Outline

Creating Objects
The String Class
Packages
Formatting Output
Enumerated Types
Wrapper Classes

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 Enumerated Types
• Java allows you to define an enumerated type, which can then be
used to declare variables
• An enumerated type establishes all possible values for a variable of
that type
• The values are identifiers of your own choosing
• The following declaration creates an enumerated type called
Season
enum Season {winter, spring, summer, fall};

• Any number
Enumerated ofquite
types can be values
helpful can be listed
in situations in which you have a relatively small number of distinct values
that a variable can assume. For example, suppose we wanted to represent the various letter grades a student could
earn. We might declare the following enumerated type:
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Enumerated Types
• Once a type is defined, a variable of that type can be declared
Season time;
and it can be assigned a value
time = Season.fall;
• The values are specified through the name of the type
• Enumerated types are type-safe – you cannot assign any value other
than those listed
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Enumerated Types- Example
public enum Day {
MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY,
SUNDAY
}

Day today = Day.MONDAY; // 'Day' is the enum type, 'MONDAY' is one of its constants
Enumerated Types- Ordinal and name methods
• Internally, each value of an enumerated type is stored as an integer, called its ordinal value
• The first value in an enumerated type has an ordinal value of zero, the second one, and so on

• However, you cannot assign a numeric value to an enumerated type, even if it corresponds to a
valid ordinal value
• The declaration of an enumerated type is a special type of class, and each variable of that type is
an object
• The ordinal method returns the ordinal value of the object
• The name method returns the name of the identifier corresponding to the object's value
• See IceCream.java (page 137)

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public class IceCream
{
enum Flavor {vanilla, chocolate, strawberry, fudgeRipple, coffee, rockyRoad, mintChocolateChip, cookieDough}
// Creates and uses variables of the Flavor type.
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Flavor cone1, cone2, cone3;
cone1 = Flavor.rockyRoad;
cone2 = Flavor.chocolate;
System.out.println("cone1 value: " + cone1);
System.out.println("cone1 ordinal: " + cone1.ordinal());
System.out.println("cone1 name: " + cone1.name());
System.out.println();
System.out.println("cone2 value: " + cone2);
System.out.println("cone2 ordinal: " + cone2.ordinal());
System.out.println("cone2 name: " + cone2.name());
cone3 = cone1;
System.out.println();
System.out.println("cone3 value: " + cone3);
System.out.println("cone3 ordinal: " + cone3.ordinal());
System.out.println("cone3 name: " + cone3.name());
}
}
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public class IceCream
{
enum Flavor {vanilla, chocolate, strawberry, fudgeRipple, coffee, rockyRoad, mintChocolateChip, cookieDough}
// Creates and uses variables of the Flavor type.
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Flavor cone1, cone2, cone3;
cone1 = Flavor.rockyRoad;
cone2 = Flavor.chocolate;
System.out.println("cone1 value: " + cone1);
System.out.println("cone1 ordinal: " + cone1.ordinal());
System.out.println("cone1 name: " + cone1.name());
System.out.println();
System.out.println("cone2 value: " + cone2);
System.out.println("cone2 ordinal: " + cone2.ordinal());
System.out.println("cone2 name: " + cone2.name());
cone3 = cone1;
System.out.println();
System.out.println("cone3 value: " + cone3);
System.out.println("cone3 ordinal: " + cone3.ordinal());
System.out.println("cone3 name: " + cone3.name());
}
}
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Outline
Creating Objects
The String Class
Packages
Formatting Output
Enumerated Types
Wrapper Classes

3-49
Wrapper Classes
• The java.lang package contains wrapper
classes that correspond to each primitive type:
Primitive Type Wrapper Class
byte Byte
short Short
int Integer
long Long
float Float
double Double
char Character
boolean Boolean
void Void

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Wrapper Classes
• The following declaration creates an Integer object which represents
the integer 40 as an object
Integer age = new Integer(40);

age 40

• An object of a wrapper class can be used in any situation where a primitive

value will not suffice
• For example, some objects serve as containers of other objects
• Primitive values could not be stored in such containers, but wrapper
objects could be
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Wrapper Classes methods
• Wrapper classes methods
• manages the associated primitive type
• Ex: Integer provides methods returning the int stored in it

• Some methods of the Integer class

• Integer (int value)
• Constructor: creates an new Integer object storing value

• float floatValue()
• returns the value of this integer as the float type

• static int parseInt (String str)

• Returns the int corresponding to the value in str
Wrapper Classes
• The wrapper classes often contain useful constants as well
• For example, the Integer class contains MIN_VALUE and MAX_VALUE
which hold the smallest and largest int values
Integer a = 5;
System.out.print (a.MAX_VALUE);
2147483647

Because Some of the methods are static we can use the class name (
Integer.MAX_VALUE).
We don’t need to use “new”.

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Autoboxing/Unboxing
• Autoboxing is the automatic conversion between
• Primitive value and corresponding wrapper object
• Integer obj1;
int num1 = 69;
Obj1 = num1; // automatically creates an Integer object

• Unboxing is the reverse condition

• Integer obj2 = new Integer (69);
int num2;
num2 = Obj2; // automatically extracts the int value
Using Dialog Boxes for Input/Output
• Another way to gather input is to use a GUI
• such as JOptionPane offered by Java
• Which allows a programmer to use GUI for I/O
• Making I/O more efficient and the program more attractive

• JOptionPane
• Contained in the package javax.swing
• Offers two methods:
• ShowInputDialog: allows user to input a string from keyboard
• ShowMessageDialog: allows user to display results
Syntax for ShowInputDialog
• To display a dialog box
• Containing the string in the object stringExpression
• Storing the input data in the String object str

• The syntax to use the method is:

• str = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(stringExpression);
• A dialog appears on the screen
• prompting user to enter data
• Data is returned as a string and assigned to variable str

• The user enters the data in the white area

• Called text field
Syntax for showMessageDialog
• The syntax to use showMessageDialog is
• JoptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, messageStringExpression,
boxTitleString, messageType).
• messageStringExpression:evaluated and value appears in box
• boxTitleString: the title of the dialog box
• messageType: type of icon appearing in the dialog box
• JoptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE
• JoptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE
• JoptionPane.Question_MESSAGE
• JoptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE
• JoptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE
Example
import javax.swing.*;

public class JOptionPaneExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Get input from the user
String name = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("What is your name?");
System.out.println("Hello, " + name);

// Show a message with the input

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Hello, " + name + "!");
}
}
Summary
• The new operator returns a reference to a newly created object.
• Multiple reference variables can refer to the same object.
• A class library provides useful support when developing programs.
• The Java standard class library is organized into packages.
• All classes of the java.lang package are automatically imported for every program.
• A pseudorandom number generator performs a complex calculation to create the illusion of randomness.
• All methods of the Math class are static, meaning they are invoked through the class name.
• The printf method in Java is used for formatted output to control how variables are displayed using format specifiers.
• Enumerated types are type-safe, ensuring that invalid values will not be used.
• A wrapper class allows a primitive value to be managed as an object.
• Autoboxing provides automatic conversions between primitive values and corresponding wrapper objects.
• JOptionPane, part of the javax.swing package, provides a GUI-based way to handle input and output in Java through its
showInputDialog method for user input and showMessageDialog method for displaying results.