q¡­kÉ
¢nr¡bÑ£­cl p¡j­e EfÙÛ¡fe Ll¡ quz
(c)Ae¤L«¢a fÜ¢ax-
Ae¤L«¢a fÜ¢a­a h¡Ù¹h f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a L«¢œj Ef¡­u ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ¢eLV EfÙÛ¡fe Ll¡ quz
(d)i¨¢jL¡ f¡mex-
i¨¢jL¡ f¡me HL dl­el ­L±nm ­kM¡­e AwnNËqZL¡l£l¡ ¢h¢iæ i§¢jL¡ f¡me L­l Hhw ­Qø¡ L­l fkÑ­hreL¡l£l¡
k¡­a a¡­cl j­a¡ BQle L­lz
(e)Prioritisation Exercise:-
H¢V HL¢V plm fÜ¢azHM¡­e ¢nr¡bÑ£­L ­L¡e pjpÉ¡l °h¢nøÉ¡h¢m h¡ pj¡d¡­el f¿Û¡…¢m ­cJu¡ quz­L¡e °h¢n­øÉl
¢i¢š­a H…¢m­L œ²j¡e¤k¡u£ ¢heÉÙ¹ Ll­a hm¡ quzœ²j¡e¤k¡u£ ¢heÉÙ¹ Ll¡ q­u ­N­m a¡ ¢e­u cmNa B­m¡Qe¡ Ll¡
quzHC dl­el L¡­Sl jdÉ ¢c­u ¢hQ¡lLlZ, ­k¡N¡­k¡N Hhw j¡eh pÇfLÑ ¢hL¡­nl cra¡ ASÑ­e p¡q¡kÉ L­lz

¤¢nr¡bÑ£­L¢¾cÊL f¡Wc¡ex-
¢nr¡bÑ£­L¢¾cÊL f¡Wc¡e­L üuw ¢nMe fÜ¢a hm¡ quzHl °h¢nøÉ…¢m qm-
•HC fÜ¢a­a ¢nrZ A­fr¡ ¢nM­el Efl …l¦aÆ B­l¡f Ll¡ quz
•H­r­œ hÉ¢š²Na f¡bÑLÉ­L ü£L¡l Ll¡ quz
•HM¡­e ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ p¢œ²ui¡­h AwnNËqZ L­lz
•H­r­œ ¢e­Sl ­jd¡, fËhZa¡ Hhw pju¡e¤k¡u£ Ae¤plZ Ll¡l p¤¤­k¡N l­u­Rz
•H­r­œ ¢gXhÉ¡L plhl¡­ql p¤¤­k¡N l­u­Rz
üuw ¢nM­el ¢h¢iæ ­L±nm…¢m qm-
(a)Programmed Instruction h¡ f¢lL¢Òfa f¡Wc¡ez
HC fÜ¢a­a f¢lL¢Òfa ¢nr¡c¡­e ¢nrZ£u ¢houhÙ¹¥­L Hjei¡­h ¢heÉ¡p Ll¡ qu k¡­a ¢nM­el N¢a Hhw Ni£la¡
p­hÑ¡µQ fkÑ¡­u O­V, Hl g­m ­h¡dNjÉa¡ Hhw ¢nr¡bÑ£l ­fËlZ¡ hª¢Ü f¡uz
(b)Personalised System of Instruction:
HC fÜ¢a­a hÉ¢š²Nai¡­h ¢nr¡c¡­el Efl …l¦aÆ ­cJu¡ quzH¢V­L Kellerplay hm¡ quzHC f¢lLÒfe¡u ¢nMe­L
d¡l¡h¡¢qLi¡­h ¢ae¢V fkÑ¡­u l©f ­cJu¡ qu, kb¡- EfÙÛ¡fe, fË¢a¢œ²u¡ Hhw gm¡gmzHC fÜ¢a­a ¢nr¡bÑ£­L a¡l
­h±¢ÜL, jeÙ¹¡¢šÄL, BbÑp¡j¡¢SL AhÙÛ¡e, BNËq J fËhZa¡l Efl ¢h­hQe¡ L­l ¢nr¡c¡e Ll¡ quz
(c)Computer Assisted Instruction:
H¢VJ HL dl­el ­fË¡NË¡j¢i¢šL ¢nMezH­r­œ L¢ÇfEV¡l­L ¢nr¡l j¡dÉj ¢q­p­h hÉhq¡l Ll¡ quzH­r­œ L¢ÇfEV¡l
pl¡p¢l ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl Cegl­jne ­cu Hhw L¢ÇfEV¡l ¢p­ØV­j ­fË¡NË¡j¢i¢šL ¢ho­ul p­‰ ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ fË¢a¢œ²u¡ L­lz

…l¦aÆf§ZÑ fËnÀ¡hm£

¤e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ¢V ­nË¢ZL­r ¢nrL ¢eu¢¿»a f¡Wc¡e fË¢œ²u¡l A¿¹Ñi¥š²?

[L]hš²«a¡ fÜ¢az
[M]fËcnÑe fÜ¢az
[N] (L) J (M) EiuCz
[O]Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- [N]

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 74

 ¤e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ¢V ­nË¢ZL­r ¢nrL ¢eu¢¿»a f¡Wc¡e fË¢œ²u¡l A¿¹Ñi¥š²?
[L]cmNa f¡Wc¡ez
[M]p¢œ²ua¡¢i¢šL f¡Wc¡ez
[N] (L) J (M) EiuCz
[O]Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- [N]
¤hš²«a¡ fÜ¢al °h¢nøÉ qm-
[L]HC fÜ¢a­a ¢nrL ¢e¢cÑø pj­u HLp­‰ hý pwMÉL ¢nr¡bÑ£­L ­nM¡­a f¡­lez
[M]H¢V HL¢V ¢nrL­L¢¾cÊL ¢nrZ fÜ¢az
[N]H¢V HL¢V HLj¤M£ fË¢œ²u¡z
[O]Ef­ll ph…¢mCz Ex- [O]
¤hš²«a¡ fÜ¢al °h¢nøÉ qm-
[L]¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ­L±a¥qm£ L­l a¥m­a Hhw a¡­cl pªSen£ma¡­L ¢hL¢na Ll­a HC fÜ¢a prj euz
[M]HC fÜ¢a­a ¢nrL J ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ ¢gXhÉ¡L f¡ue¡z
[N] (L) J (M) EiuCz
[O]Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- [N]
¤hš²«a¡ fÜ¢al Eæ¢aLl­Z ¢nrL ­k f¿Û¡ Ahmðe Ll­he a¡ qm-
[L]­nË¢ZL­r fË­u¡Se j­a¡ Qm¡­gl¡ Ll­he Hhw ­Q¡­Ml cª¢ø­aJ Qm¡­gl¡l pw­La l¡M­hez
[M]¢nrL fË­u¡Se j­a¡ A‰i¢‰ Ll­he, Hl g­m f¡W-B­m¡Qe¡ h¤T­a pqS q­h Hhw ¢nrL-¢nr¡bÑ£­cl pÇfLÑ
Ni£l q­hz
[N]¢nrL f¢l­hn f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a Ae¤k¡u£ LM­e¡ EµQü­l Lb¡ hm­he, Bh¡l LM­e¡ ¢ejÀü­l hš²­hÉl jdÉ ¢c­u R¡œ­cl
fË¢a ay¡l ­pÀqi¡­m¡h¡p¡, clc, pq¡e¤i¨¢a f¢lØg¨V Ll­hez
[O]Ef­ll ph…¢mCz Ex- [O]
¤fË¢af¡ce fÜ¢al °h¢nøÉ qm-
[L]H­r­œ hš²«a¡ h¡ ¢S‘¡p¡ h¡ Eiu fÜ¢al f¡n¡f¡¢n ¢LR¥ Ll¡l jdÉ ¢c­u f¡Wc¡e Ll¡ quz
[M]HC fÜ¢a­a ¢h¢iæ ¢nr¡ EfLlZ ­kje- j¡e¢Qœ, X¡u¡NË¡j, Ji¡l­qX ­fË¡­Sƒl, pÔ¡CX ­fË¡­Sƒl CaÉ¡¢c hÉhq¡l
Ll¡ quz
[N]HC fÜ¢a­a d¡lZ¡, e£¢a, S¢Vm ­L±nm Hhw ­h±¢ÜL J p¡C­L¡­j¡Vl cra¡ ¢nrZ­L BlJ pqS-plm L­l
­a¡­mz
[O]Ef­ll ph…¢mCz Ex- [O]
¤fË¢af¡ce fÜ¢al °h¢nøÉ qm-
[L]HC fÜ¢a­a ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ¢e­S­cl Ae¤n£me Ll¡l ¢i¢š °a¢l quz
[M]fË¢af¡ce fÜ¢a hÉhq¡l Ll¡l f§­hÑ ¢nrL­L k­bøl fËÙ¹¥¢a ¢e­a quz
[N]HC fÜ¢a­a ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ ¢nrL LaÑ«L B­m¡¢Qa abÉ, ašÄ J d¡le¡­L p¢WLi¡­h h¤T­a f¡­lz
[O]Ef­ll ph…¢mCz Ex- [O]
¤fË¢af¡ce fÜ¢al Ap¤¤¢hd¡ qm-
[L]H¢V HL¢V ¢nrL­L¢¾cÊL fË¢œ²u¡ qJu¡u ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ ¢e¢×œ²u b¡­Lz
[M]H­r­œ hÉ¢š²Na f¡bÑ­LÉl e£¢a Ae¤pªa que¡, g­m ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ a¡­cl rja¡ Ae¤k¡u£ ANËpl q­a f¡­le¡z
[N]H­r­œ ¢eS q¡­a fl£r¡ Ll¡l p¤¤­k¡N e¡ b¡L¡u hÉhq¡¢lL cra¡ ASÑ­el p¤¤­k¡N O­V e¡z
[O]Ef­ll ph…¢mCz Ex- [O]
¤fË¢af¡ce fÜ¢al Ap¤¤¢hd¡ qm-
[L]HC fÜ¢a­a ¢nrL­L phpju a¡l fËcnÑ­el fË¢a j­e¡­k¡N£ b¡L¡u ­nË¢Z­a ¢hnª´Mm¡ pª¢ø qJu¡l pñ¡he¡ b¡­Lz
[M]HC fÜ¢a­a ­jd¡h£ ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ EfL«a q­mJ p¡d¡lZ ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ M¤h ­h¢n H¢N­u ­k­a f¡­le¡z
[N] (L) J (M) EiuCz
Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 75
 [O]Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- [N]
¤¢Vj ¢V¢Qw fÜ¢al ­r­œ e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ¢V p¢WL?
[L]HC fÜ¢a­a c¤C h¡ A¢dL ¢nrL ay¡­cl ¢eS ¢eS A¢i‘a¡­L ¢i¢š L­l f¡lØf¢lL pq­k¡¢Na¡l j¡dÉ­j pjNË
­L¡­pÑl ¢h¢iæ Aw­nl Efl f¡Wc¡e L­lez
[M]H¢V HL¢V eje£u fÜ¢az
[N]¢nrL, R¡œ, ¢nr¡ Ae¤l¡N£NZ pL­m f¡lØf¢lL pq­k¡¢Na¡l j¡dÉ­j f¡Wc¡e­L pgm L­l ­a¡­mz
[O]Ef­ll ph…¢mCz Ex- [O]

¤¢Vj ¢V¢Qw fÜ¢al ­r­œ e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ¢V p¢WL?

[L]HLC cmi¥š² ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl fWef¡W­e EvLoÑa¡l SeÉ ¢nrLNZ f¡W-f¢lLÒfe¡, pwNWe, ­ea«aÆc¡e, ¢eu¿»Z Hhw
j§mÉ¡u­e pq­k¡¢Na¡ L­lez
[M]¢Vj ¢V¢Qw fÜ¢a­a ¢nr­Ll ü¡d£ea¡ Hhw AeeÉa¡ lr¡ Ll­a ­L¡e Ap¤¤¢hd¡ que¡z
[N] (L) J (M) EiuCz
[O]Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- [N]
¤¢Vj ¢V¢Qw fÜ¢al p¤¤¢hd¡ qm-
[L]HC fÜ¢a­a Ns ­jd¡, ­jd¡h£, AÒf ­jd¡h£ CaÉ¡¢c ¢h¢iæ j¡­el ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ¢nr¡c¡­e ­L¡elLj Ap¤¤¢hd¡ que¡z
[M]HC fÜ¢a f¡Wc¡­el ašÄ¡hd¡e­L Eæa L­lz
[N]HC fÜ¢a­a fË­u¡Se J f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a Ae¤k¡u£ ¢nrL ay¡l f¡Wc¡e fÜ¢a fË­u¡N Ll¡l p¤¤­k¡N f¡ez
[O]Ef­ll ph…¢mCz Ex- [O]
¤h¡Ù¹h ­L¡e OVe¡l E­õM L­l ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl pjpÉ¡…¢m ¢e¢cÑø Ll­a hm¡ qu Hhw L£i¡­h f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a­L p¡S¡­m
¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ i¡­m¡i¡­h ¢nM­a f¡­l ­p pÇf­LÑ p¤¤f¡¢ln Ll­a hm¡ qu ­S fÜ¢a­a a¡ qm-
[L]C¢¾p­X¾V ­jbXz
[M]­Lp ØV¡¢X ­jbXz
[N]Ae¤L«¢a fÜ¢a
[O]Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- [L]
¤h¡Ù¹h h¡ Ae¤j¡e¢i¢šL ­L¡e pjpÉ¡, hš²hÉ, ¢m¢Ma h¡ °hcÉ¥¢ae j¡dÉ­jl p¡q¡­kÉ ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl p¡j­e EfÙÛ¡fe Ll¡
qu ­k fÜ¢a­a a¡ qm-
[L]C¢¾p­X¾V ­jbXz
[M]­Lp ØV¡¢X ­jbXz
[N]Ae¤L«¢a fÜ¢a
[O]Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- [M]
¤h¡Ù¹h f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a L«¢œj Ef¡­u ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ¢eLV EfÙÛ¡fe Ll¡ qu ­k fÜ¢a­a a¡ qm-
[L]C¢¾p­X¾V ­jbXz
[M]­Lp ØV¡¢X ­jbXz
[N]Ae¤L«¢a fÜ¢a
[O]Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- [N]
¤üuw ¢nMe fÜ¢al °h¢nøÉ qm-
[L]HC fÜ¢a­a ¢nrZ A­fr¡ ¢nM­el Efl …l¦aÆ B­l¡f Ll¡ quz
[M]H­r­œ hÉ¢š²Na f¡bÑLÉ­L ü£L¡l Ll¡ quz
[N]HM¡­e ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ p¢œ²ui¡­h AwnNËqZ L­lz
[O]Ef­ll ph…¢mCz Ex- [O]
¤üuw ¢nMe fÜ¢al °h¢nøÉ qm-
[L]H­r­œ ¢e­Sl ­jd¡, fËhZa¡ Hhw pju¡e¤k¡u£ Ae¤plZ Ll¡l p¤¤­k¡N l­u­Rz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 76

 [M]H­r­œ ¢gXhÉ¡L plhl¡­ql p¤¤­k¡N l­u­Rz
[N] (L) J (M) EiuCz
[O]Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- [N]
¤e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ¢V üuw ¢nM­el ­L±nm eu?
[L]Programmed Instruction
[M]Personalised System of Instruction
[N]Personal Instruction
[O]Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- [N]

¤e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ¢V üuw ¢nM­el ­L±nm eu?

