General

Chemistry 2 11
Quarter 4
Self-Learning Module 3

Entropy of Reaction
General Chemistry 2 – Grade 11
Quarter 4 – Module 3: Entropy of Reaction

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General
Chemistry 2 11
Quarter 4
Self-Learning Module 3
Entropy of Reaction
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 2 Quarter 4 Self-Learning Module 3 on Entropy

of Reaction
This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed, and
reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the Learner:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 2 Quarter 4 Self-Learning Module 3 on Entropy

of Reaction.
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS
This module is developed and designed for Senior High School Science,
Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) students.
After going through this self-learning module, you are expected to:
1. state the second law of thermodynamics;
2. describe and compare entropies;
3. calculate the entropy of a reaction; and
4. recognize the importance of entropy.

PRETEST

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following statements best describes the Second Law of

Thermodynamics?
A. The internal energy of the universe is constant.
B. Energy can be neither created nor destroyed.
C. For any spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe increases.
D. At absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal is considered to be zero.

2. The thermodynamic quantity that expresses the degree of disorder in a system is

__________.

A. enthalpy C. internal energy

B. entropy D. bond energy

3. The entropy will decrease when______

A. a solid changes to a liquid.
B. a liquid changes to solid.
C. a molecule is broken into two or more smaller molecules.
D. a reaction occurs that results in an increase in the number of moles of gas.

4. Which one of the following processes has a positive entropy ?

A. CO2(g) −− CO2(s) C. 2H2(g) + O2(g) −− 2H2O(g)

B. 2NO2(g) −− N2O4(g) . D. BaF2(s) −− Ba2+(aq) + 2F–(aq)

5. When heat is added to a pure liquid, the temperature

A. increases and the entropy is unchanged.

B. increases and the entropy increases.
C. increases and the entropy decreases.
D. is unchanged and the entropy increases.

RECAP

Fill in the Blanks.

1. A thermochemical reaction or process that absorbs heat from the surrounding

is ________
2. A thermochemical reaction that releases heat to the surrounding is __________.
3. The difference between the energy released by bond formation and the energy
consumed by bond cleavage during a chemical reaction is called _________.
4. Measuring the change in _______allows us to determine whether a reaction will
require or release heat to occur.
5. The symbol and unit of the change in enthalpy are ____________ and
_____________ respectively.

LESSON

We have learned in previous modules that the First Law of Thermodynamics

states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. How about the Second Law of
Thermodynamics?

The second law of thermodynamics states that a spontaneous process will

increase the entropy of the universe. But what exactly is entropy? Entropy is simply
a measure of how much the energy of the particles become more spread out in a
process. It is also defined as the thermodynamic quantity that expresses the degree
of disorder in a system. If the system becomes less ordered, the entropy increases. If
the system becomes more ordered, the entropy decreases. How do you identify this?
The following are the guides for identifying whether the entropy is increased or
decreased.

COMPARING ENTROPIES

A. Number of Possible Microstates. The greater the number of possible microstates

for a system, the higher the entropy. Microstate refers to the arrangement of the
energy of each molecule in the whole system at one instant. It is directly related
 to the amount of the substance. Example, 100 g of metallic copper has twice
the entropy of 50 g at the same temperature.

B. Phases. Different phases have different entropies. Gases have higher entropy
than liquids and liquids have higher entropy than solids. The particles of gases
are more random than liquids and solids because they move freely in the bigger
spaces between them.

Figure 1. A phase change from solid to liquid to gas with increasing entropy.

When the phase of the substance is changed, there is also a change in entropy.

Entropy increases during these processes because the particles become less ordered.

1. melting, the process of changing solid to liquid

2. evaporation, the process of changing liquid to gas
Conversely, entropy decreases after these processes because the particles become
more ordered:

1. condensation, the process of changing gas to liquid

2. freezing, the process of changing liquid to solid

C. Temperature. The higher the temperature, the higher is the entropy. It can
be gleaned in figure 2 that as the temperature is increased, the entropy also
increases. Entropy increases as the temperature of a substance is raised because it
corresponds to the greater spread of kinetic energies.

Figure 2. Graph showing an increase in entropy of different states as temperature is increased.

D. Mixture vs Pure Solvent. Compared to a pure substance, in which all
particles are identical, the entropy of a mixture of two or more different particle types
is greater. This is because of the additional orientations and interactions that are
possible in a system comprised of nonidentical components.

Figure 3. llustration of a system becoming more disordered as particles mix together.

E. Dissolved Substances vs. Precipitate.

When a solid dissolve in a liquid such as sodium chloride in water ( Figure 4),
the particles of the solid experience both a greater freedom of motion and additional
interactions with the solvent particles. This corresponds to a more uniform dispersal
of matter and energy. The process of dissolution therefore involves an increase in
entropy.

Figure 4. Dissolution of sodium chloride in water.

Dissolved substances have a higher entropy value than their corresponding

precipitate. For example, if we mix silver nitrate with sodium chloride, we have the
following reaction: AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s)

Figure 5. Formation of AgCl precipitate from AgNO3(aq) and NaCl

The ions from the aqueous components are free to move around the entire solution,
but the silver and chloride ions in the solid AgCl are all clustered together into a
precipitate, ordered into a specific pattern of alternating cations and anions. Overall,
this transformation represents a decrease in the entropy of the system.

F. Presence of a Gas. The side of the equation with more moles of gas has a higher
total entropy. This is because a greater number of moles indicates a greater number
of gas particles and a greater number of arrangements of the gas particles.

