MCAI

VSe
mes
ter
Pa
perna
me-s
oft
war
eEng
ine
eri
ng
Pa
perc
odeCS
A-CC-
422
De
par
tme
nt-c
omput
ers
cie
ncea
nda
ppl
i
cat
ion
T
eac
her
'sNa
me-Ri
chaPa
tha
k
Uni
t5

S
oft
war
eMa
int
ena
nce

S
oftwar
eMa int
enanceistheproce
ssofmodi
fyi
ngasof
twar
eproduc
taft
eri
tha
sbeende
live
redt ot
he
c
ustomer.
Thema inpurposeofsof
twaremai
nte
nancei
stomodif
yandupda
tes
oft
wareappl
ica
tion
a
fte
rdeli
verytocorr
ectfaul
tsandtoi
mproveperf
orma
nce.

Ne
edf
orMa
int
ena
nce–

S
oft
war
eMa
int
ena
ncemus
tbepe
rfor
medi
nor
dert
o:

Cor
rec
tfa
ult
s.

I
mpr
ovet
hede
sig
n.

I
mpl
eme
nte
nha
nce
ment
s.

I
nte
rfa
cewi
thot
hers
yst
ems
.

Accommodat
eprogra
mssothatdi
ff
ere
nthar
dwa
re,
sof
twa
re,
sys
temf
eat
ure
s,a
nd
te
lecommuni
cat
ionsf
aci
l
iti
esc
anbeused.

Mi
gra
tel
ega
cys
oft
war
e.

Re
tir
esof
twa
re.

Ca
teg
ori
esofS
oft
war
eMa
int
ena
nce–
Ma
int
ena
ncec
anbedi
vi
dedi
ntot
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1.
Cor
rec
ti
vema
int
ena
nce
:

Cor
rec
tivemaint
ena
nceofasoft
wa r
eproduc
tma ybees
sent
ial
eit
hertor
ect
if
ysomebug
sobs
erv
ed
whi
lethesys
temisi
nuse,ort
oe nhanc
etheper
formanc
eofthesys
tem.

2.
Ada
pti
vema
int
ena
nce
:

Thi
sincludesmodi
fi
cat
ionsandupda
tionswhenthecus
tomer
sne edthepr
oducttor
unonne
w
pla
tforms,onnewoperati
ngsys
tems,orwhentheynee
dtheproducttoi
nter
fac
ewithne
whardwa
re
ands of
tware.

3.
Per
fec
ti
vema
int
ena
nce
:

Asof
twar
eproduc
tneedsmaintena
ncetosuppor
tthenewfeat
ure
stha
ttheus
erswantort
ocha
nge
di
ff
ere
nttype
soffunc
ti
onal
i
tiesofthes
yst
ema ccor
dingt
othecus
tomerde
mands.

4.
Pre
vent
ivema
int
ena
nce
:

T
histypeofma i
nte
nancei
ncl
ude
smodi
fi
cat
ionsandupdat
ionst
opreve
ntf
utur
eprobl
emsoft
he
s
oftware.
Itgoal
stoatt
endpr
obl
ems
,whic
ha renots
igni
fi
canta
tthi
smomentbutmayca
uses
eri
ous
i
ssuesi
nfuture
.

Cos
tofMa
int
ena
nce

Report
ssugge
stthatthec
ostofmaint
enancei
shi
gh.
Astudyonest
imati
ngs
oft
waremaint
enanc
e
foundtha
tthecostofmai
ntenanc
eisashig
has67%oft
hecostofent
ir
esof
twar
eproc
esscyc
le.
Onanave
rage,
thecos
tofsoft
waremai
nte
nanceismor
etha
n50%ofa
llS
DLCpha
ses
.The
rea
rev
ari
ous
f
act
ors
,whic
htri
gge
rma i
ntenanc
ecos
tgohig
h,suchas
:

Re
al-
wor
ldf
act
orsa
ffe
cti
ngMa
int
ena
nceCos
t

T
hes
tanda
rda
geofa
nys
oft
war
eisc
ons
ide
redupt
o10t
o15y
ear
s.

Ol
dersof
twar
es,
whichweremeantt
oworkonsl
owmachi
neswit
hle
ssmemoryands
tor
agec
apa
cit
y
ca
nnotkeept
hemse
lvesc
hall
eng
ingaga
ins
tnewl
ycomi
ngenha
ncedsof
twa
resonmoder
nhar
dware
.

Ast
echnol
ogya
dva
nce
s,i
tbe
come
scos
tl
ytoma
int
ainol
dsof
twa
re.

Mos
tma
int
ena
ncee
ngi
nee
rsa
rene
wbi
eandus
etr
ial
ande
rrorme
thodt
ore
cti
fypr
obl
em.

Ofte
n, chang
e smadeca
nea
sil
yhur
ttheor
igi
nal
str
uct
ureoft
hes
oft
war
e,ma
kingi
tha
rdf
ora
ny
subsequentchang
e s
.

Cha
nge
sar
eof
tenl
eftundoc
ume
nte
dwhi
chma
yca
usemor
econf
li
ct
sinf
utur
e.