[L]Computer Assisted Instruction
[M]Personalised System of Instruction
[N]Prioritisation Exercise
[O]Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- [N]

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 77

 Alternative concepts of learning in
topic
children: understanding children’s errors’
as significant steps in the learning process

¢nö ¢nr¡l ¢hLÒf hÉhÙÛ¡

fËb¡Na ¢nr¡l ¢hLÒf ¢nr¡hÉhÙÛ¡ qm ¢h¢dj¤š² ¢nr¡ h¡ fËb¡h¢qÑi¨a ¢nr¡zfËb¡h¢qÑi¨a ¢nr¡ qm ¢hcÉ¡m­ul fËb¡Na
¢nr¡ L¡W¡­j¡l h¡C­l pwN¢Wa Hhw d¡l¡h¡¢qL ¢nMe fË¢œ²u¡, k¡l E­ŸnÉ qm p¡d¡lZ SeNZ, fË¡çhuú Hhw ¢nö­cl
¢e¢cÑø HL Aw­nl ¢eLV ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa ¢nMe f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a­L EfÙÛ¡fe Ll¡z¢nr¡bÑ£­cl Q¡¢qc¡, BNËq, p¤¤¢hd¡, Ef­k¡¢Na¡ fËi«¢a
¢hou…¢m ¢h­hQe¡ L­l f¢lL¢Òfa Ef¡­u fËb¡h¢qÑi¨a ¢nr¡ f¢lQ¡¢ma quz

¤fËb¡h¢qiѨa ¢nr¡l °h¢nøÉx-

•H¢V HL¢V ¢nr¡bÑ£­L¢¾cÊL fË¢œ²u¡, HM¡­e C¾pVÊ¡ƒl h¡ fË¢nrL öd¤j¡œ pq¡uL ¢q­p­h L¡S L­lez
•H­r­œ ¢nr­Zl ­Q­uJ ­h¢n Nl¦aÆ ­cJu¡ qu ¢nM­el Eflz
•H­r­œ ¢nr¡bÑ£l rja¡ ¢hQ¡l L­l ¢nr¡LjÑpQ§ £ Nªq£a quz
•H­r­œ ¢nr¡bÑ£l ¢elh¢µRæ j§mÉ¡uZ Hhw nwp¡f­œl Efl …l¦aÆ ­cJu¡ quz
•¢nr¡bÑ£l hup, i¢aÑl pjup£j¡, ¢hou fR¾cLlZ CaÉ¡¢c ­r­œ k­bø eje£ua¡ Ahmðe Ll¡ quz
•H­r­œ pwN£a, eªaÉ, e¡VL, ­Mm¡d¤m¡, ­Øf¡VÑp fËi«¢a pqf¡Wœ²¢jL L¡kÑ¡h¢m…¢m fËb¡h¢qÑi¨a ¢nr¡u b¡­Lz
•h¡Ù¹h S£h­el Ef­k¡N£ ­L¡pÑ, f¡W aÉ¡NL¡l£­cl f¤e¡l¡u i¢aÑl p¤¤­k¡N, fËn¡p¢eL ¢h­L¾cÊ£LlZ fËb¡h¢qÑi¨a ¢nr¡l
AeÉaj °h¢nøÉz

¤fËb¡h¢qÑi¨a ¢nr¡l p¤¤¢hd¡x-

fËb¡h¢qiѨa ¢nr¡l °h¢nøÉ…¢m qm-
•fËb¡Na ¢nr¡ ­b­L k¡l¡ h¢’a Hje mr mr ¢nö Hhw huú hÉ¢š²­cl ¢eLV ¢nr¡l B­m¡ ­f±­Ry ¢c­a f¡l¡z
•¢nr¡m¡i J Ef¡SÑe HLC p­‰ Qm­a f¡­lz
•H¢V ¢nr¡­L NZa¿»£Ll­Zl HL¢V L¡kÑLl£ Ef¡uz
•p¡j¡¢SL pÇfc, fË¢aù¡e, pwNWe, ­fn¡, pwú«¢a Hhw ­k¡N¡­k¡­Nl j¡dÉj­L L¡­S m¡¢N­u phÑSe£e ¢nr¡­L
h¡Ù¹h¡¢ua Ll­a f¡­lz
•HC dl­el ¢nr¡l f¡Wœ²j, fÜ¢a, ¢nMe j¡dÉj ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ¢eLV A¢dL AbÑhq J a¡vfkÑf§ZÑz
•HC dl­el ¢nr¡hÉhÙÛ¡u ¢h¢iæ p¡j¡¢SL, p¡wú«¢aL Hhw ­üµR¡­ph£ pwÙÛ¡­L hÉhq¡l Ll¡ k¡u, k¡l g­m ¢nr¡ pL­ml
L¡­R NËqZ­k¡NÉ quz
•¢nr¡hÉhÙÛ¡u eje£ua¡ b¡L¡l g­m fËb¡Na ¢nr¡l Ap¤¤¢hd¡…¢m ­cM¡ k¡u e¡z
•fËb¡h¢qÑi¨a ¢nr¡ p¡l¡S£hehÉ¡f£ ¢nr¡l h¡Ù¹h l©f ¢c­a f¡­lz

¤fËb¡h¢qÑi¨a ¢nr¡l Ap¤¤¢hd¡ h¡ p£j¡hÜa¡x-

•H¢V fËb¡Na ¢nr¡l ¢hLÒf q­a f¡­le¡z
•EµQ¢nr¡l ­r­œ H¢V pqS fb euz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 78

 •…Zj¡e hS¡u l¡M¡l SeÉ p¡wNW¢eL Ù¹­l k­bø p­Qae b¡L­a q­h, AeÉb¡u ¢nr¡l j¡e qÊÊ¡p f¡Ju¡l pñ¡he¡
b¡L­hz
•¢nr¡bÑ£l j­dÉ Efk¤š² f¢lj¡­Z ­fËoe¡l p’¡l e¡ OV­m HC hÉhÙÛ¡u fËaÉ¡n¡ Ae¤k¡u£ pgma¡ B­pe¡z
•fËn¡p¢eL nª´Mm¡l Ai¡­h A­eL ­r­œ ¢nr¡l h¡¢ZSÉLle O­Vz

¢nMe fË¢œ²u¡u ¢nr¡bÑ£l œ¥¢V…¢m pÇf­LÑ Ah¢qa qJu¡

pLm ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ pLm ¢hou h¤­T a¡ ­b­L ‘¡e ASÑe Ll­a f¡­le¡zhÉ¢š²­i­c, ¢hou­i­c J ­nË¢Z­i­c ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl
j­dÉ HC pjpÉ¡l f¡bÑLÉ ­cM¡ k¡uzHC Ap¤¤¢hd¡…¢m ¢eZÑu e¡ Ll­a f¡l­m ¢nr¡-¢nMe fË¢œ²u¡ L¡kÑLl que¡z¢eZÑ¡uL
Ai£r¡ à¡l¡ ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl HC dl­el Ap¤¤¢hd¡…¢m ¢Q¢q²a Ll¡ pñhz

¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡ ¢ehÑ¡Qe J fË­u¡­Nl ­r­œ ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma ¢hou…¢ml Efl mrÉ l¡M­a q­h-
•¢nr¡bÑ£l ¢nMe c¤hÑma¡ pÇfLÑ£u ­k ¢h­no abÉ S¡e­a Q¡Ju¡ q­µR a¡l ¢i¢š­a ¢eZÑ¡uL fÜ¢a ¢e¢cÑø Ll¡ q­hz
•¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡l p¡q¡­kÉ ¢nr¡bÑ£l ¢nMe c¤hÑma¡l ÙÛ¡e¢V ¢e¢cÑø Ll¡ qu, a¡l EvLoÑa¡ f¢lj¡­fl SeÉ euza¡C k¢c
­L¡e ¢nr¡bÑ£ ­L¡e Ef-Ai£r¡u i¡­m¡ eðl f¡u a¡q­m h¤T­a q­h ­pC Awn¢V­a ¢nr¡bÑ£l ­L¡e c¤hÑma¡ ­eCz
•¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡ ¢nr¡bÑ£l c¤hÑma¡ h¡ ï¡¢¿¹ ¢e¢cÑø L­lzï¡¢¿¹l L¡lZ pÇf­LÑ ¢LR¥ h­me¡zL¡lZ…¢m ï¡¢¿¹ ¢h­nÔoZ L­l
­h¡T¡ k¡u h¡ L£i¡­h ¢nr¡bÑ£ Eš­l Efe£a qm a¡l hÉ¡MÉ¡l j¡dÉ­j S¡e¡ k¡uz
•¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡l p¡q¡­kÉ ¢nr¡bÑ£l c¤hÑma¡ Bw¢nLi¡­h Ah¢qa qJu¡ k¡uzHl f¡n¡f¡¢n AeÉ¡eÉ Ef¡u, ­kje-
fkÑ­hrZ, A¢ii¡hL­cl ja¡ja CaÉ¡¢cl p¡q¡kÉ ­eJu¡ quz
•¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡ fË­u¡­Nl j¡dÉ­j ¢nMe c¤hÑma¡ pÇf­LÑ ­k abÉ f¡Ju¡ k¡u a¡l ¢eiÑl­k¡NÉa¡ LjzL¡lZ fË¢a¢V ï¡¢¿¹
f¢lj¡fL¡l£ f­cl pwMÉ¡ p¡d¡lZa AÒfC b¡­LzHSeÉ ¢nMe c¤hÑma¡ pÇfLÑ£u abÉ AeÉ¡eÉ Ef¡u, ­kje- ­nË¢ZLr
fkÑ­hrZ CaÉ¡¢cl j¡dÉ­j ¢j¢m­u ­eJu¡ fË­u¡Sez

¤¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡l Ec¡qlZx-

haÑj¡­e hý BcnÑ¡¢ua ¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡ fËÙ¹¥a q­u­RzHl j­dÉ fWe J N¢Z­al Ai£r¡ A­fr¡L«a ­h¢nzfW­el
¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡…¢ml j­dÉ E­õM­k¡NÉ qm-
•Gates Reading Diagonistic Test (Grade I to VIII):-
Hl A¿¹Ñi¥š² ¢hou…¢m qm- (L)fWeN¢Wa i¥m (M)nëj¡m¡ (N)h¡LÉ¡w­nl AbÑ ­h¡T¡ (O)cnÑej§mL fËaÉrZ
(P)nËhZj§mL fËaÉrZ Hhw h¡e¡ez
• Durell analysis to Reading ability (Grade I to VI):-
Hl A¿¹Ñi¥š² ¢hou…¢m qm- (L)­j±¢ML fWe pw­h¡de, (M)­j±¢ML fWej§mL Øj«¢a, (N)e£lh fWe, (O)në J Arl
­Qe¡, (P)n­ël EµQ¡lZ, (Q)h¡e¡e, (R)q¡­al ­mM¡z
•Rosswell-Chall Diagonistic Reading Tests (Grade II to VI):-
Hl A¿¹Ñi¥š² ¢hou…¢m qm- (L)në ­Qe¡ J në ¢h­nÔoZ (M)hÉ”eh­ZÑl HLL Hhw k¤š² hÉhq¡l (N)ülh­ZÑl EµQ¡lZ
(O)h¡e¡e, (P)q¡­al ­mM¡z
¤N¢Z­al ¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡l…¢ml j­dÉ E­õM­k¡NÉ qm-
•Schelon's Diagonistic Test in Arithmetic
•Diagonistic Test for fundamental process- Arith (Basewell and John)
¤¢eZÑuL Ai£r¡l p¤¤¢hd¡x-
•HC Ai£r¡l fË­u¡­N ¢nr¡bÑ£l œ¥¢V…¢m ¢e¢cÑø Ll¡ k¡uzfË­u¡Sej­a¡ pw­n¡dej§mL ¢nr¡ ­cJu¡ k¡uz
•¢nrLNZ ¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡ hÉhq¡l L­l f¡lc¢nÑa¡l ¢h¢iæ ¢cL…¢m pÇf­LÑ ¢h¢iæ abÉ¡¢c pwNËq Ll­a f¡­le k¡
p¡j¢NËLi¡­h ¢nr¡hÉhÙÛ¡l j­dÉ f¢lhaÑe Be­a prj quz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 79

 •f¡WÉf¤Ù¹L lQe¡u HC Ai£r¡ fË­u¡S­e B­pzp¡d¡lZi¡­h ï¡¢¿¹l S¡uN¡…¢m k¡­a ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ paLÑa¡l p­‰ AdÉue
L­l ­p hÉf¡­l f¤Ù¹L lQ¢ua¡ ¢h­no hÉhÙÛ¡ Ahmðe Ll­a f¡­lez
¤¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡l Ap¤¤¢hd¡x-
•¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡l à¡l¡ phpju ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl AL«aL¡kÑLa¡­L ¢h­nÔoZ Ll¡ k¡ue¡ze¡e¡lLj j¡e¢pL SVJ
BL«aL¡kÑa¡l L¡lZ q­a f¡­lz
•¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡u hÉ¢š²Na fËi¡h ­h¢nz
•¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡l ¢eiÑl­k¡NÉa¡ A­fr¡L«a Ljzg­m ­Lhmj¡œ ¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡u fË¡ç ­ú¡­ll Efl ¢eiÑl Ll¡
¢h‘¡epÇja euz¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡l g­ml p­‰ hÉ¢š²Na ¢hQ¡l¢h­hQe¡C ph­Q­u i¡­m¡z

…l¦aÆf§ZÑ fËnÀ¡hm£

¤fËb¡Na ¢nr¡l ¢hLÒf ¢nr¡hÉhÙÛ¡ qm-

(L)¢h¢dj¤š² ¢nr¡ h¡ fËb¡h¢qÑi¨a ¢nr¡z
(M)A¢eu¢¿»a ¢nr¡z
(N) (L) J (M) EiuCz
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (L)
¤e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ¢V fËb¡h¢qiѨa ¢nr¡l °h¢nøÉ?
(L)H¢V HL¢V ¢nr¡bÑ£­L¢¾cÊL fË¢œ²u¡, HM¡­e C¾pVÊ¡ƒl h¡ fË¢nrL öd¤j¡œ pq¡uL ¢q­p­h L¡S L­lez
(M)H­r­œ ¢nr­Zl ­Q­uJ ­h¢n Nl¦aÆ ­cJu¡ qu ¢nM­el Eflz
(N) (L) J (M) EiuCz
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (N)
¤e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ¢V fËb¡h¢qiѨa ¢nr¡l °h¢nøÉ?
(L)H­r­œ ¢nr¡bÑ£l rja¡ ¢hQ¡l L­l ¢nr¡LjÑp§Q£ Nªq£a quz
(M)H­r­œ ¢nr¡bÑ£l ¢elh¢µRæ j§mÉ¡uZ Hhw nwp¡f­œl Efl …l¦aÆ ­cJu¡ quz
(N) (L) J (M) EiuCz
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (N)

¤e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ¢V fËb¡h¢qiѨa ¢nr¡l °h¢nøÉ?

(L)¢nr¡bÑ£l hup, i¢aÑl pjup£j¡, ¢hou fR¾cLlZ CaÉ¡¢c ­r­œ k­bø eje£ua¡ Ahmðe Ll¡ quz
(M)H­r­œ pwN£a, eªaÉ, e¡VL, ­Mm¡d¤m¡, ­Øf¡VÑp fËi«¢a pqf¡Wœ²¢jL L¡kÑ¡h¢m…¢m fËb¡h¢qÑi¨a ¢nr¡u b¡­Lz
(N) (L) J (M) EiuCz
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (N)

¤fËb¡h¢qÑi¨a ¢nr¡l p¤¤¢hd¡ qm-

(L)fËb¡Na ¢nr¡ ­b­L k¡l¡ h¢’a Hje mr mr ¢nö Hhw huú hÉ¢š²­cl ¢eLV ¢nr¡l B­m¡ ­f±­Ry ¢c­a f¡l¡z
(M)¢nr¡m¡i J Ef¡SÑe HLC p­‰ Qm­a f¡­lz
(N)H¢V ¢nr¡­L NZa¿»£Ll­Zl HL¢V L¡kÑLl£ Ef¡uz
(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mCz Ex- (O)

¤fËb¡h¢qÑi¨a ¢nr¡l p¤¤¢hd¡ qm-

(L)p¡j¡¢SL pÇfc, fË¢aù¡e, pwNWe, ­fn¡, pwú«¢a Hhw ­k¡N¡­k¡­Nl j¡dÉj­L L¡­S m¡¢N­u phÑSe£e ¢nr¡­L
h¡Ù¹h¡¢ua Ll­a f¡­lz
(M)HC dl­el ¢nr¡l f¡Wœ²j, fÜ¢a, ¢nMe j¡dÉj ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ¢eLV A¢dL AbÑhq J a¡vfkÑf§ZÑz
(N)HC dl­el ¢nr¡hÉhÙÛ¡u ¢h¢iæ p¡j¡¢SL, p¡wú«¢aL Hhw ­üµR¡­ph£ pwÙÛ¡­L hÉhq¡l Ll¡ k¡u, k¡l g­m ¢nr¡

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 80

 pL­ml L¡­R NËqZ­k¡NÉ quz
(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mCz Ex- (O)
¤fËb¡h¢qÑi¨a ¢nr¡l p¤¤¢hd¡ qm-
(L)¢nr¡hÉhÙÛ¡u eje£ua¡ b¡L¡l g­m fËb¡Na ¢nr¡l Ap¤¤¢hd¡…¢m ­cM¡ k¡u e¡z
(M)fËb¡h¢qÑi¨a ¢nr¡ p¡l¡S£hehÉ¡f£ ¢nr¡l h¡Ù¹h l©f ¢c­a f¡­lz
(N) (L) J (M) EiuCz
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (N)
¤fËb¡h¢qÑi¨a ¢nr¡l Ap¤¤¢hd¡ qm-
(L)H¢V fËb¡Na ¢nr¡l ¢hLÒf q­a f¡­le¡z
(M)EµQ¢nr¡l ­r­œ H¢V pqS fb euz
(N)fËn¡p¢eL nª´Mm¡l Ai¡­h A­eL ­r­œ ¢nr¡l h¡¢ZSÉLle O­Vz
(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mCz Ex- (O)
¤¢nMe fË¢œ²u¡u ¢nr¡bÑ£l œ¥¢V…¢m pÇf­LÑ Ah¢qa qJu¡ k¡u-
(L)¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡ à¡l¡z
(M)BcnÑ¡¢ua Ai£r¡l à¡l¡z
(N)­j±¢ML Ai£r¡l à¡l¡z
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (L)
¤¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡l p¤¤¢hd¡ qm-
(L)HC Ai£r¡l fË­u¡­N ¢nr¡bÑ£l œ¥¢V…¢m ¢e¢cÑø Ll¡ k¡uzfË­u¡Sej­a¡ pw­n¡dej§mL ¢nr¡ ­cJu¡ k¡uz
(M)¢nrLNZ ¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡ hÉhq¡l L­l f¡lc¢nÑa¡l ¢h¢iæ ¢cL…¢m pÇf­LÑ ¢h¢iæ abÉ¡¢c pwNËq Ll­a f¡­le k¡
p¡j¢NËLi¡­h ¢nr¡hÉhÙÛ¡l j­dÉ f¢lhaÑe Be­a prj quz
(N) (L) J (M) EiuCz
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (N)

¤¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡l Ap¤¤¢hd¡ qm-

(L)¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡l à¡l¡ phpju ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl AL«aL¡kÑLa¡­L ¢h­nÔoZ Ll¡ k¡ue¡ze¡e¡lLj j¡e¢pL SVJ
BL«aL¡kÑa¡l L¡lZ q­a f¡­lz
(M)¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡u hÉ¢š²Na fËi¡h ­h¢nz
(N)¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡l ¢eiÑl­k¡NÉa¡ A­fr¡L«a Ljz
(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mCz Ex- (O)

¤e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ¢V fËb¡h¢qÑi¨a ¢nr¡l °h¢nøÉ eu?