For example, consider the following reaction:

2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(g)

Figure 6. Equation showing the formation of water molecule

Three moles of gaseous reactants combine to make two moles of gaseous products.
Therefore, we would expect this process to result in a decrease in entropy.

CALCULATING ENTROPY

The symbol for entropy is S and the standard entropy of a substance is given
by the symbol S∘, indicating that the standard entropy is determined under standard
conditions. Standard entropy is the entropy of a substance at 25°C and 1 atm of
pressure. The units for entropy are J/K • mol

The entropy change for a reaction can be calculated by taking the difference
between the total of the standard entropy values of the products and those of the
reactants:

ΔS∘rxn = Σ S∘(products)−Σ S∘(reactants)

Each standard entropy value is multiplied by the coefficient of the

corresponding substance in the balanced equation. We may refer to tables of
standard entropy values.

Sample Problem:

Calculate ΔSrxn for the following reaction: N2(g)+3H2(g)→2NH3(g)

The standard entropy values for N2, H2, and NH3 are 191.6 J/K.mol, 130.7
J/K.mol, and 192.5 J/K•mol, respectively.

Answer:

Multiply the standard entropy value of each component by its coefficient from
the balanced equation, and subtract the values of the reactants from those of the
products.
 ΔS∘rxn = ΣS∘(products)−ΣS∘(reactants)

= 2S∘(NH3)−[S∘(N2)+3S∘(H2)]

= 2(192.5 J/K⋅mol)−[191.6 J/K⋅mol+3(130.7 J/K⋅mol)]

=−198.7 J/K⋅mol

There is a substantial decrease in entropy over the course of this reaction.

This could have been predicted simply by looking at the balanced equation. There
are four moles of gaseous reactants and just two moles of gaseous products. In
general, the side of the equation with more moles of gas has a higher total entropy.

Remember: A negative ΔS means that the entropy decreases, while a positive ΔS

means that the entropy increases.

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1. Which member of each pair do you expect to have a higher entropy?

A. solid phenol or liquid phenol

B. 1 mol of N2(g) mixed with 2 mol of O2(g) or 2 mol of NO2(g)
C. I2(s) or I2(g).
D. block of copper at 20°C or at 40°C.
E. diamond or graphite

Activity 2. Predict whether the change in entropy would be positive or negative for
these reactions:

A. CaCO3(s)→CaO(s)+CO2(g)
B. 2CH3OH(l)+3O2(g)⟶2CO2(g)+4H2O(l)

Then, use the standard entropy values for each substance to calculate the exact
change in entropy.

WRAP – U P

KEY TAKE AWAYS!

1. The second law of thermodynamics states that a spontaneous process will

increase the entropy of the universe.
2. Entropy is the level of randomness of a system.
3. Any change that results in a higher temperature, more molecules, or a
larger volume yields an increase in entropy.
 4. For a given system, the greater the number of microstates, the higher the
entropy.
5. The entropy change for a reaction can be calculated by taking the difference
between the total of the standard entropy values of the products and those of
the reactants.

VALUING

Cite an advantage and a disadvantage of this idea: Increase in entropy implies

a transition from an ordered to a less ordered state.

Advantage:
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

Disadvantage:

__________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

POSTTEST

1. Entropy principle is the quantitative statement of the second law of

thermodynamics.

A. true B. false

2. The entropy of the universe is __________.

A) constant C) continually decreasing

B) zero D) continually increasing

3. Sodium reacts violently with water according to this equation :

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
The resulting solution has a higher temperature than the water prior to the
addition of sodium. What is the signs of ∆S° for this reaction?
A) negative C) no sign
B) positive D) undefine

4. Which of the following processes should have negative entropy ?

A. CaCO3(s) −− CaO(s) + CO2(g) C. 2 NO2(g) −− N2O4(g)

B. H2O (s) −− H2O(g) D. NaCl(s) + H2O(l) −− NaCl(aq)

5. Which one of the following processes produces a decrease in the entropy of the
system?
A) boiling water to form steam
B) dissolution of solid KCl in water
C) mixing of two gases into one container
D) freezing water to form ice

A partial listing of standard entropies

Substance S°S° (J mol−1 K−1)

C(s, graphite) 5.740

C(s, diamond) 2.38

CO(g) 197.7

CO2(g) 213.8

CH4(g) 186.3

C2H4(g) 219.5

C2H6(g) 229.5

CH3OH(l) 126.8

C2H5OH(l) 160.7

H2(g) 130.57

H(g) 114.6

H2O(g) 188.71

H2O(l) 69.91

HCI(g) 186.8

H2S(g) 205.7

O2(g) 205.03

CaO(s) 38.1

CaCO3(s) 110.0
 KEY TO CORRECTION

5. D 4. C 3.B 2. D 1. D Posttest

B. – 161.1 j/Kmol A. ∆Srxn =160.5 J/Kmol Activity 2.

E. graphite
block of copper at 40°C. D.
I2(g). C.
1 mol of N2(g) mixed with 2 mol of O2(g) B.
liquid phenol A.

Activity 1.
∆H, Joule or kJ 5.
Enthalpy 4.
Change in enthalpy 3.
Exothermic 2.
Endothermic 1.

Recap

5.B 4. D 3. B 2. B 1. C Pretest

REFERENCES
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics – Introductory Chemistry- 1st Canadian Edition
(pressbooks.pub)

12.2 Entropy - Chemistry: Atoms First 2e | OpenStax

The Second Law of Thermodynamics (lardbucket.org)

Entropy | CK-12 Foundation

Microstates - Chemistry LibreTexts