S
oft
war
e-e
ndf
act
orsa
ffe
cti
ngMa
int
ena
nceCos
t

S
truc
tur
eofS
oft
war
ePr
ogr
am

Pr
ogr
ammi
ngL
ang
uag
e

De
pende
nceone
xte
rna
lenv
ironme
nt

S
taf
fre
li
abi
l
itya
nda
vai
l
abi
l
ity

S
oft
war
eMa
int
ena
nceOv
erv
iew

Soft
wa r
ema i
nte
nanceiswi
del
yacceptedpa
r tofSDL
Cnowada y
s.I
tst
andsf
oral
lthemodi
fi
cat
ionsand
updati
onsdoneaft
erthede
li
ver
yofs of
twar
epr oduc
t.The
rea
renumberofr
eas
ons ,
whymodif
icat
ions
arerequi
red,
someofthemarebri
efl
yme nt
ionedbelow:

Mar
ketCondi
ti
ons-Pol
i
cie
s,whic
hc ha
ngesovert
het
ime,s
uchast
axat
ionandnewl
yint
roduc
ed
c
onst
rai
ntsl
ik
e,howtoma i
nta
inbookkee
ping
,maytr
igg
ernee
dformodif
ic
ati
on.

Cl
i
entRe
qui
reme
nts-Ov
ert
het
ime
,cus
tome
rma
yas
kforne
wfe
atur
esorf
unc
ti
onsi
nthes
oft
war
e.

Hos
tModi
fi
cat
ions-I
fanyoft
heha
rdwa
rea
nd/
orpl
atf
orm(
suc
hasope
rat
ings
yst
em)oft
het
arg
et
hos
tcha
nge
s,s
oft
war
echa
nge
sar
ene
ede
dtok
eepa
dapt
abi
l
ity
.

Or
gani
zat
ionChanges-I
fther
eisanybusi
nes
slev
el c
hangeatcl
i
entend,s
uchasr
educ
ti
onof
or
gani
zat
ionstr
engt
h,acqui
ri
nganotherc
ompany,orga
niz
ati
onvent
uri
ngint
onewbusi
nes
s,ne
edt
o
modi
fyi
nt heor
igi
nals
oftwa
rema yari
se.

Onanave
rage,
thecos
tofsoft
waremai
nte
nanceismor
etha
n50%ofa
llS
DLCpha
ses
.The
rea
rev
ari
ous
f
act
ors
,whic
htri
gge
rma i
ntenanc
ecos
tgohig
h,suchas
:

Ma
int
ena
nceAc
ti
vi
ti
es

I
EEEpr
ovi
desafr
ameworkfors
equent
ial
mai
ntenanceproc
essact
ivi
ti
es.I
tca
nbeusedi
nit
era
tiv
e
manne
randcanbee
xtende
ds otha
tcust
omi
zedit
e msandproc
essescanbei
ncl
ude
d.

T
hes
eac
ti
vi
ti
esg
oha
nd-
in-
handwi
the
achoft
hef
oll
owi
ngpha
se:

I
denti
fic
ation&Tra
c i
ng-Iti
nvol
vesac
tiv
iti
esper
tai
ni
ngtoi
denti
fi
cat
ionofrequi
reme
ntofmodi
fi
cat
ion
ormaintenanc
e.I
tisgenerat
edbyuse
rors y
ste
mma yit
sel
fre
portvi
alogsorerr
ormess
ages
.He
re,t
he
maint
enanc et
ypei
sc l
ass
ifi
edal
so.

Ana
lys
is-T
hemodi
fi
cat
ioni
sana
lyz
edf
ori
tsi
mpa
ctont
hes
yst
emi
ncl
udi
ngs
afe
tya
nds
ecur
it
y
i
mpli
cat
ions.
Ifpr
obabl
eimpactiss
ever
e,al
ter
nat
ivesol
uti
onislookedf
or.Asetofr
equi
red
modi
fi
cati
onsist
henma t
eri
al
ize
dintor
equi
rementspec
if
ica
tions.T
hecostof
modi
fi
cati
on/mai
ntena
nceisanal
yzeda
ndesti
mati
onisconcl
uded.

Desi
gn-Newmodul
es,whi
chne e
dtoberepl
ace
dormodi
fi
ed,
aredesi
gnedaga
instr
equi
rement
spe
cif
ic
ati
onss
eti
nthepre
viousst
age
.Te
stcasesa
rec
rea
tedf
orval
i
dationa
ndv e
rif
ic
ati
on.

I
mplement
ati
on-Thene
wmodul
esar
ecode
dwi t
hthehe
lpofst
ruc
tur
edde
sig
ncr
eat
edi
nthede
sig
n
s
tep.
Eve
ryprogr
ammeri
sex
pec
tedt
odounitt
est
ingi
npara
ll
el
.

S
yst
emT est
ing-Int
egrat
iont
est
ingi
sdoneamongne
wlycr
eat
edmodul
es.
Inte
grat
iont
est
ingi
sals
o
c
arr
iedoutbetweennewmodulesandthes
yst
em.Fi
nal
l
ythes
yst
emist
estedasawhol
e,f
oll
owing
r
egr
essi
vetest
ingproc
edures
.