(L)eje£ua¡ (M)nwp¡fœ fËc¡e h¡dÉa¡j§mL eu
(N)hÉhq¡l Ef­k¡N£ (O)­L¡e f¡Wœ²j ­eCz Ex- (O)

¤fËb¡h¢qiѨa ¢nr¡l fË¢aù¡e qm-

(L)IGNOU (M)lh£¾cÊ j¤š² ¢hnÄ¢hcÉ¡mu
(N)LmÉ¡Z£ ¢hnÄ¢hcÉ¡m­ul c§l¢nr¡ ¢hi¡Nz
(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mz Ex- (O)

¤¢nM­e œ¥¢V ne¡š²Ll­Zl Ef¡u qm-

(L)­Lp ØV¡¢X fÜ¢a (M)h¤¢Ü Ai£r¡
(N)c¤hÑma¡ ¢eZÑ¡uL Ai£r¡ (O)Ef­ll ph…¢mz Ex- (O)

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 81

 ¤¢nMe œ¥¢Vl fËd¡e ¢cL…¢m qm-
(L)fW­e œ¥¢V (M)¢mM­e œ¥¢V
(N)N¢Za pwœ²¡¿¹ œ¥¢V (O)Ef­ll ph…¢m Ex- (O)

¤N¢Za ¢nM­e œ¥¢Vl g­m Ap¤¤¢hd¡…¢m qm-

(L)N¡¢Z¢aL d¡lZ¡ NW­e Ap¤¢hd¡
(M)N¡¢Z¢aL p§œ Hhw OVe¡…¢m j­e l¡M­a e¡ f¡l¡
(N)pwMÉ¡…¢m pwNW­e Ap¤¤¢hd¡ Hhw L£i¡­h pjpÉ¡ pj¡d¡e J N¡¢Z¢aL fË¢œ²u¡…¢m pwN¢Wa Ll¡ fË­u¡Se a¡ h¤T­a
e¡ f¡l¡z
(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mz Ex- (O)

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 82

 Cognition: its process, perception,
TOPIC
concept formation, thinking, imagination,
reasoning-inductive and deductive,
problem solving, memory

Emotion: characteristics, emotional maturity,

emotional intelligence, emotional quotient (EQ)
_______________________________________________
‘¡e J fË­r¡i
‘¡e hm­a ­L¡e ¢hou pÇf­LÑ a¡¢šÄL J hÉhq¡¢lL ¢nr¡ b¡L¡­L h¤T¡uz‘¡e qm HL dl­el j¡e¢pL n¢š² k¡
j¢Ù¹­×Ll p¢œ²ua¡l Efl ¢eiÑl L­lz
AeÉ¢c­L fË­r¡i qm HL¢V Ae¤i¨¢a k¡ ¢h¢iæ f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a­a fË¢a¢œ²u¡l g­m hÉ¢š²l j­dÉ pª¢ø quzhÉ¢š²l j­dÉ fË­r¡i
pª¢øl ­fR­e ‘¡­el i¨¢jL¡ b¡­LzL¡lZ fË­r¡i qm HL¢V Ae¤i¨¢a, Bl HC Ae¤i¨¢a pª¢ø qu ‘¡e ASÑ­el g­mCz

¤‘¡e J fË­r¡­il ¢edÑ¡lLpj§qx-

‘¡e J fË­r¡i­L fËi¡¢ha L­l c¤¢V ¢hou, ­kje-
[1]h¡¢qÉL EŸ£fL Hhw f¢l¢ÙÛ¢ax-
h¡¢qÉL EŸ£fL Hhw f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a pÇf­LÑ p­Qaea¡ Bj¡­cl j­dÉ fË­r¡i p’¡l L­lz­kje- p¡f ­cM­m Bj¡­cl i­ul
E­âL qu h¡ f¤­l¡­e¡ h奭L ­cM­m Bjl¡ Be¢¾ca qCz
[2]n¡l£¢lL fË¢a¢œ²u¡x-
­SjpÚ J mÉ¡w Hl j­a, hÉ¢š²l ­c­ql j­dÉ ­k °c¢qL J n¡l£¢lL fË¢œ²u¡…¢m O­V ­p pÇf­LÑ p­Qaea¡C qm
fË­r¡iza¡l¡ h­me fËb­j f¢l¢ÙÛ¢al fËaÉrZ O­V, k¡l g­m n¡l£¢lL fË¢a¢œ²u¡ pª¢ø quzAh­n­o ­pC n¡l£¢lL
fË¢a¢œ²u¡ pÇf­LÑ p­Qaea¡C qm fË­r¡iz

¤fË­r¡­il ­nË¢Z¢hi¡Nx-
hÉ¢š² J pj¡SS£h­el fË­u¡Se£ua¡l ¢i¢š­a fË­r¡i­L c¤¢V ­nË¢Z­a i¡N Ll¡ k¡uzkb¡-
(L)¢qaLl fË­r¡i Hhw (M)q¡¢eLl fË­r¡iz
­kph fË­r¡i ‘¡­el ­r­œ pq¡kÉ L­l a¡­cl ¢qaLl fË­r¡i h­mz­kje- i¡­m¡h¡p¡, Be¾c, p­¿¹¡o CaÉ¡¢cz
Afl¢c­L ­kph fË­r¡i ‘¡e ASÑ­e A¿¹l¡­ul L¡lZ qu a¡­cl q¡¢eLl fË­r¡i h­mz­kje- iu, c¤¢ÕQ¿¹¡, à¾à
CaÉ¡¢cz

¤¢nr¡ J fË­r¡ix-
¢nr­Ll AeÉaj LaÑhÉ qm ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl fË­r¡ij§mL S£h­el p¤¤f¢lQ¡me¡ Hhw ¢eu¿»Zz¢nr¡l p­‰ fË­r¡­il pÇfLÑ
¢ae ¢cL ­b­L ¢hQ¡l Ll¡ k¡uz­kje-
(1)fË¡­r¡¢iL ¢hL¡­n pq¡ua¡ Ll¡z
(2)¢nMe Hhw p¡bÑL A¢i­k¡S­el ü¡­bÑ q¡¢eLl fË­r¡i…¢m­L ¢eu¿»Z Ll¡z
(3)¢qaLl fË­r¡i…¢m­L EŸ£¢fa L­l ¢nMe Hhw hÉ¢š²Na A¢i­k¡S­e p¡q¡kÉ Ll¡z
¢hcÉ¡m­u ¢h¢iæ fËL¡­ll cmNa L¡S J pqf¡Wœ²¢jL L¡S, ­kje-hËaQ¡l£, He.¢p.¢p, ú¡EV, ¢haLÑ pi¡ fËi«¢al jdÉ
Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 83
 ¢c­u ¢nr¡bÑ£l h¡¢’a h¡ q¡¢eLl fË­r¡i…¢ml r¢aLl fËi¡h pÇf­LÑ ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl p­Qae Ll­a q­hzfË­u¡Se­h¡­d
n¡¢Ù¹ ¢c­u Hhw Ge¡aÈL ¢l-Ce­g¡pÑ­j­¾Vl p¡q¡­kÉ Ah¡¢’a fË­r¡i…¢m­L ¢eu¿»Z Ll­a q­hz
¢nr¡ fË­r¡­il q¡¢eLl ¢cL¢V­L ­kje ¢eu¿»Z Ll­h ­aj¢e ¢qaLl ¢cL¢V­L L¡­S m¡N¡­hz¢nr¡ ¢ejÀ¢m¢Mai¡­h HC
L¡S¢V­L pwO¢Va Ll­h-

¤q¡¢eLl fË­r¡ix-
[1]c¤¢ÕQ¿¹¡ h¡ EcÚ­hNx-
q¡¢eLl fË­r¡­il j­dÉ E­õM­k¡NÉ qm AaÉ¢dL c¤¢ÕQ¿¹¡ h¡ EcÚ­hNzAaÉ¢dL c¤¢ÕQ¿¹¡ h¡ EcÚ­h­Nl fËi¡h qÊÊ¡p Ll¡l
SeÉ ­nË¢ZL­r ¢nrL ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma hÉhÙÛ¡…¢m Ahmðe Ll­a f¡­le-
•ea¥e J S¢Vm ¢hou ¢nMe Hhw j¡e¢pL Q¡f E­âLL¡l£ fÜ¢a hÉhq¡l e¡ Ll¡z
•cmNa fl¡jnÑc¡­el p¡q¡­kÉ B­m¡Qe¡l j¡dÉ­j c¤¢ÕQ¿¹¡ qÊÊ¡p Ll¡z
•fl£r¡ pÇf­LÑ AaÉ¢dL c¤¢ÕQ¿¹¡ ­l¡d Ll¡l SeÉ HL¢V fl£r¡l f¢lh­aÑ HL¡¢dL fl£r¡ NËqZ Hhw pj¢øNa
j§mÉ¡u­el Efl …l¦aÆ ­cJu¡z
•f¡W¡iÉ¡p pÇf­LÑ ¢e­cÑnc¡e Hhw hÉ¢š²Na J p¡j¡¢SL ¢e­cÑne¡l j¡dÉ­j BaÈ¢hnÄ¡p hª¢Ü Ll¡z
•­kpjÙ¹ L¡l­Z BaÈ¢hnÄ¡p qÊÊ¡p f¡u(­kje- i£¢a, Ah­qm¡) ­p…¢m­L f¢lq¡l Ll¡z

[2] iux-
i£¢a q¡¢eLl fË­r¡­il j­dÉ AeÉajzi£¢a hm­a ­h¡T¡u ¢e¢cÑø f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a ­b­L c§­l p­l k¡Ju¡ h¡ f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a¢V­L
H¢s­u Qm¡zc¤¢ÕQ¿¹¡ A­fr¡ i£¢al fËi¡h ¢nM­el ­r­œ A¢dL r¢aLlz­pSeÉ ¢nrL phÑc¡ ­Qø¡ Ll­he i£¢a h¡
fl£r¡i£¢a ­ke ¢nr¡bÑ£l j­dÉ pª¢ø e¡ quz
BaÈ¢hnÄ¡p, ¢nr­Ll pjbÑe, cra¡l ¢hL¡n Hhw ¢eS pÇf­LÑ p­Qaea¡ i£¢a c§l Ll¡l ­L±nmzi£¢a c§l Ll¡l
BlJ ¢LR¥ C¢ah¡QL fc­rf qm i£¢al L¡lZ Ae¤på¡e, i£¢aj§mL f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a­a i¡­m¡ Ec¡qlZ ­cJu¡, ¢h­e¡cej§mL
EfLlZ­L k¤š² Ll¡, i£¢a p­šÄJ L¡S Ll¡l ­fËoZ¡­L Evp¡q c¡e Hhw i£¢al p­‰ ­j¡L¡­hm¡ Ll¡l Ef¡u…¢m
Ae¤n£me Ll¡zA­eLpju Ae¤haÑ­el p¡q¡­kÉJ i£¢a c§l Ll¡ pñhz

[3]­œ²¡dx-
­œ²¡d HL¢V pqS¡a fË­r¡izAL¡¢´Ma hÙ¹¥ e¡ ­f­mC ­œ²¡­dl p’¡l quz­œ²¡­d j¡e¢pL i¡lp¡jÉ eø qu Hhw EeÈš
hÉ¢š² k¤¢š² J ¢hQ¡­ll rja¡ q¡¢l­u ­g­mz¢nrL ¢e­S œ²¥Ü e¡ q­u d£li¡­h ¢nr¡bÑ£l ­œ²¡­dl L¡lZ…¢m ­h¡T¡h¡l
­Qø¡ Ll­hez¢nr¡bÑ£­L e¡e¡i¡­h Evp¡q ¢c­u ­œ²¡­dl r¢aLl ¢cL¢V pÇf­LÑ p­Qae L­l ­œ²¡d­L ¢eu¿»Z Ll¡l ­Qø¡
Ll­a q­hz

¤C¢ah¡QL h¡ h¡¢’a fË­r¡ix-

C¢ah¡QL h¡ h¡¢’a fË­r¡i…¢ml j­dÉ …l¦aÆf§ZÑ qm- ­pÀq, pq¡e¤i¨¢a, ¢h­e¡ce,­L±a¥L CaÉ¡¢cz¢e­jÀ HC…¢m pÇf­LÑ
B­m¡Qe¡ Ll¡ qm-
[1]­pÀqx-
­pÀq qm i¡­m¡h¡p¡ fËL¡n J Af­ll fË¢a pq¡e¤i¨¢an£m qJu¡z­pÀq ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl Efl c¤i¡­h L¡S L­lzHL¢c­L ­kje
­pÀqn£m ¢nrL­L ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ fR¾c L­l, ay¡l ¢e­cÑn f¡me L­l, ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl Ef¢ÙÛ¢a ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl Be¾c ­cu,
Afl¢c­L ­ajeC ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl Ah¡dÉa¡l L¡lZ qm ­pÀ­ql Ai¡hz

[2]pq¡e¤i¨¢ax-
pq¡e¤i¨¢a qm Hje HL¢V Ae¤i¨¢a k¡ Af­ll p¤¤M J c¤x­Ml p­‰ HL¡aÈ qJu¡l rja¡l EvpzH¢V Hje HL¢V
­j±¢mL …Z k¡ hÉ¢š²l f­r ¢qaLl Hhw AeÉ¡eÉ­cl p­‰ p¤¤pÇfLÑ hS¡u l¡M¡l f­r pq¡uLzpq¡e¤i¨¢a ¢hL¡­nl SeÉ
fËbj fË­u¡Se qm iâ BQlZ Ae¤n£me Ll¡z¢nr¡bÑ£­cl iâ BQlZ Ae¤n£m­e Evp¡¢qa Ll­m a¡­cl j­dÉ
pq¡e¤i¨¢al B­hN pª¢ø Ll¡ pñhzpqf¡W£l¡J AeÉ¡eÉ C¢ah¡QL B­hN…¢m ¢hL¡­n A­eL pq¡kÉ L­lz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 84

 [3]Be¾cx-
¢nr¡bÑ£ kMe ­L¡e L¡S L­l p¿¹¥¢ø f¡u aMeC a¡l j­dÉ Be­¾cl pª¢ø quzHC Be¾c ¢nr¡bÑ£­L Evp¡q c¡e
L­lzH¢V ¢nr¡bÑ£l j­dÉ C¢ah¡QL fË­r¡i pª¢ø L­lz¢nr¡bÑ£l j­dÉ Be¾c pª¢ø Ll¡l SeÉ ­nË¢ZL­r ¢nrL­L Ahc¡e
l¡M­a q­hz

[4]­L±a¥Lx-
¢nrL ­nË¢ZL­r ­L±a¥L pª¢ø Ll¡l ­Qø¡ Ll­hezHC f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl j­dÉ C¢ah¡QL fË­r¡i pª¢ø Ll­hz­L±a¥L
¢nr¡bÑ£­cl Q¡fj¤š² L­l ‘¡e ASÑ­e Evp¡q c¡e L­lz

…l¦aÆf§eÑ fËnÀ¡hm£

¤ ‘¡e pÇf­LÑ e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ hš²hÉ¢V p¢WL?

(L)‘¡e hm­a ­L¡e ¢hou pÇf­LÑ a¡¢šÄL J hÉhq¡¢lL ¢nr¡ b¡L¡­L h¤T¡uz
(M)‘¡e qm HL dl­el j¡e¢pL n¢š² k¡ j¢Ù¹­×Ll p¢œ²ua¡l Efl ¢eiÑl L­lz
(N) (L) J (M) EiuC p¢WL
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (N)
¤fË­r¡i pÇf­LÑ e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ¢V p¢WL?
(L)h¡¢qÉL EŸ£fL Hhw f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a pÇf­LÑ p­Qaea¡ Bj¡­cl j­dÉ fË­r¡i p’¡l L­lz
(M)hÉ¢š²l ­c­ql j­dÉ ­k °c¢qL J n¡l£¢lL fË¢œ²u¡…¢m O­V ­p pÇf­LÑ p­Qaea¡C qm fË­r¡iz
(N) (L) J (M) EiuC p¢WL
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (N)

¤i¡­m¡h¡p¡, Be¾c, p­¿¹¡o CaÉ¡¢c qm-

(L)¢qaLl fË­r¡iz
(M)q¡¢eLl fË­r¡iz
(N) (L) J (M) EiuC p¢WLz
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (N)

¤e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ¢V q¡¢eLl fË­r¡­il A¿¹i¥š²?

(L)c¤¢ÕQ¿¹¡
(M)Be¾c
(N)pq¡e¤i¨¢a
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (L)

¤e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ¢V q¡¢eLl fË­r¡­il A¿¹i¥š²?

(L)iu
(M)­œ²¡d
(N) (L) J (M) EiuC
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (N)

¤e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ¢V ¢qaLl fË­r¡­il A¿¹i¥š²?

(L)c¤¢ÕQ¿¹¡
(M)Be¾c
(N)­œ²¡d
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (M)

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 85

 ¤e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ¢V ¢qaLl fË­r¡­il A¿¹i¥š²?
(L)­pÀq
(M)­L±a¥L
(N) (L) J (M) EiuC
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (N)

¤­c­ql ­L¡eÚ Aw­nl p’¡me fË­r¡¢iL h¢qxfËL¡­n A¢dL n¢š²n¡m£?

(L)q¡a-f¡ p’¡me
(M)O¡s p’¡me
(N)j¤­Ml A¢ihÉ¢š²
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC eu Ex- (N)

¤‘¡e¡SÑ­el ­L¡eÚ fkÑ¡­u fË­r¡­il …l¦aÆ ph­Q­u A¢dL?

(L)‘¡e¡SÑ­el CµR¡-
(M)j­e¡­k¡N
(N)­fËoZ¡
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC eu Ex- (N)

¤‘e¡SÑ­e fË­r¡­il i¨¢jL¡-

(L)phÑc¡ C¢ah¡QL
(M)phÑc¡ ­e¢ah¡QL
(N)¢h­no …l¦aÆf§ZÑ
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC eu Ex- (N)

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 86

 topic Motivation: concept, types and importance,
theories of motivation

­fËoZ¡ L£?
­fËoZ¡ qm HL¢V j¡e¢pL AhÙÛ¡ k¡ Bj¡­cl ¢h­no HL¢V ¢œ²u¡ pÇf¡ce Ll­a Eà¤Ü L­l Hhw L¡S­L ¢e¢cÑø
mrÉj¤M£ L­l J mrÉ f§lZ e¡ qJu¡ fkÑ¿¹ Bj¡­cl ­pC L¡­S k¤š² l¡­Mz
­L¡e L¡S pÇfæ Ll­a Bj¡­cl fË­u¡Se fË­Qø¡zHC fË­Qø¡l Evp qm Q¡¢qc¡ Bl HC Q¡¢qc¡ f§lZ qu Ai¡h­h¡d
­b­LzAi¡h­h¡d hÉ¢š²l j­dÉ ­k j¡e¢pL AhÙÛ¡l pª¢ø L­l a¡­L hm¡ qu a¡se¡za¡se¡l g­m hÉ¢š²l j­dÉ ¢h­no
n¢š²l p’¡l quzHC n¢š²l à¡l¡ L¡S h¡ ¢nMe­L p¤¤¢e¢cÑø mrÉj¤M£ Ll¡ quzHl g­m BQlZ¢V pÇf¡¢ca qu Hhw
hÉ¢š² h¡ fË¡Z£ a«¢ç ­h¡d L­lzHC pÇf¨ZÑ fË¢œ²u¡¢V­L hm¡ qu ­fËoZ¡ ¢œ²u¡z
¤­fËoZ¡ fË¢œ²u¡­L ¢h­nÔoZ Ll­m ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma œ²j…¢m f¡Ju¡ k¡u-
Ai¡h ­h¡d →Q¡¢qc¡ → a¡se¡ → L¡­Sl fË¢a E­ŸnÉj¤M£a¡ → BQlZ pÇf¡ce →E­ŸnÉ m¡i →Q¡¢qc¡l ¢ehª¢š
Hhw f¢la«¢çz
¤­fËoZ¡l ­nË¢Z¢hi¡Nx-
[1]n¡l£¢lL ­fËoZ¡z
Ec¡qlZ- M¡cÉ, f¡e£u, h¡u¤, ­k±ea¡, ­lQe CaÉ¡¢cz
[2]hÉ¢š²Na ­fËoZ¡z
Ec¡qlZ- BNËq, j­e¡i¡h, j§mÉ­h¡d, BaÈp­Qaea¡, BaÈfËL¡n CaÉ¡¢cz
[3]p¡j¡¢SL ­fËoZ¡z
Ec¡qlZ- p¡j¡¢SL jkÑ¡c¡, i¡­m¡h¡p¡, nËÜ¡, BaÈpÇj¡e, AbÑ CaÉ¡¢cz
[4]AiÉ¿¹l£Z ­fËoZ¡ h¡ fË¡b¢jL ­fËoZ¡z
Ec¡qlZ- ¢e­Sl ­Qø¡u ­L¡e L¡S pÇfæ Ll¡z
[5]h¡¢qÉL h¡ ­N±Z ­fËoZ¡z
Ec¡qlZ- fËnwp¡, f¤lú¡l CaÉ¡¢cz

­fËoZ¡l ¢h¢iæ ašÄ

¤jÉ¡p­m¡l Q¡¢qc¡l œ²jfkÑ¡u ašÄx-

jÉ¡p­m¡l a­šÄ Q¡¢qc¡­L HL¢V ¢fl¡¢j­Xl BL¡­l fËL¡n Ll¡ q­u­Rz¢fl¡¢j­Xl e£Q ­b­L Efl fkÑ¿¹ Q¡¢qc¡l
œ²jfkÑ¡u…¢m qm-
[1]n¡l£lhªš£u Q¡¢qc¡z
Ec¡qlZ- S£hed¡l­Zl fË­u¡Se£u Sm, h¡a¡p, B­m¡, r¥d¡, a«o·¡, ¢eâ¡ CaÉ¡¢cz
[2]¢el¡fš¡l Q¡¢qc¡z
Ec¡qlZ-p¤¤lr¡, A¢Ù¹aÆ, iu ­b­L j¤¢š², EcÚ­hNq£ea¡, pwq¢a, p¤¤Øføa¡l Q¡¢qc¡ CaÉ¡¢cz

[3]i¡­m¡h¡p¡ J HL¡aÈa¡l Q¡¢qc¡z

Ec¡qlZ- i¡­m¡h¡p¡, HL¡aÈ­h¡d CaÉ¡¢cz
[4]BaÈnËÜ¡ h¡ BaÈpÇj¡­el Q¡¢qc¡z
Ec¡qlZ- ­k¡NÉa¡ J BaÈpÇj¡e N­s ­a¡m¡z
[5]BaÈfË¢aù¡l Q¡¢qc¡z

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 87

 Ec¡qlZ- ¢e­S­L fË¢a¢ùa Ll¡l Q¡¢qc¡z

¤Ju¡Ce¡l Hl L¡lZ ¢e­cÑnL ašÄx-

Ju¡Ce¡­ll j­a kMe ­L¡e ¢nr¡bÑ£ ­L¡e fl£r¡u h¡ ­L¡e hÉ¢š² ­L¡e ¢LR¥­a p¡gmÉm¡­il ­Qø¡ L­l, aMe c¤C
dl­el AhÙÛ¡l pª¢ø q­a f¡­l, kb¡-
(1)fl£r¡bÑ£ h¡ hÉ¢š² pgm q­a f¡­lz
(2)fl£r¡bÑ£ h¡ hÉ¢š² hÉbÑJ q­a f¡­lz
pgm h¡ hÉbÑ k¡C ­q¡L e¡ ­Le fË­aÉL hÉ¢š² h¡ ¢nr¡bÑ£ HC p¡gmÉ h¡ hÉbÑa¡l L¡lZ Ae¤på¡e L­lza¡l pgma¡l
­fR­e ­kje L¡lZ l­u­R ­aj¢e hÉbÑ qJu¡l ­fR­eJ ¢e¢cÑø L¡lZ b¡­LzzH¢VC qm Ju¡Ce¡­ll L¡lZ ¢e­cÑnL a­šÄl
j§mLb¡z

Ju¡Ce¡­ll ašÄ¢V ¢ae¢V ­j±¢mL d¡lZ¡l Efl fË¢a¢ùazkb¡-

[1]¢e­Sl h¡ Af­ll BQlZ pÇf­LÑ S¡e¡l BNËqz
[2]hÉ¢š²l p¡gmÉ h¡ hÉbÑa¡l L¡lZ Ae¤på¡e Ll¡l fËhZa¡z
[3]flhaÑ£ L¡­S f§­hÑl hÉbÑ L¡­Sl AffËi¡hz
Ju¡Ce¡­ll j­a, p¡gmÉ h¡ hÉbÑa¡l L¡lZ ¢q­p­h p¡d¡lZi¡­h 4¢V k¤¢š² ¢e­cÑn Ll¡ quzH…¢m qm-
[1]rja¡x- rja¡ qm ­L¡e L¡S pgmi¡­h pÇfæ Ll­a f¡l¡z
[2]fË­Qø¡x- fË­Qø¡ qm k¡l j¡dÉ­j L¡S¢V­L pÇfæ Ll¡ qu ­pC fË¢œ²u¡z
[3]L¡­Sl L¡¢WeÉx- L¡­Sl L¡¢WeÉ j¡­el Efl ­L¡e L¡­Sl p¡gmÉ J hÉbÑa¡ ¢eiÑl L­lz
[5]i¡NÉx-Ju¡Ce¡l pgma¡ J hÉbÑa¡l ­fR­e fË­Qø¡l f¡n¡f¡¢n i¡­NÉl …l¦­aÆl Lb¡ h­m­Reza¡l j­a i¡NÉ i¡­m¡
q­m pgma¡ B­p Hhw i¡NÉ M¡l¡f q­m L¡­S hÉbÑa¡ B­pz
¤jÉ¡L­mmÉ¡ä Hhw AÉ¡V¢Lep­el p¡gmÉm¡­il ­fËoZ¡l ašÄx-
jÉ¡L­mmÉ¡­äl p¡gmÉm¡­il ­fËoe¡l j§m ¢hou qm-
[1]Reintegration:
Hl AbÑ qm f¡¢lf¡¢nÄÑL ­L¡e OVe¡ hÉ¢š²l j­dÉ p­Qaei¡­h j¡e¢pL fË¢œ²u¡…¢m­L f§Zl¡u pQm L­lzEc¡qlZ- ­L¡e
OVe¡ ­c­M ¢e­Sl S£h­el ­L¡e OVe¡ j­e fs¡ Hhw p­Qae qJu¡z
[2]Cue:
H¢V qm f¤l­e¡ Øj«¢a j­e L­l Ae¤i¨¢al p’¡l qJu¡zEc¡qlZ- c£OÑL¡m f­l ¢nr­Ll p¡­b p¡r¡­al g­m ­L¡e
¢nr¡bÑ£l j­e f¤­l¡­e¡ ¢c­el j¡e¢pL fË¢œ²u¡…¢m p¢œ²u quz
AÉ¡V¢Lep­el j­a, p¡gmÉm¡­il BL¡´M¡l f¡n¡f¡¢n fË­aÉL hÉ¢š²l j­dÉC hÉbÑa¡ Hs¡­e¡l SeÉ HL¢V BL¡´M¡
b¡­Lz¢LR¥ ¢LR¥ hÉ¢š² B­Re k¡yl¡ p¡gmÉ m¡i Ll¡l SeÉC L¡S L­le, ­kje- ­L¡e LÓ¡­pl h¡ ­nË¢Zl ¢LR¥ pwMÉL
¢nr¡bÑ£ ¢nr¡­r­œ p¡gmÉ m¡i Ll¡l SeÉ öl¦ ­b­LC fWef¡W­el ­Qø¡ Q¡¢m­u k¡u Hhw ­h¢nli¡N ­r­œ a¡l¡
p¡gmÉ m¡i L­lzAflf­r ¢LR¥ hÉ¢š² B­Re ky¡l¡ fËbj ­b­LC ­i­h b¡­Le, a¡l¡ JC L¡­S hÉbÑ q­he Hhw
hÉbÑa¡l Bnˆ¡u BµRæ q­u JC L¡­S p¢œ²u qezHC dl­el hÉ¢š²­cl j­dÉ hÉbÑ qJu¡l pñ¡he¡C ­h¢n ­cM¡ k¡uz
¤­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡­pl ¢h¢iæ L¡lZx-
•EcÚ­h­Nl L¡l­Z ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡p f¡uz
•BNË­ql Ai¡­h ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡p f¡uz
•L¡­Sl L¡¢WeÉa¡ ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡p L­lz
•­L±a¥q­ml Ai¡­h ­fËoZ¡ S¡NËa que¡z
•Apq¡uaÆJ ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡­pl AeÉaj L¡lZz
•fË­r¡­il L¡l­Z ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡p f¡uz
•j¡e¢pL c¤hÑma¡l L¡l­Z ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡p f¡uz
•fË¢aL¨m f¢l­hn ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡­pl L¡lZz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 88

 •n¡l£lhªš£u Q¡¢qc¡ f§lZ e¡ q­m ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡p f¡uz
•fkÑ¡ç ¢el¡fš¡l Ai¡h ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡p L­lz
•HL¡¢LaÆ­h¡d J i¡­m¡h¡p¡l Ai¡h ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡p L­lz
•BaÈpÇj¡e J BaÈfË¢aù¡l Ai¡­h ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡p f¡uz

…l¦aÆf§ZÑ fËnÀ¡hm£

¤­L¡e L¡S pÇfæ Ll­a Bj¡­cl ph¡l B­N k¡ fË­u¡Se qu a¡ qm-

(L)fË­Qø¡ (M)Q¡¢qc¡
(N)a¡se¡ (O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (L)
¤fË­Qø¡l Evp qm-
(L)Q¡¢qc¡ (M)Bi¡h­h¡d
(N)a¡se¡ (O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (L)
¤Ai¡h­h¡d hÉ¢š²l j­dÉ ­k j¡e¢pL AhÙÛ¡l pª¢ø L­l a¡­L hm¡ qu-
(L)Q¡¢qc¡ (M)fË­Qø¡
(N)a¡se¡ (O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (N)
¤­fËoZ¡­L i¡N Ll¡ qu-
(L)¢ae i¡­N (M)Q¡l i¡­N
(N)fy¡Q i¡­N (O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (N)
¤M¡cÉ, f¡e£u, h¡u¤, ­k±ea¡, ­lQe CaÉ¡¢c qm-
(L)n¡l£¢lL ­fËoZ¡ (M)hÉ¢š²Na ­fËoZ¡
(N)p¡j¡¢SL ­fËoZ¡ (O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (L)
¤BNËq, j­e¡i¡h, j§mÉ­h¡d, BaÈp­Qaea¡, BaÈfËL¡n CaÉ¡¢c qm-
(L)n¡l£¢lL ­fËoZ¡ (M)hÉ¢š²Na ­fËoZ¡
(N)p¡j¡¢SL ­fËoZ¡ (O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (M)
¤p¡j¡¢SL jkÑ¡c¡, i¡­m¡h¡p¡, nËÜ¡, BaÈpÇj¡e, AbÑ CaÉ¡¢c qm-
(L)n¡l£¢lL ­fËoZ¡ (M)hÉ¢š²Na ­fËoZ¡
(N)p¡j¡¢SL ­fËoZ¡ (O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (N)
¤¢e­Sl ­Qø¡u ­L¡e L¡S pÇfæ Ll¡l j­dÉ ­L¡eÚ dl­el ­fËoZ¡ L¡S L­l?
(L)n¡l£¢lL ­fËoZ¡ (M)hÉ¢š²Na ­fËoZ¡
(N)AiÉ¿¹l£Z ­fËoZ¡ (O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (N)
¤fËnwp¡, f¤lú¡l CaÉ¡¢c ­L¡eÚ dl­el ­fËoZ¡ pª¢ø L­l?
(L)n¡l£¢lL ­fËoZ¡ (M)h¡¢qÉL h¡ ­N±Z ­fËoZ¡
(N)AiÉ¿¹l£Z ­fËoZ¡ (O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (M)

¤jÉ¡p­m¡l a­šÄ Q¡¢qc¡­L fËL¡n Ll¡ qu-

(L)¢œi¨­Sl BL¡­l (M)Qa¥iѨ­Sl BL¡­l
(N)¢fl¡¢j­Xl BL¡­l (O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC eu Ex- (N)
¤jÉ¡p­m¡l Q¡¢qc¡l a­šÄ ­k ¢fl¡¢jX fËL¡n Ll¡ q­u­R a¡l j­dÉ ­j¡V Lu¢V Ù¹l l­u­R?
(L)¢ae¢V (M)Q¡l¢V

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 89

 (N)fy¡Q¢V (O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC eu Ex- (N)
¤jÉ¡p­m¡l Q¡¢qc¡l a­šÄ ­k ¢fl¡¢jX fËL¡n Ll¡ q­u­R a¡l ph­Q­u e£­Ql Ù¹­l l­u­R-
(L)n¡l£lhªš£u Q¡¢qc¡ (M)¢el¡fš¡l Q¡¢qc¡
(N)BaÈfË¢aù¡l Q¡¢qc¡ (O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC eu Ex- (L)
¤jÉ¡p­m¡l Q¡¢qc¡l a­šÄ ­k ¢fl¡¢jX fËL¡n Ll¡ q­u­R a¡l ph­Q­u Ef­ll Ù¹­l l­u­R-
(L)n¡l£lhªš£u Q¡¢qc¡ (M)¢el¡fš¡l Q¡¢qc¡
(N)BaÈfË¢aù¡l Q¡¢qc¡ (O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC eu Ex- (N)
¤jÉ¡p­m¡l Q¡¢qc¡l a­šÄ ­k ¢fl¡¢jX fËL¡n Ll¡ q­u­R a¡l œ²jfkÑ¡u qm-
(L)n¡l£lhªš£u Q¡¢qc¡→ ¢el¡fš¡l Q¡¢qc¡ → i¡­m¡h¡p¡ J HL¡aÈa¡l Q¡¢qc¡ → BaÈnËÜ¡ h¡ BaÈpÇj¡­el Q¡¢qc¡ →
BaÈfË¢aù¡l Q¡¢qc¡z
(M)BaÈfË¢aù¡l Q¡¢qc¡z→ ¢el¡fš¡l Q¡¢qc¡ → i¡­m¡h¡p¡ J HL¡aÈa¡l Q¡¢qc¡ → BaÈnËÜ¡ h¡ BaÈpÇj¡­el
Q¡¢qc¡ → n¡l£lhªš£u Q¡¢qc¡
(N)BaÈfË¢aù¡l Q¡¢qc¡ → ¢el¡fš¡l Q¡¢qc¡ → n¡l£lhªš£u Q¡¢qc¡ → BaÈnËÜ¡ h¡ BaÈpÇj¡­el Q¡¢qc¡ →
i¡­m¡h¡p¡ J HL¡aÈa¡l Q¡¢qc¡
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (L)
¤Ju¡Ce¡­ll ašÄ¢V ­k ­j±¢mL d¡lZ¡l Efl fË¢a¢ùa a¡ qm-
(L)¢e­Sl h¡ Af­ll BQlZ pÇf­LÑ S¡e¡l BNËqz
(M)hÉ¢š²l p¡gmÉ h¡ hÉbÑa¡l L¡lZ Ae¤på¡e Ll¡l fËhZa¡z
(N)flhaÑ£ L¡­S f§­hÑl hÉbÑ L¡­Sl AffËi¡hz
(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mz Ex- (O)
¤Ju¡Ce¡­ll j­a, p¡gmÉ h¡ hÉbÑa¡l L¡lZ ¢q­p­h p¡d¡lZi¡­h Lu¢V k¤¢š² ¢e­cÑn Ll¡ qu?
(L)¢ae¢V (M)Q¡l¢V
(N)fy¡Q¢V (O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (N)
¤e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ¢V ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡­pl L¡lZ ¢q­p­h ¢h­h¢Qa qu?
(L)EcÚ­h­Nl L¡l­Z ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡p f¡uz
(M)BNË­ql Ai¡­h ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡p f¡uz
(N)L¡­Sl L¡¢WeÉa¡ ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡p L­lz
(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mz Ex- (O)
¤e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ¢V ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡­pl L¡lZ ¢q­p­h ¢h­h¢Qa qu?
(L)­L±a¥q­ml Ai¡­h ­fËoZ¡ S¡NËa que¡z
(M)Apq¡uaÆJ ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡­pl AeÉaj L¡lZz
(N)fË­r¡­il L¡l­Z ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡p f¡uz
(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mz Ex- (O)
¤e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ¢V ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡­pl L¡lZ ¢q­p­h ¢h­h¢Qa qu?
(L)j¡e¢pL c¤hÑma¡l L¡l­Z ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡p f¡uz
(M)fË¢aL¨m f¢l­hn ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡­pl L¡lZz
(N)n¡l£lhªš£u Q¡¢qc¡ f§lZ e¡ q­m ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡p f¡uz
(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mz Ex- (O)
¤e£­Ql ­L¡eÚ¢V ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡­pl L¡lZ ¢q­p­h ¢h­h¢Qa qu?
(L)fkÑ¡ç ¢el¡fš¡l Ai¡h ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡p L­lz
(M)HL¡¢LaÆ­h¡d J i¡­m¡h¡p¡l Ai¡h ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡p L­lz
(N)BaÈpÇj¡e J BaÈfË¢aù¡l Ai¡­h ­fËoZ¡ qÊÊ¡p f¡uz
(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mz Ex- (O)