Acc
eptanc
eTest
ing-Aft
ertes
ti
ngthesy
steminte
rnal
l
y,i
tist
est
edf
orac
ceptanc
ewitht
hehel
pofuser
s.
I
fatthi
sst
ate
,usercompla
int
ssomeis
suestheyar
eaddr
esse
dornot
edtoaddres
sinne
xti
ter
ati
on.

Del
ive
ry-Af
terac
cept
ancetes
t,thes
yst
emi
sde
ployedall
overt
heorga
niz
ati
onei
the
rbysmal
lupda
te
pac
kageorf
reshi
nst
all
ati
onofthesy
ste
m.T
hef
inal
test
ingta
kespl
aceatc
li
ente
ndafte
rthes
oft
ware
i
sdeli
ver
ed.

T
rai
ni
ngf
aci
l
ityi
spr
ovi
dedi
fre
qui
red,
ina
ddi
ti
ont
otheha
rdc
opyofus
erma
nua
l.

Maint
ena
ncemana
geme nt-Conf
igur
ati
onmanagementi
saness
ent
ial
par
tofs
yst
emma i
nte
nanc
e.I
tis
ai
dedwit
hver
si
oncont
roltool
stocontr
olv
ers
ions
,se
mi -
ver
si
onorpat
chmana
gement
.

S
oft
war
eMa
int
ena
nceMode
ls:

Toov e
rcomei
nte
rna
laswel
lasext
e r
nalpr
obl
emsofthesof
tware,
Sof
twa
rema i
nte
nancemode
lsa
re
proposed.
The
semodel
sus
ediff
erentappr
oac
hesandtec
hnique
stosi
mpli
fyt
heproce
ssof
mai
nte
nanceaswe
lla
stoma
kei
scos
tef
fec
ti
ve.
Sof
twa
rema
int
ena
ncemode
lst
hata
reofmos
t
i
mport
ancear
e:

Qui
ck-
Fi
xMode
l:

Thisi
sanadhoca ppr
oachusedforma i
ntai
ningthesof
twaresyst
em. Theobject
iveofthi
smodeli
sto
i
de nt
if
ytheproble
ma ndthenfi
xitasquic
klyaspossi
bl
e .T
hea dvant
ageisthatitpe
rformsit
swor
k
quick
lyandatalowcost
.Thismodelisanapproachtomodifythesof
twa r
ec odewithli
tt
le
consi
derat
ionfori
tsi
mpactontheov er
all
struct
ureofthesoft
wa r
esystem.
I
ter
ati
veE
nha
nce
mentMode
l:

I
tera
tiv
ee nha nc
eme ntmodelconsi
dersthechangesmadetot
hesy s
temarei
tera
tiv
einnat
ure.T
his
modelincorporat
escha ng
esi
nt hesof
twa r
ebasedontheanal
ysi
softheex
ist
ingsys
tem.I
tass
ume s
completedocume nt
a t
ionoft
hes of
twareisava
ila
blei
nthebegi
nning.Mor
eover,
itatt
empt
stocontr
ol

c
ompl
exi
tya
ndt
ri
est
oma
int
aing
oodde
sig
n.

I
ter
ati
veE
nha
nce
mentMode
lisdi
vi
dedi
ntot
hre
est
age
s:

1.
Ana
lys
isofs
oft
war
esy
ste
m.

2.
Cla
ssi
fi
cat
ionofr
eque
ste
dmodi
fi
cat
ions
.

3.
Impl
eme
nta
tionofr
eque
ste
dmodi
fi
cat
ions
.
T
heRe
-us
eOr
ient
edMode
l:

Thepartsoftheold/
exi
sti
ngsys
temthatarea
ppropri
atef
orreus
ea rei
denti
fi
edandunders
tood,i
n
ReuseOrient
e dModel.
Thesepart
sarethe
ngothroughmodif
ica
tionandenhance
ment,whichar
edone
ontheba s
isofthespec
if
iednewrequi
rement
s.T
hef i
nals
tepofthismodeli
sthei
nte
grat
ionof
modifi
edpa r
tsint
othenews y
stem.

Boe
hm'
sMode
l:

Boehm’sMode lpe
r for
msma i
nte
nancepr
oces
sbasedontheeconomicmode
lsandpri
nci
pl
es.
It
repr
e s
entsthemaintenanc
eproces
sinac
los
edloopcyc
le,whe
r e
inchang
esaresug
gest
edand
approvedfi
rsta
ndt henareex
ecuted.
T
aut
eMa
int
ena
nceMode
l:

Nameda f
terthepe r
sonwhopr oposedthemodel,T
aute’
smode l
isaty
pical
mai
ntena
nc emodelt
hat
cons
ist
sofeightphasesincyc
lefashi
on.Theproc
essofma i
nte
nancebegi
nsbyr
eques
tingthec
hange
andendswithitsoperat
ion.
Thepha sesofTa
ute’
sMa i
ntenanc
eMode l
are:
1.
Cha
nger
eque
stPha
se.