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 90

 TOPIC Motivation and learning: factors effecting
learning, theories of learning-Pavlov,
Thorndike, Skinner, Piaget and Vygotsky
Factors contributing to learning: personal and
environmental
¤­fËoZ¡ L£?
­fËoZ¡ qm HL¢V j¡e¢pL AhÙÛ¡ k¡ Bj¡­cl ¢h­no HL¢V ¢œ²u¡ pÇf¡ce Ll­a Eà¤Ü L­l Hhw L¡S­L ¢e¢cÑø
mrÉj¤M£ L­l J mrÉ f§lZ e¡ qJu¡ fkÑ¿¹ Bj¡­cl ­pC L¡­S k¤š² l¡­Mz
­L¡e L¡S pÇfæ Ll­a Bj¡­cl fË­u¡Se fË­Qø¡zHC fË­Qø¡l Evp qm Q¡¢qc¡ Bl HC Q¡¢qc¡ f§lZ qu Ai¡h­h¡d
­b­LzAi¡h­h¡d hÉ¢š²l j­dÉ ­k j¡e¢pL AhÙÛ¡l pª¢ø L­l a¡­L hm¡ qu a¡se¡za¡se¡l g­m hÉ¢š²l j­dÉ ¢h­no
n¢š²l p’¡l quzHC n¢š²l à¡l¡ L¡S h¡ ¢nMe­L p¤¤¢e¢cÑø mrÉj¤M£ Ll¡ quzHl g­m BQlZ¢V pÇf¡¢ca qu Hhw
hÉ¢š² h¡ fË¡Z£ a«¢ç ­h¡d L­lzHC pÇf¨ZÑ fË¢œ²u¡¢V­L hm¡ qu ­fËoZ¡ ¢œ²u¡z

¤¢nMe L£?
¢nM­el pw‘¡ ¢e­u j­e¡¢h‘¡e£­cl j­dÉ k­bø ja f¡bÑLÉ f¢lm¢ra quzj­e¡¢hc Mc.Geoch Hl j­a
p¢œ²ua¡,Ae¤n£me J A¢i‘a¡ p¡­fr hÉ¢š²S£h­el LjÑpÇf¡c­el fËL«¢a f¢lhaÑ­el fË¢œ²u¡C qm ¢nMez
j­e¡¢hc ¢Nm­g¡XÑ h­m­Re ¢nMe HL dl­el BQle f¢lhaÑ­el fË¢œ²u¡ k¡ BQl­Zl à¡l¡C pwN¢Wa quz
j­e¡¢hc EXJu¡bÑ h­m­Re, 'Any activity can be called learning so far as it develops the
individual and makes him alter behaviour and experiences different from what that
would otherwise have been.' AbÑ¡v, ¢nMe qm ­pC dl­el p¢œ²ua¡ k¡ hÉ¢š²l BQl­Z f¢lhaÑe B­e
Hhw a¡l f§hÑhaÑ£ BQlZ J A¢i‘a¡l f¢lhaÑe OV¡uz
j­e¡¢ec h¡eÑ¡­XÑl j­a, "Learning is the change of behaviour.'' AbÑ¡v, "¢nMe qm BQl­Zl f¢lhaÑez'

j­e¡¢hcÚ ¢qmN¡XÑ h­m­Re - ­L¡e f¢l¢ÙÛ¢al fË¢a¢œ²u¡ à¡l¡ ­L¡e ¢œ²u¡ h¡ BQl­Zl Evf¢š h¡ haÑj¡e ¢œ²u¡ h¡
BQl­Zl j­dÉ ¢LR¥ f¢lhaÑ­el fË¢a¢œ²u¡­L ¢nMe h­mz
¤¢nM­el fËi¡h pª¢øL¡l£ ¢h¢iæ Ef¡c¡ex
¢nMe h¡ ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl BQlZ f¢lhaÑ­e pgma¡ h¡ hÉbÑa¡ ¢eiÑl L­l ¢nM­el p­‰ k¤š² ¢hou…¢ml …ZNa j¡e Hhw
a¡­cl ¢eu¿»Z J hÉhÙÛ¡fe¡l EflzHC…¢m­L Bjl¡ ¢nM­e fËi¡h pª¢øL¡l£ Ef¡c¡e hm­a f¡¢lz¢e­jÀ HC
Ef¡c¡e…¢m pÇf­LÑ B­m¡Qe¡ Ll¡ qm-
(L)n¡l£¢lL Ef¡c¡ex
n¡l£¢lL ü¡ÙÛÉ, f¤¢ø, hup, ¢m‰Na f¡bÑLÉ, C¢¾cÊuS¢ea œ¥¢V, fË¢ahåLa¡, LÓ¡¢¿¹ Ap¤¤ÙÛa¡, E­š¢Sa n¡l£¢lL AhÙÛ¡
CaÉ¡¢c n¡l£¢lL Ef¡c¡e…¢m ¢nM­el ­r­œ fËi¡h ¢hÙ¹¡l L­lz
(M)j¡e¢pL Ef¡c¡ex
­fËoZ¡, f¢leje,h¤¢Ü, j­e¡­k¡N, BNËq, fËhZa¡, fËÙ¹¥¢a, j¡e¢pL Q¡f h¡ c¤¢ÕQ¿¹¡, Øj«¢an¢š², LÒfe¡, B­hN, j¡e¢pL
ü¡ÙÛÉ CaÉ¡¢c j¡e¢pL Ef¡c¡e pj§­ql Efl ¢nMe fË¢œ²u¡l gm ¢eiÑln£mz
(N)f¡W fÜ¢ax
¢nMe fË¢œ²u¡ A­eL ­r­œ NËqZ h¡ f¡W fÜ¢al Efl ¢eiÑl L­lzf¡W fÜ¢a ka i¡m q­h ¢nM­el j¡œ¡J aaV¡ cªt
q­hzf¡W fÜ¢al j­dÉ l­u­R- p¢œ²u fÜ¢al hÉhq¡l, Ae¤n£me, f¤el¡­m¡Qe¡, k­bø ¢nr¡ EfLlZ, ¢gXhÉ¡L, HL¡¢dL
C¢¾cÊ­ul hÉhq¡l CaÉ¡¢cz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 91

 (O)f¢l­hnNa Ef¡c¡ex
f¢l­hnNa ¢h¢iæ Ef¡c¡e ¢nM­el ­r­œ fËi¡h pª¢ø L­lz­kje- Bhq¡Ju¡, f¢l­hnNa naÑ¡hm£, ­kje- ¢ejÀ J
EQQa¡f, B­m¡, në CaÉ¡¢czpj¡S f¢l­hnNa Ef¡c¡e fË¢a­k¡¢Na¡, pq­k¡N£a¡, Ae¤LlZ, fËnwp¡ CaÉ¡¢cz
(P)¢SeNa h¡ hwnNa Ef¡c¡ex
fË¢a¢V ¢nö SeÈNa p§­œ ¢fa¡-j¡a¡ J AeÉ¡eÉ f§hÑf¤l¦o­cl ¢eLV ­b­L ¢LR¥ …Z¡hm£ ¢e­u SeÈNËqZ L­lz¢LR¥ ¢nö
A¢dL f¢lj¡­e pqS¡a …Z¡hm£ ¢e­u SeÈNËqZ L­l Bh¡l A­e­Ll hwnd¡l¡ c¤hÑm b¡­LzhÉ¢š²l ¢nM­e hwnN¢al
fËi¡h …l¦aÆf§ZÑ i¨¢jL¡ f¡me L­l b¡­Lz
(Q)¢nr¡bÑ£l EµQ¡L¡´M¡ Hhw ­fËoZ¡x
¢nM­el p­‰ ¢nr¡bÑ£l EµQ¡L¡´M¡ j¡œ¡l O¢eù pÇfLÑ haÑj¡ezM¤h Lj h¡ ­hn£ EµQ¡L¡´M¡ EiuC r¢aL¡lLz¢nr¡bÑ£l
¢e¢cÑø j¡œ¡u EµQ¡L¡´M¡ J f¡lcnÑ£a¡l ­fËoZ¡ b¡L­m a­hC ¢nM­el ­r­œ p­hÑ¡šj gm f¡Ju¡ k¡uz
(R)S£h­el mrÉx
S£h­el fË¢a hÉ¢š²l a¡vr¢ZL J Q¨s¡¿¹ mrÉ ¢nMe fË¢œ²u¡ J ¢nM­el gm Eiu ­r­œC fËi¡h ¢hÙ¹¡l L­lz
(S)fËÙ¹¥¢a J CµR¡n¢š²x
¢nr¡bÑ£l CµR¡ J a¡l ¢nMe rja¡ ¢nMe p¡g­mÉ …l¦aÆf§ZÑ fËi¡h ¢hÙ¹¡l L­lzk¢c ­L¡e hÉ¢š² ­nM¡l SeÉ CµR¡ ­f¡oZ
L­l, a¡q­m ­nM¡l fb ­p ¢e­SC B¢h×L¡l L­lz
Ef¢lEš² Ef¡c¡e…¢m p¡d¡lZa ¢nr¡bÑ£ pÇf¢LÑazH…¢m R¡s¡ BlJ ¢LR¥ Ef¡c¡e l­u­R ­k…¢m ¢nMe fË¢œ²u¡u
fËaÉr J f­l¡ri¡­h p¡q¡kÉ L­lz­kje- ¢nrZ£u ¢houhÙ¹¥l fËL«¢a, ¢nMe A¢i‘a¡, ¢nr¡l j¡e, ¢nr¡l E­ŸnÉ, f§hÑ
A¢i‘a¡, ¢h¢iæ ¢ho­ul j­dÉ pÇfLÑ, C¢¾cÊ­ul hÉhq¡l, Ae¤n£me, Efk¤š² BbÑ-p¡j¡¢SL BÙÛ¡ CaÉ¡¢c ¢nMe fËL¢lu¡l
­r­œ …l¦aÆf§ZÑ fËi¡h ¢hÙ¹¡l L­lz
¤¢nM­el ¢h¢iæ ašÄx-
¢nM­el ¢h¢iæ ašÄ…¢m­L c¤Ci¡­N i¡N Ll¡ k¡u, kb¡-
[1]pw­k¡Nj§mL h¡ BQlZj§mL ašÄz
[2]pjNËa¡h¡c h¡ fË‘¡j§mL ašÄz
¤¢nM­el pw­k¡Nj§mL ašÄ…¢m pÇf­LÑ ¢e­jÀ E­õM Ll¡ qm-
¤fÉ¡im­il fË¡Q£e Ae¤haÑe ašÄx-
l¡¢nu¡e n¡l£lašÄ¢hc BCi¡e fÉ¡im­il j­a, ­k­L¡e fË¡Z£l ­L¡e HL¢V ¢e¢cÑø fË¢a¢œ²u¡ pª¢øl SeÉ ¢LR¥ EŸ£fL
b¡­L Hhw ­k-­L¡e AhÙÛ¡­aC HC EŸ£fL…¢m HLC dl­el fË¢a¢œ²u¡ pª¢ø L­lz
HC fl£r¡¢V fÉ¡imi HL¢V L¥L¥­ll Efl L­l­RezH­r­œ ¢a¢e HL¢V O¾V¡dÆ¢e­L EŸ£fL ¢q­p­h hÉhq¡l L­l­Rez
fÉ¡im­il fË¡Q£e Ae¤haÑe a­šÄl ¢i¢š qm Type-I ¢nMe AbÑ¡v ­lpf­ä¾V S¡a£u ¢nMezH¢V ANS AbÑ¡v
Automatic Nervous System à¡l¡ ¢eu¢¿»a quz

¤beÑX¡C­Ll pw­k¡Seh¡cx-
beÑX¡C­Ll ¢nMe ašÄ¢V fË­Qø¡ J i¥m ašÄ e¡­j f¢l¢QazHC ašÄ Ae¤k¡u£ fË¡Z£ ­n­M h¡lh¡l ­Qø¡ J i¥­ml
j¡dÉ­jzHC ašÄ¢V fË¢aù¡ Ll¡l SeÉ beÑX¡CL L¥L¥l, ¢hs¡m Hhw j¡e¤­ol Efl fl£r¡ L­l­Rez
¤beÑX¡C­Ll ¢nM­el e£¢ax-
¢nMe pÇfLÑ£u fl£r¡l ¢i¢š­a ­k gm¡gm f¡Ju¡ k¡u a¡l Efl ¢i¢š L­l beÑX¡CL La…¢m e£¢al E­õM
L­l­RezH­cl j­dÉ 3¢V qm j§MÉ p§œ h¡ e£¢a lhw 5¢V qm ­N±Z p§œ h¡ e£¢az
j¤MÉ p§œ…¢m qm-
(1)fËÙ¹¥¢al p§œx -HC p§­œl j§m Lb¡ qm, EŸ£fL J fË¢a¢œ²u¡l j­dÉ pw­k¡N ÙÛ¡f­el SeÉ ¢nr¡bÑ£l j­dÉ °c¢qL,
j¡e¢pL h¡ pÀ¡u¢hL fËÙ¹¥¢a b¡L¡ fË­u¡Sez
(2)gmm¡­il p§œx- HC p§­œl j§m Lb¡ qm, EŸ£fL J fË¢a¢œ²u¡l j­dÉ pw­k¡Ngm k¢c ¢nr¡bÑ£l L¡­R p­¿¹¡oSeL
qu h¡ a«¢çc¡uL qu a­h pw­k¡N¢V n¢š²n¡m£ qu Hhw pw­k¡­Nl gm k¢c ¢hl¢š²Ll qu a­h pw­k¡N¢V ¢n¢bm q­u
f­sz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 92

 (3)Ae¤n£m­el p§œx- HC p§­œl j§m Lb¡ qm, p¡g­mÉl fË¢a¢œ²u¡¢V h¡lh¡l Ll¡l g­m ­p¢V œ²jn n¢š²n¡m£ qu Hhw
hÉbÑ fË¢a¢œ²u¡…¢m Ae¤n£m­el Ai¡­h œ²jn n¢š² qÊÊ¡p ­f­a b¡­Lz

¤­N±Z p§œ…¢m qm-

(1)hýj¤M£ fË¢a¢œ²u¡l p§œx- HC p§­œl j§m Lb¡ qm, fË¡¢Z karZ e¡ fkÑ¿¹ ­Qø¡ J ï¡¢¿¹l jdÉ ¢c­u p¢WL fË¢a¢œ²u¡¢V
¢e¢cÑø Ll­a f¡l­R aarZ HLC EŸ£f­Ll fË¢a e¡e¡l©f fË¢a¢œ²u¡ ­cM¡ k¡uz
(2)j¡e¢pL fË¢a¢œ²u¡l p§œx- HC p§­œl j§m Lb¡ qm, ­L¡e fË¢a¢œ²u¡l ­r­œ fË¡Z£l Ae¤i¨¢a, BNËq, j­e¡i¡h pcbÑL
qJu¡ fË­u¡Sez
(3)Bw¢nL fË¢a¢œ²u¡l p§œx- HC p§­œl j§m Lb¡ qm, fË¡Z£ p¡j¢NËLi¡­h fË¢a¢œ²u¡ L­le¡, Bw¢nLi¡­h L­lz
(4)Efj¡­el p§œx- HC p§­œl j§m Lb¡ qm, kMe ­L¡e fË¡Z£ HL¢V ea¥e f¢l¢ÙÛ¢al pÇj¥M£e qu aMe f§­hÑ pcªn
f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a­a ­p ­k dl­el fË¢a¢œ²u¡ L­l­R ­pC fË¢a¢œ²u¡ L­lz
(5)Ae¤o‰j§mL p’¡m­el p§œx- HC p§­œl j§m Lb¡ qm, j§m EŸ£f­Ll p­‰ k¤š² ­N±Z EŸ£fL…¢m j§m EŸ£fL ­k
fË¢a¢œ²u¡ pª¢ø L­l ­N±Z EŸ£fL…¢m ­pC HLC fË¢a¢œ²u¡ pª¢ø L­lz

¤¢úe¡­ll p¢œ²u Ae¤haÑe ašÄx-

¢hMÉ¡a B­j¢lL¡e j­e¡¢hc ¢h Hg ¢úe¡l Af¡­l¾V Ae¤haÑ­el pËø¡z¢úe¡­ll j­a fË¢a¢œ²u¡ Ll¡l ­r­œ phpju
EŸ£f­Ll fË­u¡Se que¡z¢LR¥ fË¡Z£l ¢LR¥ ¢LR¥ BQl­Zl p­‰ ¢e¢cÑø EŸ£fL k¤š² b¡­L, ¢úe¡l Hl e¡j ¢c­u­Re
"­lpfe­X¾V'zBl ­k BQl­Zl p­‰ ­L¡e ¢e¢cÑø EŸ£fL k¤š² b¡­Le¡ a¡l e¡j Af¡­l¾VzAbÑ¡v, ­k Ae¤haÑe fË¢œ²u¡u
­L¡e EŸ£fL R¡s¡ fË¢a¢œ²u¡ pñh Hhw fË¡Z£l p¢œ²ua¡ ­kM¡­e BhnÉL, a¡­L Af¡­l¾V Ae¤haÑe hm¡ quz ­kje-
Q¡¢qc¡, BNËq, a«¢çc¡uL Ae¤i¨¢a, ­hce¡c¡uL Ae¤i¨¢a fËi«¢a fË¡Z£l j­dÉ üaxØg¨aÑ BQlZ pª¢ø L­lzHC BQlZC
qm p¢œ²u h¡ Af¡­l¾V Ae¤haÑezH¢V Bd¤¢eL Ae¤haÑe e¡­jJ f¢l¢Qaz
Af¡­l¾V Ae¤haÑe Hl Efl fl£r¡ Ll¡l SeÉ ¢úe¡l ¢eSü k¿» J fÜ¢a hÉhq¡l L­l­Rez¢a¢e HL¢V ¢h­no h„
hÉhq¡l L­l­Re k¡­L "¢úe¡l h„' hm¡ qu Hhw HC fl£r¡¢V Ll¡l SeÉ ¢a¢e f¡ul¡ Hhw HL¢V Ccy¥l­L hÉhq¡l
L­l­Rez
Af¡­l¾V Ae¤haÑ­el ¢i¢š qm Type-II ¢nMe AbÑ¡v Af¡­l¾V S¡a£u BQlZzH¢V CNS AbÑ¡v Central Nervous
System à¡l¡ ¢eu¢¿»a quz

¤¢fu¡­Syl ¢nMe ašÄx-

¢fu¡­Syl ¢nMe a­šÄl fËd¡e fË¢af¡cÉ ¢hou…¢m qm-
* ¢fu¡­Syl j­a ¢nö ¢nM­e p¢œ²u AwnNËqZ L­lz
*¢nöl¡ ¢h¢iæ fl£rZ J fkÑ­hr­Zl j¡dÉ­j SNv­L ¢Qe­a ­n­M Hhw ­p a¡l Q¡lf¡­nl SN­al p­‰ ¢jb¢ûu¡l
j¡dÉ­j ea¥e ‘¡e ASÑe L­lz
*¢nöl¡ ea¥e ‘¡e ASÑ­el j¡dÉ­j a¡­cl ‘¡­el i¡ä¡l pjªÜ L­l, f§hÑae ‘¡­el p­‰ ea¥e a­bÉl A¢i­k¡Se J
pwN¢a p¡de L­lz
¤i¡CNV¢úl ¢nMe ašÄx-
i¡CNV¢úl ¢nMe a­šÄl fËd¡e fË¢af¡cÉ ¢hou…¢m qm-
*i¡CNV¢ú ¢nM­el ­r­œ pj¡­Sl Jfl ¢h­no …l¦aÆ B­l¡f L­l­Re Hhw ¢nr­Ll i¨¢jL¡l Lb¡ ¢h­noi¡­h E­õM
L­l­Rez
*i¡CNV¢úl j­a, ¢nöl¡ p¡j¡¢SL ¢hL¡­nl j¡dÉ­j ¢hL¡­nl °eLVÉp£j¡ (ZPD) k¡ ¢nr¡bÑ£l ­pC j¤q¨­aÑl f¡lc¢nÑa¡
J pñ¡hÉ f¡lc¢nÑa¡l j­dÉ f¡bÑLÉ p§¢Qa L­l, a¡l ¢i¢š­a J i¡l¡hå­el à¡l¡ ¢nM­a prj qu h¡ a¡­cl ¢nMe
pñh quz
¤¢nM­el pjNËa¡h¡c h¡ fË‘¡j§mL ašÄ pÇf­LÑ ¢e­jÀ B­m¡Qe¡ Ll¡ qm-
­NØV¡ÒVh¡cx
"­NØV¡ÒV' qm HL¢V S¡jÑ¡e në, k¡l AbÑ qm fÉ¡V¡eÑ h¡ AhuhzJu¡¢cÑj¡l, LgL¡ J ­L¡qm¡l HC ¢aeSe S¡jÑ¡e

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 93

 j­e¡¢h­cl fl£r¡l g­m HC jah¡c N­s E­W­Rzay¡l¡ ay¡­cl ¢nMe ašÄ­L fË¢a¢ùa Ll¡l SeÉ j¤l¢N Hhw ¢nÇf¡¢”l
Efl fl£r¡ ¢el£r¡ L­l­Reza¡­cl fl£r¡-¢el£r¡l Efl fË¢a¢ùa jah¡c ­NØV¡ÒVh¡c e¡­j f¢l¢Qaz
­L¡qm¡­ll ¢nÇf¡”£ fl£r¡x
­L¡qm¡­ll ¢hMÉ¡a fl£r¡ qm ¢nÇf¡”£ fl£r¡zHC fl£r¡u ¢a¢e HL¢V ¢nÇf¡”£­L pL¡m­hm¡ ­L¡e M¡h¡l e¡ ¢c­u
HL¢V M¡Q¡yl j­dÉ ­Y¡L¡­mezMy¡Q¡l j­dÉ Efl ¢c­L ¢LR¥ Lm¡ T¥¢m­u l¡M¡ qu Hhw My¡Q¡l ­ial Lm¡ ­b­L c§­l HL
­L¡­e HL¢V L¡­Wl h¡„ l¡M¡ quzh¡„¢V Hje EQy¥ ¢Rm ­k, ­p¢V­L Lm¡l ¢WL e£­Q H­e ­l­M k¢c ¢nÇf¡”£ a¡­a
c¡ys¡u a¡q­m Lm¡…¢m f¡s­a f¡­lz

fkÑ­hrex
HlLj fl£r¡j§mL f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a­a ­L¡qm¡l ¢nÇf¡”£¢Vl BQlZ fkÑ­hrZ L­lezfËb­j ¢nÇf¡”£¢V A­eL ­Qø¡ Llm ¢eQ
­b­L m¡¢g­u Lm¡ f¡Ju¡l SeÉz¢L¿¹¥ ¢LR¥­aC e¡N¡m ­fm e¡za¡lfl h¡„¢V ­kM¡­e ¢Rm ­pM¡e ­b­LC ay¡l Efl
c¡y¢s­u m¡g¡mz¢L¿¹¥ a¡­aJ Lm¡l e¡N¡m e¡ ­f­u qa¡n q­u ¢nÇf¡”£¢V h­p lCmz
Hh¡l ­L¡qm¡l ¢e­S My¡Q¡u Y¥­L h¡„¢V Lm¡l e£­Q ­V­e H­e a¡l Efl c¡y¢s­u Lm¡…¢m q¡a ¢c­u ØfnÑ Ll­mezf­l
h¡ú¢V kb¡ÙÛ¡­e ¢e­u l¡M­meza¡lfl ¢nÇf¡”£¢VJ Ae¤l©fi¡­h h¡„ ­V­e ¢e­u a¡l Efl c¡y¢s­u Lm¡…¢m ­f­s
¢emzkMe ¢nÇf¡”£ Hi¡­h M¡cÉ f¡s¡l ­Qø¡ Ll¢Rm, aMe AeÉ¡eÉ ¢nÇf¡”£­cl H­e ­L¡qm¡l h¡C­l ­b­L ­cM¡­me
a¡l L¡SzHCi¡­h ¢a¢e HL HL¢ce fkÑ¡uœ²­j HL¢V L­l ea¥e ¢nÇf¡”£­L Ii¡­h ­ia­l Y¥¢L­u fl£r¡ Ll­a
m¡N­mez­cM¡ ­Nm ­L¡e C¢‰a R¡s¡C ¢nÇf¡”£…¢m ¢e­Sl¡ pjpÉ¡l pj¡d¡e Ll­a f¡­lz
a¡lfl ¢a¢e HL¢ce HL¢V ­h¡L¡ ¢nÇf¡”£­L My¡Q¡u ­Y¡L¡­mez­cM¡ ­Nm ­p a¡l p‰£­cl hý¢ce pjpÉ¡l pj¡d¡e
Ll­a ­cM­mJ ¢e­S ¢LR¥C ­n­M¢ezh¡„¢V ­kM¡­e ¢Rm ­p ­pM¡e ­b­LC m¡g¡­a m¡NmzHCph fl£r¡ ­b­L ­L¡qm¡l
¢pÜ¡¿¹ Ll­me ­k- ¢nM­el SeÉ f¢l¢ÙÛ¢al ¢h¢iæ Aw­nl j­dÉ phÑ¡‰£e pÇfLÑ fkÑ­hrZ Ll¡ clL¡lz
A¿¹Ñcª¢øj§mL ¢nMex
HCph fl£r¡l gm ­b­L pjNËa¡h¡c£l¡ ¢pÜ¡¿¹ L­le ­k, fË¡Z£l¡ ph ­r­œ fË­Qø¡-i¥­ml fÜ¢al à¡l¡
­n­Me¡zpjpÉ¡j§mL f¢l¢ÙÛ¢al p¡j¢NËL l©f Efm¢ì qJu¡l g­mC fË¡Z£l¡ pjpÉ¡l pj¡d¡e Ll­a f¡­lzHC Efm¢ì
qW¡v L­l B­pzpjpÉ¡j§mL f¢l¢ÙÛ¢al p¡j¢NËLa¡l qW¡v HC Efm¢ì­L ­NØV¡ÒV j­e¡¢hcÚl¡ "A¿¹Ñcª¢ø' e¡j ¢c­u­Rez

¢nr¡­r­œ ­NØV¡ÒV jah¡­cl a¡vfkÑx

pjNËa¡h¡c£­cl ­cJu¡ ¢nM­el HC jah¡c Bd¤¢eL ¢nr¡hÉhÙÛ¡­L e¡e¡i¡­h fËi¡¢ha L­l­Rz
(1)p¡j¢NËLa¡­h¡d J ¢nr¡x
HC jah¡c Ae¤k¡u£ Bj¡­cl ¢nMe, f¢l¢ÙÛ¢al p¡j¢NËLa¡­h¡­dl Efl ¢eiÑl L­lzHC L¡l­Z ¢hcÉ¡m­ul f¡Wc¡­el pju
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HC jah¡­c A¿¹Ñcª¢ø B­p pjpÉ¡j§mL f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a­a Awn…¢ml j­dÉ kb¡bÑ pÇfLÑ ÙÛ¡f­el Eflza¡C ¢nrL­L ¢houhÙ¹¥
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Ll­a f¡­lz
(3)¢nr¡bÑ£l p¢œ²ua¡ J ¢nr¡x
HC jah¡­c hm¡ q­u­R, ¢nM­el SeÉ ¢nr¡bÑ£l p¢œ²ua¡ J BNËq fË­u¡Seza¡C ¢nr¡bÑ£­L pjpÉ¡¢ij¤M£ Ll¡ ¢nr­Ll
¢h­no LaÑhÉza¡q­mC a¡l¡ ¢e­S­cl fË­u¡Se­h¡­d ¢nr¡u BNËq£ q­hz
(4)p¡j¡eÉ£LlZ J fªbL£LlZx
pjNËa¡h¡c£l¡ ¢nM­el ­r­œ p¡j¡eÉ£LlZ Hhw fªbL£Ll­Zl Efl ¢h­no …l¦aÆ ¢c­u­Reza¡C ¢nr¡­r­œ HC c¤C
­L±nm­L ¢h­noi¡­h fË­u¡N Ll­a q­hz
(5)d¡l¡h¡¢qLa¡l e£¢ax
HC jah¡c Ae¤k¡u£ ¢nM­el SeÉ B¿¹Ñcª¢ø B­p f¡WÉ ¢ho­ul ¢h¢iæ Aw­nl j­dÉ d¡l¡h¡¢qLa¡ hS¡u b¡L­mza¡C
¢nr­Ll LaÑhÉ qm f¡WÉ ¢hou­L d¡l¡h¡¢qLi¡­h ¢nr¡bÑ£l L¡­R EfÙÛ¡fe Ll¡z
(6)f¢l¢j¢al e£¢ax
HC e£¢a Ae¤k¡u£ A¿¹Ñcª¢ø B­p pjÉ¡j§mL f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a­az°ce¢¾ce A¢i‘a¡l p­‰ ¢nrZ£u ¢ho­ul p¡j”pÉ ÙÛ¡fe Ll­a
f¡l­m ¢nMemì A¢i‘a¡­L p¤¤pwhÜ J p¤¤pwqa Ll¡ pqS quz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 94

 p¡j¢NËL B­m¡Qe¡u hm¡ k¡u ­k Bd¤¢eL ¢nr¡­r­œ ­NØV¡ÒV a­šÄl …l¦aÆ Af¢lp£jz¢nr¡­r­œ HC a­šÄl
j§me£¢a…¢m­L kb¡kbh¡­h fË­u¡N Ll­a f¡l­m ¢nr¡bÑ£l ¢nMe A­eL ­h¢n pqS J p¤¤pwhÜ q­hza¡C ¢hcÉ¡m­ul
f¡Wc¡­el pju ¢nrL­L ­NØV¡ÒV a­šÄl e£¢a…¢m Ae¤plZ Ll¡ fË­u¡Sez

…l¦aÆf§ZÑ fËnÀ¡hm£
¤¢nM­el g­m ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl j­dÉ ­L¡eÚ dl­el f¢lhaÑe qu?
BQl­Zl f¢lhaÑez
¤¢nM­el Lu¢V Ù¹l?
¢ae¢Vz
¤¢nM­el fËbj Ù¹l ­L¡eÚ¢V?
‘¡e ASÑe h¡ A¢i‘a¡ ASÑez
¤¢nM­el ¢àa£u Ù¹l ­L¡eÚ¢V?
pwlrZ h¡ d¡lZz
¤¢nM­el a«a£u Ù¹l ­L¡eÚ¢V?
f¤el¦›¡e (f¤el¦­âL/fËaÉ¡¢i‘¡)
¤¢nM­el ašÄ…¢m­L fËd¡e Lu¢V i¡­N i¡N Ll¡ k¡u?
c¤¢Vz
¤beÑX¡C­Ll ¢nMe ašÄ¢V ¢L e¡­j f¢l¢Qa?
fË­Qø¡ J i¥m ašÄz
¤beÑX¡CL ­L¡eÚ ­L¡eÚ fË¡Z£l Efl fl£r¡ L­l­Re?
L¥L¥l, ¢hs¡m Hhw j¡e¤­ol Eflz
¤beÑX¡CL Lu¢V j¤MÉ p§­œl Lb¡ h­m­Re?
¢ae¢Vz
¤beÑX¡CL Lu¢V ­N±Z p§­œl Lb¡ h­m­Re?
fy¡Q¢Vz
¤beÑX¡C­Ll j¤MÉ p§œ…¢m qm-
fËÙ¹¥¢al p§œ, gmm¡­il p§œ Hhw Ae¤n£m­el p§œz
¤"f¡Sm h„' hÉhq¡l L­l­R ­L?
beÑX¡CLz
¤fË¡Q£e Ae¤haÑe a­šÄl fËhaÑL ­L?
fɡimiz
¤fÉ¡imi a¡yl Ae¤haÑe ašÄ fË¢aù¡ Ll¡l SeÉ ­L¡eÚ fË¡Z£l Efl fl£r¡ L­l­Re?
L¥L¥lz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 95

 ¤Ae¤haÑe ašÄ fË¢aù¡ Ll¡l SeÉ O¾V¡dÆ¢e hÉhq¡l L­l­Re-
fɡimiz
¤fÉ¡im­il fË¡Q£e Ae¤haÑe a­šÄl ¢i¢š qm-
Type-I ¢nMez
¤fË¡Q£e Ae¤haÑe ašÄ¢V ¢L­pl à¡l¡ ¢eu¢¿»a qu?
ANS AbÑ¡v Automatic Nervous System à¡l¡z
¤p¢œ²u Ae¤haÑe h¡ Af¡­l¾V Ae¤haÑe a­šÄl fËhaÑL ­L?
¢h Hg ¢úe¡lz
¤­L¡eÚ Ae¤haÑe ašÄ¢V fË¢aù¡ Ll¡l SeÉ "¢úe¡l h„' hÉhq¡l Ll¡ q­u­R?
p¢œ²u Ae¤haÑez
¤p¢œ²u Ae¤haÑe a­šÄl Afl e¡j L£?
k¡¢¿»L Ae¤haÑez
¤f¡ul¡ J Ccy¥­ll Efl fl£r¡ L­l­Re ­L?
¢úe¡lz
¤Af¡­l¾V Ae¤haÑ­el ¢i¢š qm-
Type-II ¢nMez
¤Af¡­l¾V Ae¤haÑe ¢eu¢¿»a qu ¢L­pl à¡l¡?
CNS AbÑ¡v Central Nervous System à¡l¡z
¤"­NØV¡ÒV' ­L¡e ­cn£u në?
S¡jÑ¡e nëz
¤"­NØV¡ÒV' n­ël AbÑ L£?
fÉ¡V¡eÑ h¡ Ahuhz
¤"­NØV¡ÒV' a­šÄl fËhaÑL q­me-
Ju¡¢cÑj¡l, LgL¡ J ­L¡qm¡lz
¤­L¡qm¡l ­L¡eÚ fË¡Z£l Efl fl£r¡ L­l­Re?
j¤l¢N J ¢nÇf¡¢”z
¤¢nM­el ­L±nm ¢q­p­h fË­Qø¡ J i¥m ¢hou¢V Ae¤pªa qu ­L¡b¡u?
pw­k¡Seh¡­cz
¤fÉ¡imi£u fË¡Q£e Ae¤haÑ­e fË¡Z£ ­L¡eÚ AhÙÛ¡u b¡­L?
¢e¢×œ²u AhÙÛ¡uz
¤¢nM­el ­r­œ pw­k¡Nh¡­cl fËhaÑL q­me-
beÑX¡CLz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 96