2.
Est
ima
tePha
se.

3.
Sche
dul
ePha
se.

4.
Prog
rammi
ngPha
se.

5.
Tes
tPha
se.

6.
Doc
ume
nta
tionPha
se.

7.
Rel
eas
ePha
se.

8.
Ope
rat
ionPha
se.
Conc
lus
ion:

Soft
war emaint
enancehasrecent
lygai
neditsimporta
nceinthesoft
wa r
ede v
elopmentpr
oces
s.I
tisone
suchpracti
sewhic
hisimme nsel
ybenefi
cia
l.Exec
utedthroug
hv ar
ioustechniquesandsof
twa
re
ma i
ntenancemodels
,itperf
ormsfunct
ionsthatf
ixesnewore x
ist
ingbugsa ndde f
ect
sint
hesyst
ema nd
provi
desimprovedperfor
ma nc
ewi t
hregularupgr
ades.

Thr
oughsoftwaremaint
enance,
s oft
wa r
es ys
temsca
na da
pttothec hangi
ngtec
hnic
alenvi
ronmentand
l
ates
tma rk
ettrends
.Ital
sohel
psi npredic
ti
ngcashf
lowandcontrol
lingsof
twar
ee x
pendi
ture.He
nce,
byadopt
ingsoft
wa r
ema i
ntena
nc edevelopersca
nprov
idecl
i
e nt
ss e
r vi
cest
hatar
eup-to-
datewit
hthe
l
ates
ttre
ndsa ndisext
remel
ybe nefi
cia
l.

Re
ver
seE
ngi
nee
ring

S
oftwareRev
ers
eEngineer
ingi
saproces
sofrecov
eri
ngthede
sig
n,requi
reme
ntspe
cif
ic
ati
onsand
f
uncti
onsofapr
oductfr
oma nana
lysi
sofit
scode.I
tbui
l
dsaprogra
mda ta
basea
ndgenera
tes
i
nfor
ma ti
onf
romthi
s.

Thepurposeofreve
rseengi
nee
ringist
ofac
il
it
a t
ethemai
ntena
nceworkbyimprovi
ngthe
under
standabi
li
tyofasy
s t
emandt opr
oducethenece
ssa
rydocume
ntsforale
gacysys
tem.

1.
Rev
ers
eEng
ine
eri
ngGoa
ls:

2.
Copewi
thCompl
exi
ty.

3.
Rec
ove
rlos
tinf
orma
tion
4.
Det
ects
idee
ffe
cts
.

5.
Synt
hes
isehi
ghe
rabs
tra
cti
on.

6.
Fac
il
it
ateRe
use
.
S
tepsofS
oft
war
eRe
ver
seE
ngi
nee
ring
:

1.
Col
l
ect
ionI
nfor
mat
ion:

T
hisst
epfoc
use
sonc
oll
ect
inga
llpos
sibl
einf
orma
tion(
i.
e.,
sour
cede
sig
ndoc
ume
ntse
tc.
)aboutt
he
s
oftwar
e.

2.
Exa
mini
ngt
hei
nfor
mat
ion:

T
hei
nfor
mat
ionc
oll
ect
edi
nst
ep-
1ass
tudi
eds
oast
oge
tfa
mil
i
arwi
tht
hes
yst
em.

3.
Ext
rac
ti
ngt
hes
truc
tur
e:

Thi
sst
epconcer
nswit
hide
nti
fi
cat
ionofpr
ogr
ams
truc
tur
eint
hef
ormofs
truc
tur
echa
rtwhe
ree
ach
nodec
orr
espondst
osomerout
ine.

4.
Rec
ordi
ngt
hef
unc
ti
ona
li
ty:

Dur
ingthi
sstepproces
singdet
ail
sofe
achmodul
eoft
hes
truc
tur
e,c
har
tsa
rer
ecor
dedus
ings
truc
tur
ed
l
anguag
elikedeci
sionta
ble,e
tc.

5.
Rec
ordi
ngda
taf
low:

F
r omt
heinf
orma
tionex
trac
tedinste
p-3a
nds
tep-
4,s
etofda
taf
lowdi
agr
amsa
rede
riv
edt
oshowt
he
f
lowofda
taamongtheproc
esse
s .

6.
Rec
ordi
ngc
ont
rol
fl
ow:

Hi
ghl
eve
lcont
rol
str
uct
ureoft
hes
oft
war
eisr
ecor
ded.

7.
Rev
iewe
xtr
act
edde
sig
n:

Des
igndocumente
xtrac
tedisr
e v
iewedseve
ralt
ime
stoe
nsur
econs
ist
enc
yandc
orr
ect
nes
s.I
tal
so
ens
urest
ha tt
hedes
ignrepr
esentsthepr
ogram.

8.
Gene
rat
edoc
ume
nta
tion:

F
ina
ll
y,i
nthisst
ep,thecomple
tedoc
ume
nta
tioni
ncl
udi
ngS
RS,
des
igndoc
ume
nt,
his
tor
y,ov
erv
iew,
etc
.
a
rerec
ordedforfut
ureuse.
S
oft
war
eRe
-Eng
ine
eri
ng

Sof
twareRe-Engi
neeringist
hee xaminat
ionandalte
r a
tionofasyste
mt oreconsti
tuteiti
nane wfor
m.
Thepri
nci
plesofRe-Engineer
ingwhena ppl
iedtothesof t
waredevel
opme ntprocessiscal
l
edsoft
ware
re-
engi
neeri
ng.Itaf
fectsposi
tiv
elyatsoft
warecost,quali
ty,
serv
icetothecustome randspeedof
del
ive
ry.I
nSof t
wareRe -eng
ineeri
ng,wea r
eimprovingthesoft
wa r
et omakeitmor ee f
fi
ci
entand
eff
ect
ive.