 ¤¢nM­el ­L¡eÚ fÜ¢a­a h¤¢Ü phÑ¡­fr¡ A¢dL fË­u¡Se qu?
A¿¹Ñcª¢ø fÜ¢a­az
¤¢nM­el ­L¡eÚ a­šÄ ¢új¡l d¡lZ¡ Ll¡ q­u­R?
‘¡ej§mL a­šÄz
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(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (M)
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(L)NZa¡¢¿»L BcnÑ­L h¡Ù¹h¡¢ua Ll¡z
(M)­L¡e l¡S°e¢aL ­r­œ k¤š² e¡ qJu¡z

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 97

 (N)djÑ£u L¡­S p¢œ²ui¡­h AwnNËqZ Ll¡z
(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (L)
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(L)¢hou EfÙÛ¡f­el fÜ¢a (M)­nË¢Z nª´Mm¡
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(M)p’¡m­Ll i¨¢jL¡ f¡me L­lez
(N)j¡dÉ­jl i¨¢jL¡ f¡me L­lez
(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mz Ex- (O)

¤¢nrZ fË¢œ²u¡l fËL«a AbÑ qm-

(L)¢nr¡bÑ£­cl L¡kÑ¡h¢m ¢e¢cÑø Ll¡z
(M)fËnÀ ¢S‘¡p¡ Ll¡ Hhw Eš­ll j§mÉ¡ue Ll¡z
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(O)Ef­ll ­L¡e¢VC euz Ex- (L)
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(L)hª¢šNa L¡Sz (M)cra¡j§mL L¡Sz
(N)f¢l­ph¡j§mL L¡Sz (O)­fn¡Na L¡Sz Ex- (O)
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(L)¢nrL ¢nr¡bÑ£­cl ¢nM­el SeÉ c¡uhÜz
(M)¢nrL­cl ¢eSü pwNWe B­Rz
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(O)Ef­ll ph…¢mz Ex- (O)
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(N)¢nr¡bÑ£­cl fË¢a (O)pqLjÑ£­cl fË¢az Ex- (N)

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 98

 topic Personality and adjustment: concepts,
approaches, types and traits, measurement
of personality, projective and non projective
techniques and adjustment mechanisms

hÉ¢š²aÆ L£?
__________
mÉ¡¢Ve në 'Persona' ­b­L Cw­lS£ 'Personality' në¢Vl Evf¢š q­u­RzPersona n­ël AbÑ qm
j¤­M¡nzfË¡Q£eL¡­m NË£p ­c­n S£hS¿¹¥l j¤­M¡n f­s a¡­cl Q¢lœ A¢ieu Ll¡ qazhaÑj¡­e 'Personality' në¢Vl
a¡vfkÑ e¡e¡i¡­h hÉ¡MÉ¡ Ll¡ q­u b¡­LzfËL«af­r hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡l HL¢V ¢eiÑ¥m p‘¡ ¢el©fZ Ll¡ AaÉ¿¹ L¢We L¡Sz¢h¢iæ
j­e¡¢hc ¢h¢iæ cª¢ø­L¡e ­b­L hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡l ¢h¢iæ p‘¡ ¢c­u­Rez­kje-

j­e¡¢hc Munn Hl j­a, "p¡j¢NËLi¡­h ¢hQ¡l Ll­m hÉ¢š²l k¡ f¡Ju¡ k¡u a¡C qm a¡l hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡z'
j­e¡¢hc Cattell h­m­Re- "Personality is that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a
given situation.'
j­e¡¢hc Linton Hl j­a, - 'Personality is the organized aggreate of psychological processes and
state pertaining to the individual.'

fËL«af­r j­e¡¢h‘¡e£­cl ­cJu¡ HCph p‘¡u hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡l Bw¢nL ¢c­Ll Efl …l¦aÆ ­cJu¡
q­u­Rzj­e¡¢hcÚ Bm­f¡VÑ ¢h¢iæ j­e¡¢hcÚ­cl ­cJu¡ p‘¡…¢m­L ¢h­nÔoZ L­l HL¢V f§ZÑ¡‰ p‘¡ ¢c­u­Rez hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡l
p‘¡u ¢a¢e h­m­Re- 'Personality is the dynamic organisation within the individual of those
psychological systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment.' AbÑ¡v, hÉ¢š²l
f¢l­h­nl p­‰ pjeÄu p¡de­L ¢edÑ¡lZ L­l ­k ph °Sh j¡e¢pL pšÄ¡, ­pC pšÄ¡…¢ml fËN¢an£m pwNWeC qm
hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡z

hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡ ¢hL¡­nl fË¢œ²u¡x

__________________
¢nöl hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡l ¢hL¡­nl d¡l¡ AaÉ¿¹ ¢hÙ¹«aza¡l ¢hL¡­nl fË¢œ²u¡J ­L¡e HL¢V ¢h­no l£¢a­a que¡zhÉ¢š² a¡l ¢eSü
i‰£­a ¢hL¡n m¡i L­lzH¢V f¢lhaÑen£m J N¢an£mdjÑ£zhwnN¢a J f¢l­hn hÉ¢š² pšÄ¡ ¢hL¡­nl Efl ¢h­no fËi¡h
¢hÙ¹¡l L­lz¢nö a¡l SeÈj¤q¨­aÑ ¢fa¡j¡a¡l L¡R ­b­L La…¢m °h¢nøÉ ASÑe L­lzf¢l­hn a¡l HCph °h¢nøÉ
¢hL¡­nl p¤¤¢hd¡ L­l ­cuzBm­éX HÉ¡Xm¡l ¢nöl S­eÈl œ²­jl Efl …l¦aÆ ¢c­u­RezHR¡s¡J ¢nöl hÉ¢š²aÆ fËL¡¢na
qu a¡l p‰£p¡b£­cl à¡l¡ J ­c­nl l£¢ae£¢a, fËb¡ CaÉ¡¢cl à¡l¡zBh¡l A¿¹rl¡ NË¢¿Û ­b­L ­kph ql­j¡e ¢eNÑa qu
­p…¢m ¢nöl j¡e¢pL ¢hL¡n, fË­r¡¢iL BQlZ Hhw hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡ ¢hL¡­nl ­r­œ ¢h­no i¨¢jL¡ f¡me L­lz

¢nöl hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡ ¢hL¡­nl c¤¢V fË¢œ²u¡ ¢h­noi¡­h L¡S L­l, kb¡-

(L)¢h­ic£LlZx
¢nö kMe SeÈ¡u aMe ­p fË¡L«¢aL EŸ£f­Ll fË¢a fªbL fªbLi¡­h fË¢a¢œ²u¡ Ll­a f¡­le¡z­p pjÙ¹ ­cq ¢c­u
p¡j¢NËLi¡­h BQlZ L­lz­p r¥d¡ ­f­m Ly¡­c, ¢Qj¢V L¡V­mJ Ly¡­czL¡æ¡l jdÉ ¢c­u ­p ¢h¢iæ fË­r¡i­L fËL¡n L­l
b¡­Lz¢L¿¹¥ hup hª¢Ül p¡­b p¡­b a¡l fË¢a¢œ²u¡…¢m flØfl ­b­L ¢h¢µRæ q­u kb¡bÑ EŸ£f­Ll fË¢a kb¡kbi¡­h
fË¢a¢œ²u¡ L­lzaMe ¢nöl BQlZ ¢eiÑ¥m J L¡kÑLl q­u E­WzAbÑ¡v d£­l d£­l a¡l p¡j¢NËL hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡ fËL¡n f¡uz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 99

 (M)pjeÄux ¢nö ka hs qu, aaC a¡l BQl­Zl j­dÉ HL¢V p¡j”pÉ, HL¢V pjeÄu OV­a ­cM¡ k¡uzHC pjeÄu
fË¢œ²u¡¢V ANËpl qu La…¢m Ù¹­ll jdÉ ¢c­uz­p…¢m qm,-
1zAe¤h¢aÑa fË¢œ²u¡z 2zAiÉ¡pz 3zpwmrZz 4zAqwpš¡z 5zhÉ¢š²pšÄ¡z
fËbj Ù¹­l, ¢nö M¡Ju¡, O¤j, Lb¡ hm¡ CaÉ¡¢c L¡S Ae¤haÑe fË¢œ²u¡l j¡dÉ­j ¢n­M b¡­LzHC fË¢œ²u¡u ¢nr¡ Q­m c¤C
hRl fkÑ¿¹z

¢àa£u Ù¹­l, ¢nöl j­dÉ e¡e¡ AiÉ¡p N¢Wa q­a b¡­Lzp¡j¡¢SL Bch-L¡uc¡, l£¢ae£¢a Ae¤plZ Ll¡, i¡o¡ BušÄ Ll¡
fËi«¢a AiÉ¡p…¢m a¡l j­dÉ ­cM¡ k¡uz

a«a£u Ù¹­l, ­j¡V¡j¤¢Vi¡­h ÙÛ¡u£ j¡e¢pL L¡W¡­j¡ °al£ quzhÉ¢š²pš¡l pwmrZ…¢m HC Ù¹­l ­j¡V¡j¤¢V ÙÛ¡u£ quz¢nöl
Q¡l-fy¡Q hRl hup ­b­L cn-HN¡­l¡ hRl hup fkÑ¿¹ HC Ù¹l¢V ¢hÙ¹«azHC pj­u ¢hcÉ¡m­ul pqf¡W£, ¢nrL, hå¥
fËi«¢a a¡l hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡­L fËi¡¢ha L­lz

Qa¥bÑ Ù¹­l, hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡l pwmrZ…¢ml j­dÉ d£­l d£­l pwq¢a h¡ pjeÄu ­cM¡ ­cuzHC pjeÄ­ul g­m hÉ¢š² S£h­e
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¢eu¢¿»a L­lz

f’j Ù¹­l, ¢nöl hÉ¢š²pš¡ f§eÑi¡­h ¢hL¢na q­u E­WzHC pju üa¿» AqwpšÄ¡…¢m flØfl ¢j­n HL¢V AMä
AqwpšÄ¡ pª¢ø qu Hhw hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡l NWe pÇf¨ZÑ quz
Ef¢lEš² ¢h­ic£LlZ Hhw pjeÄu R¡s¡J BlJ c¤¢V fË¢œ²u¡ hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡ ¢hL¡­n pq¡ua¡ L­lzH…¢m qm- f¢lZje J
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2z¢nM­el p¡q¡­kÉ hÉ¢š²pš¡l ¢hL¡n quz fË­Qø¡ J i¥­ml fÜ¢a, Ae¤LlZ, Ae¤haÑe fËi«¢a ¢nM­el fË¢œ²u¡…¢m
hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡ ¢hL¡­n p¡q¡kÉ L­lzfËL«af­r f¢lZje Hhw ¢nr¡ Eiu fË¢œ²u¡l g­mC ¢nöl hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡l ¢hL¡n O­V b¡­Lz

hÉ¢š²­aÆl ­nË¢Z¢hi¡Nx-
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fl£r¡ L­l h­me, Hl¡ SeÈ ­b­LC ¢h­no "V¡Cf' Hhw a¡­cl j¡b¡l NWe, ­T¡m¡ L¡e, AÒf c¡¢s, QJs¡ ­Q¡u¡m
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qm-
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L­l Hhw a¡­cl­L hm¡ qu Eij¤M£z

(2)­œ²vpj¡­ll V¡Cfx
j­e¡¢hcÚ ­œ²vpj¡l pjÙ¹ j¡e¤o­L Q¡l¢V V¡Cf h¡ ­nË¢Z­a i¡N L­l­Re-
(L)¢fLÚ¢eLÚx HC dl­el hÉ¢š²l¡ MhÑL¡l, ­j¡V¡­p¡V¡ Hhw ­N¡m¡L¡l ­cq¢h¢nø quzfË­r¡­il ¢cL ­b­L Hl¡ Qlj
i¡h¡fæ quzkMe E­š¢Sa qu, aMe M¤h ­h¢n j¡œ¡u Bh¡l kMe ¢el¦vp¡q£ qu, aMe H­Lh¡­l ¢T¢j­u k¡uz
(M)H­ÙÛ¢eLx HC ­nË¢Zl j¡e¤ol¡ mð¡ J ­l¡N¡ Hhw j¡e¢pL ¢cL ­b­L Hl¡ pwka J BcnÑh¡c£ q­u b¡­Lz
(N)q¡C­f¡fÔ¡¢ØVLx Af¢lea °c¢qL hª¢Ül SeÉ h¡ °h¢n­øÉl SeÉ Hl¡ phÑc¡ q£ejeÉa¡u ­i¡­Nz
(O)AÉ¡b­m¢VLx HC ­nË¢Zl j¡e¤o­cl °c¢qL NWe p¤¤cªt Hhw j¡e¢pL ¢cL ­b­L Hl¡ p¡jÉi¡h¡fæz­cq J j­el ¢cL
­b­L Hl¡ ü¡i¡¢hL Hhw BcnÑ j¡e¤oz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 100

 (3)­nmX­el V¡Cfx
j¢e¢hcÚ ­nmXe hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡­L n¡l£¢lL NW­el ¢cL ­b­L ¢ae¢V i¡­N i¡N L­l­RezH…¢m qm-
(L)H­ä¡jgÑx HC ­nË¢Zl j¡e¤ol¡ BL«¢a­a ­j¡V¡, ­L¡jm ­cq¢h¢nø Hhw ­N¡m¡L¡l quz
(M)­j­p¡jgÑx HC ­nË¢Zl j¡e¤o­cl ­cq­fn£ L¢We Hhw Ly¡d QJs¡ quz
(N)H­ƒ¡jgÑx HC ­nË¢Zl j¡e¤o °c¢qL NW­el ¢cL ­b­L c¤hÑm J n£ZÑL¡u q­u b¡­Lz
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q­u b¡­Lz

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(5)BC­p­ˆl hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡l j¡œ¡x

j­e¡¢hcÚ BC­p­ˆl j­a hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡l ¢ae¢V j¡œ¡ l­u­R, ­kje-
(L)A¿¹Ñj¤¢Ma¡ - h¢qjÑ¥¢Ma¡z
(M)j­e¡hÉ¡¢d fËhZa¡z
(N)j­e¡¢hL¡l fËhZa¡z
HC ¢ae fËL¡l j¡œ¡l j­dÉ ­L¡e f¡lØf¢lL pÇfLÑ ­eCz¢L¿¹¥ ¢ae¢V j¡œ¡ Lj ­h¢n pLm hÉ¢š²l j­dÉ ­cM¡ k¡uz

(6)HXm¡­ll hÉ¢š²j¤M£ A¢ijax

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hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡­L S¡e­a q­m hÉ¢š²l HC S£hed¡l¡­L S¡e­a q­hz

hÉ¢š²­aÆl pwmrZx
________________
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j­dÉ pjeÄu O¢V­u, p¡j”pÉf§ZÑ A¢i­k¡Sej§mL hÉ h¡¢qÉL BQl­Z h¡dÉ L­lz
∎hÉ¢š²­aÆl pwmr­Zl °h¢noVÉ…¢m qm-
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pwmrZ…­m¡ BQlZ ¢eu¿»­el n¢š² ¢q­p­h L¡S L­lz
(2)pwmrZ…­m¡ öd¤j¡œ BQlZ ¢edÑ¡lZ L­le¡, BQl­Zl f¢lhaÑen£ma¡l j­dÉ p¡j”pÉ hS¡u l¡­MzH­cl à¡l¡C
hÉ¢š² BQl­Zl flØfl ¢h­l¡d£a¡ c§l quz
(3)pwmrZ…­m¡ hÉ¢š²l BQl­Zl j­dÉ a¡l HLL ¢eSüa¡ h¡ ü¡a¿»É hS¡u l¡M­a p¡q¡kÉ L­lz
(4)pwmrZ…­m¡ A¢SÑa °Sh j¡e¢pL fËhZa¡ Hhw SeÈNa fËhZa¡…¢ml f§ZÑ¢heÉ¡­pl jdÉ ¢c­u H…­m¡l pª¢ø quz
Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 101
 (5)hÉ¢š²­aÆl pwmr­Zl B­lL¢V °h¢nøÉ qm H¢V pÇf¨ZÑ de¡aÈL fË¡¿¹ ­b­L pÇf¨ZÑ GZ¡aÈL fË¡¿¹ fkÑ¿¹ ¢hÙ¹«a quz

hÉ¢š²pš¡ f¢lj¡­fl ¢h¢iæ fÜ¢a:

______________________
hÉ¢š²pš¡ f¢lj¡­fl e¡e¡¢hd fÜ¢al­u­R, a¡­cl j­dÉ L­uL¢V Bd¤¢eL fÜ¢a pÇf­LÑ ¢e­jÀ B­m¡Qe¡ Ll¡ qm-
(1)p¡r¡vL¡lx
hÉ¢š²pš¡ f¢lj¡­fl HL¢V fË¡Q£e fÜ¢a qm p¡r¡vL¡lzHC p¡r¡vL¡l fÜ¢a­a pl¡p¢l p¡r¡v NËqZ L­l hÉ¢š²l
j­el i¡h pÇf­LÑ HL¢V p¢WL d¡lZ¡ m¡i Ll¡ k¡uza­h H­r­œ fË­nÀl fËL«¢a J fÜ¢a p¤¤¢eu¢¿»a q­m HC fÜ¢al
i¡m gm f¡Ju¡ k¡uzp¡r¡vL¡l c¤C dl­el q­a f¡­l, ­kje-fËaÉr p¡r¡vL¡l Hhw f§hÑ f¢lL¢Òfa p¡r¡vL¡lz
(2)­Lp ¢q¢ØVÊx
hÉ¢š²l °nn­hl BQlZ, a¡l f¡¢lh¡¢lL C¢ahªš, ¢hcÉ¡m­ul A¢i‘a¡, a¡l n¡l£¢lL J j¡e¢pL ¢hL¡­nl d¡l¡, a¡l
¢ce¢m¢fl ašÄ Hhw hÉ¢š²Na ¢Q¢Wfœ fËi«¢a ­b­L a¡l hÉ¢š²pš¡l HL¢V ­j¡V¡j¤¢V ¢Qœ f¡Ju¡ k¡uz
(3)fËnÀ…µRx
fËnÀ…­µR hÉ¢š²pš¡l ¢h¢iæ pwmr­Zl Efl e¡e¡ dl­Zl fËnÀ b¡­LzHC fËL¡­ll L­uL¢V R¡f¡ fËnÀ…µR ¢c­u hÉ¢š²­L
a¡l Ešl "qÉ¡' h¡ "e¡' ¢c­u ¢c­a hm¡ quzfËnÀ…µR c¤C dl­el q­a f¡­lz kb¡- HL¢V pwmrZ f¢lj¡fL fËnÀ…µR J
A­eL…¢m pwmrZ f¢lj¡­fl fËnÀ…µRz
HL¢V fËnÀ…­µRl ej¤e¡ qm-
(L)a¥¢j ¢L HL¡ b¡L­a fR¾c Ll? - "qÉ¡' h¡ "e¡'z
(M)AeÉ­L L«aL¡kÑ q­a ­c­M ­a¡j¡l i¡m m¡­N? - "qÉ¡' h¡ "e¡'z
(N)­a¡j¡­L ¢e­u a¡j¡p¡ Ll¡ ¢L fR¾c L­l? - "qÉ¡' h¡ "e¡'z

(4)­l¢Vw ­úmx
HC fÜ¢a­a hÉ¢š²l ­k­L¡e HL¢V pwmrZ­L ¢ae¢V, fy¡Q¢V J p¡a¢V ­nË¢Z­a i¡N Ll¡ qu Hhw hÉ¢š²l A¢ija
S¡e­a Q¡Ju¡ quzf­l ­l¢Vw f­u¾V…¢m ­k¡N L­l hÉ¢š²l hÉ¢š²pš¡ pÇf­LÑ HL¢V d¡lZ¡ m¡i Ll¡ k¡uz­kje-
fËnÀx l¡j ¢L HL¡ b¡L­a Q¡u? h¡
a¥¢j ¢L HL¡ b¡L­a Q¡J?