Re
-Eng
ine
eri
ngc
ostf
act
ors
:

T
hequa
li
tyoft
hes
oft
war
etober
e-e
ngi
nee
red.

T
het
ool
suppor
tav
ail
abi
l
ityf
ore
ngi
nee
ring
.

E
xte
ntoft
heda
tac
onv
ers
ionwhi
chi
sre
qui
red.

T
hea
vai
l
abi
l
ityofe
xpe
rts
taf
fforRe
-eng
ine
eri
ng.
S
oft
war
eRe
-Eng
ine
eri
ngAc
ti
vi
ti
es:

1.
Inv
ent
oryAna
lys
is:

E
ver
ysof
twa
reor
gani
sat
ions
houl
dha
vea
ninv
ent
oryofa
llt
hea
ppl
i
cat
ions
.

I
nventor
yca
nbenothingmoret
ha nasprea
ds he
etmode
lcont
aini
ngi
nfor
mat
iont
hatpr
ovi
desa
det
ail
eddes
cri
pti
onofever
yact
iveappli
cat
ion.

Bys
orti
ngt
hisinf
ormati
ona c
cor
dingt
obusi
nes
scri
ti
cal
it
y,l
onge
vit
y,c
urr
entma
int
aina
bil
i
tya
ndot
her
l
oca
limpor
tantcr
ite
ria
,candi
dat
esforr
e-e
ngi
neer
ingappea
r.

Re
sour
cec
ant
henbea
ll
oca
tedt
oca
ndi
dat
eappl
i
cat
ionf
orr
e-e
ngi
nee
ringwor
k.

2.
Doc
ume
ntr
econs
truc
ti
ng:

Doc
ume
nta
tionofas
yst
eme
ithe
rex
pla
inshowi
tope
rat
eorhowt
ous
eit
.

Doc
ume
nta
tionmus
tbeupda
ted.

I
tma
ynotbene
ces
sar
ytof
ull
ydoc
ume
nta
nappl
i
cat
ion.

T
hes
yst
emi
sbus
ine
ssc
rit
ic
ala
ndmus
tbef
ull
yre
-doc
ume
nte
d.

3.
Rev
ers
eEng
ine
eri
ng:

Reve
rseeng
inee
ringi
saproces
sofde
signre
cover
y.Re
ver
seengi
neer
ingtool
sex
tra
ctsda
ta,
ar
chit
ect
ura
landproc
cedura
ldesi
gni
nformati
onf
romanexi
st
ingpr
ogram.

4.
CodeRe
cons
truc
ti
ng:

T
oa cc
ompli
shcoder
econst
ruc
ting,
thes
ourcecodeisa
naly
sedusi
ngarecons
truc
ti
ngt
ool
.Vi
ol
ati
onsof
s
truc
ture
dprog
rammingconst
ructar
enote
da ndcodei
sthenre
const
ruc
t.

T
heresul
tantr
est
ruc
tur
edc
odei
sre
vie
weda
ndt
est
edt
oens
uret
hatnoa
noma
li
esha
vebe
en
i
ntr
oduce
d.

5.
Dat
aRe
str
uct
uri
ng:

Da
tar
est
ruc
tur
ingbe
ginswi
tht
her
eve
rsee
ngi
nee
ringa
cti
vi
ty.

Cur
rentda
taa
rchi
tec
tur
eisdi
sse
cre
d,a
ndne
ces
sar
yda
tamode
lsa
rede
fine
d.
Da
taobj
ect
sanda
ttr
ibut
esa
rei
dent
if
ied,
ande
xis
ti
ngda
tas
truc
tur
ear
ere
vie
wedf
orqua
li
ty.

6.
For
war
dEng
ine
eri
ng:

F
orwar
dEnginee
ringal
socal
le
da sre
novati
onorrec
lama t
ionnotonlyforr
ecover
sdesi
gninf
orma
tion
f
romexi
st
ingsof
twarebutusest
hisi
nfor
ma t
iont
oalterorrec
onsti
tutetheexi
st
ings
ysteminanef
fort
t
oimpr
oveitsov
erall
qual
it
y.

S
oft
war
eConf
igur
ati
onMa
nag
eme
nt

Whenwede
velopsof
twar
e,t
heproduct(
sof
twar
e)unde
rgoe
sma
nyc
hang
esi
nthe
irma
int
ena
nce
pha
se;
weneedtohandl
ethe
sechange
se f
fec
ti
vel
y.

Sever
ali
ndi
viduals(
progr
ams )workstog
ethe
rtoa c
hiev
ethes
ecommongoals
.Thi
sindi
vi
dualpr
oduc
es
se
v er
alwor
kpr oduct(
SCIte
ms )e.g
.,I
ntermedi
atever
si
onofmodul
esort
estdat
ausedduri
ng
debuggi
ng,
pa r
tsofthefi
nalproduct.

T
hee l
ementst
hatcompri
seall
inf
orma
tionpr
oduc
eda
sapa
rtoft
hes
oft
war
epr
oce
ssa
rec
oll
ect
ive
ly
c
all
edasoft
wareconf
igur
ati
on.

Assof
twar
ede
vel
opme
ntpr
ogr
ess
es,
thenumbe
rofS
oft
war
eConf
igur
ati
one
leme
nts(
SCI
'
s)g
row
ra
pidl
y.

T
hes
ear
eha
ndl
eda
ndc
ont
rol
l
edbyS
CM.
Thi
siswhe
rewer
equi
res
oft
war
econf
igur
ati
onma
nag
eme
nt.

Aconf
igur
ati
onoftheproduc
tre
fer
snotonl
ytot
hepr
oduc
t'
scons
ti
tue
ntbuta
lsot
oapa
rti
cul
ar
ve
rsi
onofthecomponent.

T
her
efor
e,S
CMi
sthedi
sci
pl
inewhi
ch

1.
Ide
nti
fyc
hang
e

2.
Moni
tora
ndc
ont
rol
cha
nge

3.
Ens
uret
hepr
ope
rimpl
eme
nta
tionofc
hang
ema
det
othei
tem.

4.
Audi
ti
nga
ndr
epor
ti
ngont
hec
hang
ema
de.

Conf
igura
tionMa nage
ment(
CM)isat
echnicofi
dent
if
yi
ng,
org
ani
zi
ng,
andc
ont
rol
l
ingmodi
fi
cat
iont
o
sof
twarebe i
ngbuil
tbyapr
ogra
mmingteam.

T
heobj
ect
ivei
stoma
ximi
zepr
oduc
ti
vi
tybymi
ni
miz
ingmi
st
ake
s(e
rror
s).
CMisusedtoess
ent
ial
duet
otheinvent
orymanage
ment
,li
bra
ryma
nag
eme
nt,
andupda
tion
manage
me ntoft
hei
temses
sent
ialf
orthepr
ojec
t.

Whydowene
edConf
igur
ati
onMa
nag
eme
nt?

Multi
plepeoplear
ewor k
ingons of
twarewhichisconsi
st
entl
yupdat
ing.I
tmaybeame t
hodwhere
multi
plever
sion,
branc
he s
,authorsareinvol
vedinasoft
warepr
oject
,andtheteami
sgeogr
aphi
cal
ly
dis
tri
butedandworksconcur
rently
.Itchangesi
nuserrequi
rement
s,andpoli
cy,
budg
et,s
chedul
esneed
tobeac c
ommoda te
d.

I
mpor
tanc
eofS
CM

I
tispr
act
ic
ali
ncont
rol
l
ingandmana
gingt
heacc
esstova
riousSCI
se.
g.,
bypre
vent
ingt
het
wome
mbe
rs
ofate
amforche
cki
ngoutt
hesamecompone
ntformodi
fi
c at
iona
tthesamet
ime.

I
tpr
ovi
dest
het
ool
toe
nsur
etha
tcha
nge
sar
ebe
ingpr
ope
rlyi
mpl
eme
nte
d.

I
tha
sthec
apa
bil
i
tyofde
scr
ibi
nga
nds
tor
ingt
hev
ari
ousc
ons
ti
tue
ntofs
oft
war
e.

SCMi
susedinkeepi
ngas
yste
mi nacons
ist
ents
tat
ebya
utoma
tic
all
ypr
oduc
ingde
riv
edv
ers
ionupon
modi
fi
cat
ionoft
hesamecomponent
.

S
CMPr
oce
ss

I
tus
e st
hetool
swhic
hkeepthatt
henece
ssa
rychangehasbeeni
mpleme
nte
dade
qua
tel
ytot
he
a
ppropr
iat
ecomponent
.TheSCMproc
essdef
inesanumberofta
sks
:

1.
Ide
nti
fi
cat
ionofobj
ect
sint
hes
oft
war
econf
igur
ati
on

2.
Ver
si
onCont
rol

3.
Cha
ngeCont
rol

4.
Conf
igur
ati
onAudi
t

5.
Sta
tusRe
por
ti
ng
I
dent
if
ic
ati
on

Ba
sicObj
ect
:Uni
tofT
extc
rea
tedbyas
oft
war
eeng
ine
erdur
inga
nal
ysi
s,de
sig
n,c
ode
,ort
est
.

Agg
regat
eObjec
t:Acol
l
ect
ionofe
sse
nti
alobj
ect
sandot
hera
ggr
ega
teobj
ect
s.De
sig
nSpe
cif
ic
ati
oni
s
anagg
regat
eobj
ect.

E
achobje
cthasas
etofdi
st
inctc
har
act
eri
st
ic
stha
tide
nti
fyi
tuni
que
ly:
ana
me,
ade
scr
ipt
ion,
ali
stof
r
esour
ces,
anda"r
eal
iz
ati
on."