(1) (2) (3) (4)

phpju Q¡u/Q¡C fË¡uC Q¡u/Q¡C fË¡u Q¡ue¡/Q¡Ce¡ LM­e¡ Q¡ue¡/Q¡Ce¡

(5)pj¡S¢j¢ax
­L¡e hÉ¢š²l …e¡…Z S¡e­a q­m ­p ­k ­N¡ù£­a b¡­L a¡­cl ja¡ja S¡e¡ fË­u¡SezHL¢V ­N¡ù£ h¡ pj¡­Sl AeÉ¡eÉ
hÉ¢š²­cl p­‰ I hÉ¢š²l pÇfLÑ ¢LlLj ­p pÇf­LÑ A¢ija NËqZ Ll¡ q­m I hÉ¢š²l hÉ¢š²pš¡ pÇf­LÑ d¡le¡ ­eJu¡
k¡uz
(6)Ef¡c¡e ¢h­nÔoZx
HC fÜ¢al p¡q¡­kÉ ¢Nm­g¡XÑ hÉ¢š²pš¡l 13¢V Ef¡c¡e ¢eZÑu L­lezje¢h‘¡e£ LÉ¡­VmJ ¢h­nÔoZ fÜ¢al p¡q¡­kÉ
hÉ¢š²aÆ f¢lj¡­fl SeÉ Personality Factor Questionnair e¡­j HL¢V Ai£r¡ fc °al£ L­lezhÉ¢š²pš¡l
16¢V Ef¡c¡­el ¢i¢š­a HC fËnÀ¡hm£ l¢Qa quz

(7)fË¢agme Ai£r¡x
hÉ¢š²­aÆl p¢WL f¢lj¡­fl HL A¢ieh fÜ¢a qm fË¢agme Ai£r¡zHC fÜ¢a­a hÉ¢š²l p¡j­e pjpÉ¡ EfÙÛ¡fe Ll¡
quzhÉ¢š² HC…¢m pj¡d¡e Ll­a ¢N­u ¢e­Sl hÉ¢š²pš¡­L fË¢ag¢ma L­lzHC dl­el L­uL¢V fË¢agme Ai£r¡ qm
kb¡-
(L)në¡e¤p‰ Ai£r¡x
HC fÜ¢a­a La…¢m pÇfLÑq£e n­ël HL¢V a¡¢mL¡ °al£ b¡­LzHC a¡¢mL¡ ­b­L Ai£r¡bÑ£­L HL¢V në hm¡
quznë¢V ­n¡e¡j¡œ Ai£r¡bÑ£l j­e k¡ Ef¢ÙÛa qu a¡ ü¡d£ei¡­h hm­a hm¡ quzHC Ešl fËL¡­nl jdÉ ¢c­u
hÉ¢š²pš¡l pÇf­LÑ HL¢V ÙÛ¡u£ j¡e¢pL pwNWe g¥­V E­Wz
Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 102
 (M)lp¡LÑ CeL hÔV Ai£r¡x
HC fÜ¢a­a Ai£r¡bÑ£­L 10¢V AbÑq£e L¡¢m R¡f pð¢ma L¡XÑ ­cM¡­e¡ quzAi£r¡bÑ£­L HC L¡XÑ…¢ml R¡f pÇf­LÑ
a¡l k¡ Efm¢ì q­µR a¡ hm­a hm¡ quzAi£r¡bÑ£l Eš­ll ¢h­nÔoZ ­b­L a¡l j¡e¢pL pwNWe J hÉ¢š²aÆ pÇf­LÑ
d¡lZ¡ m¡i q­u b¡­Lz
(N)¢bj¡¢VL AÉ¡f¡l­pfpe Ai£r¡x
j­e¡¢h‘¡e£ j¡­l Hhw jNÑ¡e HC Ai£r¡l Eá¡hLzHC Ai£r¡u 19¢V ApÇf¨ZÑ R¢h b¡­LzR¢h…¢ml ¢houhÙ¹¥ A¢e¢cÑø
fËL«¢al qJu¡u HC…¢ml hýlLj hÉ¡MÉ¡ ­cJu¡ k¡uzhÉ¢š²­L R¢h…¢ml HL HL¢V ¢c­u fË­aÉL R¢hl Efl HL¢V
L¡¢qe£ ¢mM­a hm¡ quzHC ¢m¢Ma L¡¢qe£ ­b­L hÉ¢š²l AfËL¡¢na j¡e¢pL pwNWe, fËhZa¡ CaÉ¡¢cl f¢lQu f¡Ju¡
k¡uz

…ul¦aÆf§eÑ fËnÀ¡hm£x-
_________________
'Personality' në¢Vl Evf¢š q­u­R ­L¡eÚ në ­b­L?
→ mÉ¡¢Ve në 'Persona' ­b­Lz
Persona n­ël AbÑ qm-
→ j¤­M¡nz
¢nöl hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡ ¢hL¡­nl c¤¢V fË¢œ²u¡ qm-
→ ¢h­ic£LlZ J pjeÄuz
¢nöl hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡ ¢hL¡­nl pjeÄu fË¢œ²u¡¢V ANËpl qu ­k Ù¹­ll jdÉ ¢c­u a¡ qm-
→ Ae¤h¢aÑa fË¢œ²u¡, AiÉ¡p, pwmrZ, Aqwpš¡ Hhw hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡z
¢nöl hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡ ¢hL¡­nl pjeÄu fË¢œ²u¡l fËbj Ù¹­l ¢nö M¡Ju¡, O¤j, Lb¡ hm¡ CaÉ¡¢c L¡S Ae¤haÑe fË¢œ²u¡l
j¡dÉ­j ¢n­M b¡­LzHC fË¢œ²u¡u ¢nr¡ La hRl fkÑ¿¹ Q­m?
→ c¤C hRl fkÑ¿¹z
¢nöl hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡ ¢hL¡­nl pjeÄu fË¢œ²u¡l ¢àa£u Ù¹­l L£ f¢lhaÑe qu?
→ ¢nöl j­dÉ e¡e¡ AiÉ¡p N¢Wa q­a b¡­Lz
¢nöl hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡ ¢hL¡­nl pjeÄu fË¢œ²u¡l a«a£u Ù¹­ll E­õM­k¡NÉ °h¢nøÉ qm-
→ HC Ù¹­l ÙÛ¡u£ j¡e¢pL L¡W¡­j¡ °al£ quz
¢nöl hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡ ¢hL¡­nl pjeÄu fË¢œ²u¡l Qa¥bÑ Ù¹­ll E­õM­k¡NÉ °h¢nøÉ qm-
→ HC pju ea¥e ea¥e Bn¡ LÒfe¡ ¢nöl j¡e¢pL pwNWe­L ¢eu¢¿»a L­lz
¢nöl hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡ ¢hL¡­nl pjeÄu fË¢œ²u¡l f’j Ù¹­ll E­õM­k¡NÉ °h¢nøÉ qm-
→ hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡l NWe pÇf¨ZÑ quz

hÉ¢š²l j¡e¢pL J °c¢qL ¢h¢iæa¡ Ae¤k¡u£ hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡l ­k ­nË¢Z¢hi¡N Ll¡ qu a¡­L hm¡ qu-
→ hÉ¢š²­aÆl V¡Cfz
hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡l ¢e¢l­M j­e¡¢hcÚ Cu¤w pjÙ¹ j¡e¤o­L Lu ­nË¢Z­a i¡N L­l­Re?
→ c¤C ­nË¢Z­az
hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡l ¢e¢l­M j­e¡¢hcÚ Cu¤w pjÙ¹ j¡e¤o­L ­k c¤C ­nË¢Z­a i¡N L­l­Re a¡ qm-
→ A¿¹Ñj¤M£ Hhw h¢qÑj¤M£z
k¡l¡ h¡C­ll ­m¡LS­el p¡­b ­jm¡­jn¡ Ll­a fR¾c L­le¡ Hhw BaÈ­L¢¾cÊL ¢Q¿¹¡u jNÀ b¡­L a¡l¡ qm-
→ A¿¹Ñj¤M£z
k¡l¡ ¢e­S­cl­L h¡C­ll SN­a fËL¡n L­l a«¢ç f¡u a¡l¡ qm-
→ h¢qÑj¤M£z

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 103

 k¡l¡ A¿¹Ñj¤M£ J h¢qÑj¤M£ HC c¤C ­nË¢Zl hÉ¢š²­aÆl j¡T¡j¡¢T fkÑ¡­u AhÙÛ¡e L­l a¡­cl hm¡ qu-
→ Eij¤M£z
j­e¡¢hcÚ ­œ²vpj¡l pjÙ¹ j¡e¤o­L hÉ¢š²pš¡l ¢e¢l­M Lu i¡­N i¡N L­l­Re?
→ Q¡l i¡­Nz
fË­r¡­il ¢cL ­b­L k¡l¡ Qlj i¡h¡fæ qu, kMe E­š¢Sa qu aMe M¤h ­h¢n j¡œ¡u Bh¡l kMe ¢el¦vp¡q£ qu,
aMe H­Lh¡­l ¢T¢j­u k¡u Hhw ­cq¡L«¢a­a MhÑL¡l, ­j¡V¡­p¡V¡ Hhw ­N¡m¡L¡l ­cq¢h¢nø qu ­k ­nË¢Zl j¡e¤o, j­e¡¢hcÚ
­œ²vpj¡l a¡­cl ­k ­nË¢Z­a i¡N L­l­Re a¡ qm-
→ ¢fLÚ¢eLÚz
­k ­nË¢Zl j¡e¤ol¡ mð¡ J ­l¡N¡ Hhw j¡e¢pL ¢cL ­b­L pwka J BcnÑh¡c£ q­u b¡­L, j­e¡¢hcÚ ­œ²vpj¡l
a¡­cl ­k ­nË¢Z­a i¡N L­l­Re a¡ qm-
→ H­ÙÛ¢eLz
Af¢lea °c¢qL hª¢Ül SeÉ h¡ °h¢n­øÉl SeÉ k¡l¡ phÑc¡ q£ejeÉa¡u ­i¡­N, j­e¡¢hcÚ ­œ²vpj¡l a¡­cl ­k ­nË¢Z­a
i¡N L­l­Re a¡ qm-
→ q¡C­f¡fÔ¡¢ØVLz
­k ­nË¢Zl j¡e¤o­cl °c¢qL NWe p¤¤cªt Hhw j¡e¢pL ¢cL ­b­L k¡l¡ p¡jÉi¡h¡fæ qu Hhw ­cq J j­el ¢cL ­b­L
k¡l¡ ü¡i¡¢hL Hhw BcnÑ j¡e¤o qu j­e¡¢hcÚ ­œ²vpj¡l a¡­cl ­k ­nË¢Z­a i¡N L­l­Re a¡ qm-
→ AÉ¡b­m¢VLz
j­e¡¢hcÚ ­nmXe hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡­L n¡l£¢lL NW­el ¢cL ­b­L Lu i¡­N i¡N L­l­Re?
→ ¢ae i¡­Nz
­k ­nË¢Zl j¡e¤ol¡ BL«¢a­a ­j¡V¡, ­L¡jm ­cq¢h¢nø Hhw ­N¡m¡L¡l qu j­e¡¢hcÚ ­nmXe a¡­cl ­k ­nË¢Z­a
i¡N L­l­Re a¡ qm-
→ H­ä¡jgÑz
­k ­nË¢Zl j¡e¤o­cl ­cq­fn£ L¢We Hhw Ly¡d QJs¡ qu j­e¡¢hcÚ ­nmXe a¡­cl ­k ­nË¢Z­a i¡N L­l­Re a¡
qm-
→ ­j­p¡jgÑz
­k ­nË¢Zl j¡e¤o °c¢qL NW­el ¢cL ­b­L c¤hÑm J n£ZÑL¡u q­u b¡­L, j­e¡¢hcÚ ­nmXe a¡­cl ­k ­nË¢Z­a i¡N
L­l­Re a¡ qm-
→ H­ƒ¡jgÑz
­k ­nË¢Zl j¡e¤ol¡ A­eL Bl¡j¢fËu, Evph J °q°Q fR¾c L­l,­cqNa ¢cL ­b­L k¡l¡ H­ä¡jgÑ j­e¡¢hcÚ, ­nmXe
a¡­cl ­k ­nË¢Z­a i¡N L­l­Re a¡ qm-
→ ¢i­p­l¡V¢eLz

­k ­nË¢Zl j¡e¤ol¡ EcÉjn£m, fËi¥aÆ¢fËu, cªtfË¢a‘ J Bœ²jZdjÑ£ Hhw ­cqNa ¢cL ­b­L k¡l¡ ­j­p¡jgÑ, j­e¡¢hcÚ
­nmXe a¡­cl ­k ­nË¢Z­a i¡N L­l­Re a¡ qm-
→ ­p¡j¡­V¡V¢eLz
fËL«¢aNai¡­h k¡l¡ Ap¡j¡¢SL, BaÈpwkj n§ZÉ Hhw °c¢qL NW­el ¢cL ­b­L k¡l¡ H­ƒ¡jgÑ ­nËZ£l q­u b¡­L
j­e¡¢hcÚ ­nmXe a¡­cl ­k ­nË¢Z­a i¡N L­l­Re a¡ qm-
→ ­p¢l­hË¡V¢eLz
­k ­nË¢Zl j¡e¤ol¡ p¡d¡lZa °el¡nÉh¡¢c J ¢qwp¡fl¡ue qu, j­e¡¢hcÚ é­uX a¡­cl ­k ­nË¢Z­a i¡N L­l­Re a¡
qm-
→ ­j±¢ML l¢aj§mL V¡Cfz
­k ­nË¢Zl ­m¡­Ll¡ Afl­L Lø ¢c­u Be¾c f¡u j­e¡¢hcÚ é­uX a¡­cl ­k ­nË¢Z­a i¡N L­l­Re a¡ qm-
→ f¡u¤ l¢aj§mL V¡Cfz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 104

 ­k dl­el hÉ¢š²­cl j­dÉ fËcnÑe fËhZa¡, c¡¢ñLa¡ Hhw ü¡i¡¢hL j¡e¢pL ü¡ÙÛÉ ¢hcÉj¡e, j­e¡¢hcÚ é­uX a¡­cl
­k ­nË¢Z­a i¡N L­l­Re a¡ qm-
→ EfÙÛ V¡Cfz
j­e¡¢hcÚ BC­p­ˆl j­a hÉ¢š²pšÄ¡l Lu¢V j¡œ¡?
→ ¢ae¢V j¡œ¡z
hÉ¢š²aÆ f¢lj¡­fl Ef¡c¡e ¢h­nÔoZ fÜ¢a­a ¢Nm­g¡XÑ hÉ¢š²pš¡l Lu¢V Ef¡c¡e ¢eZÑu L­le?
→ 13¢Vz
je¢h‘¡e£ LÉ¡­Vm ¢h­nÔoZ fÜ¢al p¡q¡­kÉ hÉ¢š²aÆ f¢lj¡­fl SeÉ ­k Ai£r¡ °a¢l L­le a¡l e¡j qm-
→ Personality Factor Questionnair
hÉ¢š²­aÆl 16¢V Ef¡c¡­el Lb¡ ­L h­m­Re?
→ LÉ¡­Vmz
j­e¡¢h‘¡e£ j¡­l Hhw jNÑ¡e hÉ¢š²ašÄ¡ f¢lj¡­fl ­k Ai£r¡ Eá¡he L­l­Re a¡l e¡j-
→ ¢bj¡¢VL AÉ¡f¡l­pfpe Ai£r¡z
j­e¡¢h‘¡e£ j¡­l Hhw jNÑ¡e ¢bj¡¢VL AÉ¡f¡l­pfpe Ai£r¡u La…¢m ApÇf¥ZÑ R¢h l¡M¡ qu?
→ 19¢Vz

Notes Prepared By: SCHOOL OF MERIT Dial: 9862149873 Page 105