T
heint
err
ela
tionshi
psbe
twe
enc
onf
igur
ati
onobj
ect
sca
nbede
scr
ibe
dwi
thaModul
eInt
erc
onne
cti
on
L
ang
uage(MIL).
Ve
rsi
onCont
rol

Ver
si
onContr
olc
ombinespr
oce
dure
sandtool
stoha
ndl
edi
ff
ere
ntv
ers
ionofc
onf
igur
ati
onobj
ect
stha
t
ar
egene
rate
dduringt
hesof
twar
eproc
ess
.

Clemmde f
inesve r
si
oncontrol
inthecontextofSCM:Configurati
onma na
geme ntallowsaus e
rt o
speci
fyt
hea l
ternati
veconf
igur
ati
onoft hesoftwares
ystemt hroughthes
electi
onofa ppropri
ate
versi
ons
.Thisi
ss uppor
tedbyassocia
tingat
tribut
eswit
he achs oft
warever
sion,andt hena l
lowinga
confi
gur
ati
ont obes pe
cif
ied[a
ndc onstr
uct
e d]bydesc
ribi
ngt hesetofdes
ir
e dattr
ibut es
.

Cha
ngeCont
rol

J
amesBac
hdesc
ribesc
hangec
ontr
olint
hecont
extofS
CMi
s:Cha
ngeCont
rol
isVi
tal
.Butt
hef
orc
es
t
hatmak
eite
ssenti
ala
lsomak
eitannoy
ing
.

Weworrya
boutcha
ng ebecaus
easma l
lconf
usi
onint
hecodec
ancrea
teabi
gfa
il
urei
nthepr
oduc
t.
Buti
tca
nals
ofi
xasignif
ic
antfai
l
ureorenabl
einc
redi
bl
enewcapa
bil
i
ties
.

Wewor ryaboutc
hangebeca
useas i
ngler
oguedeve
lope
rcoul
dsi
nkt
heproj
ect
,yetbri
l
li
anti
deas
or
igi
nateinthemindoft
hoserogues,
andAburde
nsomechang
econt
rol
proc
esscoul
deffe
cti
vel
y
di
scour
ag ethe
mfromdoingcrea
tiv
ewor k
.

Acha
ngerequestiss
ubmitt
edandcal
cul
ate
dtoas
sesstechni
cal
me r
it
;pote
ntial
sidee
ffe
c t
s,t
heov
era
ll
i
mpactonothe
rc onf
igur
ati
onobj
ect
sandsyst
emfunct
ions,a
ndproj
ecte
dc os
tofthechange.

T
heresult
softheeval
uat
ionsa
represe
nte
dasacha
ngere
port
,whi
chisusedbyachangecontr
ol
a
uthor
ity(CCA)-ape
rsonoragroupwhomak
esafi
nal
deci
si
ononthest
atusandpri
ori
tyofthecha
nge
.

T
he"che
c k
-i
n"and"chec
k -
out"pr
ocessi
mpl
eme
ntst
wone
ces
sar
yel
eme
ntsofc
hang
econt
rol
-ac
ces
s
c
ont
rolandsy
nchroni
zat
ioncontr
ol.
Acce
ssControl
gover
nswhi
chs
oft
war
eeng
ine
ersha
vet
hea
uthor
it
ytoa
cce
ssa
ndmodi
fyapa
rti
cul
ar
conf
igur
ati
onobje
ct.

Sy
nchroni
zat
ionContr
olhe
lpst
oens
uret
hatpa
ral
l
elc
hang
es,
per
for
medbyt
wodi
ff
ere
ntpe
opl
e,don'
t
over
writ
eonea not
her.

Conf
igur
ati
onAudi
t

SCMaudi
tstover
if
ytha
tthesof
twarepr
oduc
tsa
tis
fi
est
heba
sel
i
nesr
equi
reme
ntsa
nde
nsur
est
hat
whati
sbui
ltandwhati
sdel
iv
ered.

S
CMa udi
tsa
lsoe
nsur
etha
ttra
ceabi
l
ityi
sma i
nta
ine
dbe
twe
ena
llCI
sandt
hata
llwor
kre
que
stsa
re
a
ssoc
iat
edwit
honeormoreCImodi
fi
cat
ion.

S
CMa
udi
tsa
ret
he"
wat
chdog
s"t
hate
nsur
est
hatt
hei
nte
gri
tyoft
hepr
oje
ct'
ssc
opei
spr
ese
rve
d.

S
tat
usRe
por
ti
ng

Conf
igurat
ionSt
atusre
porti
ng(s
ome t
imesal
socal
leds
tatusaccounti
ng)prov
idi
ngacc
urat
es t
atusand
cur
rentconfi
gur
ati
onda t
atodevel
opers
,tes
ter
s,e
nduse r
s,customersandstak
ehol
derst
hroughadmin
gui
des,usergui
des,
FAQs,Rel
easeNotes
,Ins
tal
l
ati
onGuide,Config
urati
onGuide,e
tc.

Pr
ogr
amDoc
ume
nta
tion

Anywrit
tentext
, i
ll
ust
rat
ionsorvi
deothatde
scri
beasoft
war eorprog
ramt oi
tsuse
rsiscall
edprogr
am
orsof
twaredocume nt
.Usercanbeanyonefr
omapr ogr
amme r
,sys
tema nal
ysta
nda dmini
str
atorto
enduser
. Atva
riousst
agesofdevel
opmentmulti
pl
edocume ntsmaybec re
atedf
ordiff
erentuser
s.I
n
fac
t,s
oftwaredocumentati
onisacri
ti
cal
proces
sint
heov er
a l
lsof
twaredevel
opmentprocess.

I
nmodul
arpr
ogr
ammi
ngdoc
ume
nta
tionbe
come
sev
enmor
eimpor
tantbe
caus
edi
ff
ere
ntmodul
esof
thesof
twa
rear
ede v
elope
dbydi
ffe
renttea
ms .I
fany
oneothertha
nthedeve
lopmenttea
mwant
stoor
needst
ounde
rsta
ndamodule,g
ooda nddeta
il
eddocumenta
tionwil
lmak
ethetas
ke a
sier
.

T
hes
ear
esomeg
uide
li
nesf
orc
rea
tingt
hedoc
ume
nts−

1.
Doc
ume
nta
tions
houl
dbef
romt
hepoi
ntofv
iewoft
her
eade
r

2.
Doc
ume
nts
houl
dbeuna
mbi
guous

3.
The
res
houl
dbenor
epe
tit
ion

4.
Indus
trys
tanda
rdss
houl
dbeus
ed

5.
Doc
ume
ntss
houl
dal
way
sbeupda
ted

6.
Anyout
dat
eddoc
ume
nts
houl
dbepha
sedouta
fte
rduer
ecor
dingoft
hepha
seout

Adv
ant
age
sofDoc
ume
nta
tion

T
hes
ear
esomeoft
hea
dva
nta
gesofpr
ovi
di
ngpr
ogr
amdoc
ume
nta
tion−

1.
Kee
ptr
ackofa
llpa
rtsofas
oft
war
eorpr
ogr
am

2.
Mai
nte
nanc
eise
asi
er

3.
Prog
ramme
rsot
hert
hant
hede
vel
ope
rca
nunde
rst
anda
lla
spe
ctsofs
oft
war
e

4.
Impr
ove
sov
era
llqua
li
tyoft
hes
oft
war
e

5.
Ass
ist
sinus
ert
rai
ni
ng

6.
Ens
ure
sknowl
edg
ede
-ce
ntr
ali
zat
ion,
cut
ti
ngc
ost
sande
ffor
tifpe
opl
ele
avet
hes
yst
ema
brupt
ly

E
xampl
eDoc
ume
nts

As
oft
war
eca
nha
vema
nyt
ype
sofdoc
ume
ntsa
ssoc
iat
edwi
thi
t.S
omeoft
hei
mpor
tantone
sinc
lude−

1.Us
e rmanua
l−I
tde
scr
ibe
sins
truc
ti
onsa
ndpr
oce
dur
esf
ore
ndus
erst
ous
ethedi
ff
ere
ntf
eat
ure
sof
thesoft
ware.

2.
Opera
tionalma
nua
l−I
tli
st
sandde
scr
ibe
sal
ltheope
rat
ionsbe
ingc
arr
iedouta
ndt
hei
rint
er-
depe
ndencie
s.

3.
Desi
gnDocument−Itg
ivesanov
erv
iewofthesoft
wa r
ea nddesc
ribe
sde s
igne
leme
ntsi
nde
tai
l
.It
doc
ume nt
sdet
ail
sli
kedat
aflowdi
agr
ams,enti
tyre
lati
onshipdi
agr
ams ,e
tc.
4.
Requir
ement
sDocument−Itha
sali
stofa
llt
herequi
rementsoft
hesys
tema
swe
lla
sana
nal
ysi
sof
vi
abi
li
tyoft
herequi
reme
nts.
Itcanha
veuserc
ase
s,rea
ll
ifes
cenari
os,
etc
.

5.
Tec
hni
calDoc
ume nt
ati
on−Iti
sadocume
ntat
ionofa
ctua
lpr
ogr
ammi
ngc
ompone
ntsl
i
kea
lgor
it
hms
,
fl
owc
har
ts,
progra
mc odes
,func
ti
ona
lmodul
es,et
c.

6.
Tes
ti
ngDocume
nt−Itre
cor
dste
stpl
an,t
estc
ases,
vali
dat
ionplan,
veri
fi
cat
ionplan,
tes
tre
sul
ts
,et
c.
Te
sti
ngi
sonephas
eofsof
twar
edevel
opmentt
hatneedsi
ntens
ivedocument
a t
ion.

7.L
istofKnownBugs−Everysoft
warehasbugsorerror
sthatcannotberemovedbeca
useei
therthey
werediscover
edveryl
ateorareharml
essorwil
ltakemoree ff
ortandti
methanneces
sar
ytorecti
fy.
Thesebug sa
reli
st
edwithprogra
mdoc ument
a t
ionsothattheyma yberemovedatal
ate
rdate
. Als
o
theyhelptheuse
rs,i
mplementersa
ndma i
ntenancepeopleift
hebugisacti
vat
ed.