Chapter 01 Real Numbers
Chapter 01 Real Numbers
Natural numbers: Counting numbers are called Natural numbers. These numbers are
denoted by N = {1, 2, 3, .........}
Whole numbers: The collection of natural numbers along with 0 is the collection of
Whole number and is denoted by W.
Integers: The collection of natural numbers, their negatives along with the number
zero are called Integers. This collection is denoted by Z.
Rational number: The numbers, which are obtained by dividing two integers, are
called Rational numbers. Division by zero is not defined.
Coprime: If HCF of two numbers is 1, then the two numbers area called relatively
prime or coprime.
1. Euclid’s division lemma :
For given positive integers ‘a’ and ‘b’ there exist unique whole numbers ‘q’ and ‘r’ satisfying
the relation a bq r r ba =bq +r, 0⩽r <b..
Theorem: If a and b are non-zero integers, the least positive integer which is expressible as a
linear combination of a and b is the HCF of a and b, i.e., if d is the HCF of a and b, then these
exist integers x1 and y1, such that d=ax1+by1 and d is the smallest positive integer which is
expressible in this form.
The HCF of a and b is denoted by HCF(a,b).
2. Euclid’s division algorithms :
HCF of any two positive integers a and b. With a > b is obtained as follows:
Step 1 : Apply Euclid’s division lemma to a and b to find q and r such that
a bq r r ba =bq +r, 0⩽r <b.
b = Divisor
q = Quotient
r = Remainder
Step II: If r = 0, HCF (a,b)=b if r≠0, apply Euclid’s lemma to b and r.
Step III: Continue the process till the remainder is zero. The divisor at this stage will be the
required HCF.
3. The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic :
Every composite number can be expressed (factorized) as a product of primes and this
factorization is unique, apart from the order in which the prime factors occur.
Ex:24=2×2×2×3=3×2×2×2
4. Let x=pq, q≠0 to be a rational number, such that the prime factorization of ‘q’ is of the
form 2m+5n, where m, n are non-negative integers. Then x has a decimal expansion which
is terminating.
5. Let x=pq,q≠0 be a rational number, such that the prime factorizationof q is not of the
form 2m+5n, where m, n are non-negative integers. Then x has a decimal expansion which
is non-terminating repeating.
6. p is irrational, which p is a prime. A number is called irrational if it cannot be written in
the form Pq where p and q are integers and q q≠ 0.
8. If a and b are two positive integers, then HCF(a, b) x LCM(a, b) = a x b
i.e., (HCF x LCM) of two intergers = Product of intergers.
9. A rational number which when expressed in the lowest term has factors 2 or 5 in the
denominator can be written as terminating decimal otherwise a non-terminating recurring
decimal. In other words, if the rational number ab is, such that the prime factorization of b
is of form 2m.5n, where m and n are natural numbers, then ab has a terminating decimal
expansion.
10. We conclude that every rational number can be represented in the form of terminating
or non-terminating recurring decimal.
1 Marks Questions
1. Use Euclid’s division lemma to show that the square of any positive integer is either of
form 3m or 3m + 1 for some integer m.
[Hint: Let x be any positive integer then it is of the form 3q, 3q + 1 or 3q + 2. Now square
each of these and show that they can be rewritten in the form 3m or 3m + 1.]
Ans. Let a be any positive integer and b = 3.
Then a = 3q + r for some integer q ≥ 0
And r = 0, 1, 2 because 0 ≤ r < 3
Therefore, a = 3q or 3q + 1 or 3q + 2
Or,
Where k1, k2, and k3 are some positive integers
Hence, it can be said that the square of any positive integer is either of the form 3m or 3m +
1.
LCM = 22338
4. Check whether 6n can end with the digit 0 for any natural number n.
Ans. If any number ends with the digit 0, it should be divisible by 10.
In other words, it will also be divisible by 2 and 5 as 10 = 2 × 5
Prime factorisation of 6n = (2 ×3)n
It can be observed that 5 is not in the prime factorisation of 6n.
Hence, for any value of n, 6n will not be divisible by 5.
Therefore, 6n cannot end with the digit 0 for any natural number n.
⇒ … (1)
a and b are integers.
It means L.H.S of (1) is rational but we know that is irrational. It is not possible.
Therefore, our supposition is wrong. (3+2 ) cannot be rational.
6. is a
(a) Composite number
(b) Whole number
(c) Prime number
(d) None of these
Ans. (a)and(b)both
9. HCF of two numbers is 113, their LCM is 56952. If one number is 904, then other
number is:
(a) 7719
(b) 7119
(c) 7791
(d) 7911
Ans. (b) 7119
11. If HCF of two numbers is 1, the two numbers are called relatively ________ or
________.
(a) prime, co-prime
(b) composite, prime
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
Ans. (a) prime, co-prime
12. is
(a) a terminating decimal number
(b) a rational number
(c) an irrational number
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Ans. (b) a rational number
13. 2.13113111311113……is
(a) a rational number
(b) a non-terminating decimal number
(c) an irrational number
(d) Both (a) & (c)
Ans. (c) an irrational number
15. is
(a) an integer
(b) an irrational number
(c) a rational number
(d) None of these
Ans. (c) a rational number
16. is
(a) a rational number
(b) an irrational number
(c) both (a) & (b)
(d) neither rational nor irrational
Ans. (b) an irrational number
17. (2+ ) is
(a) a rational number
(b) an irrational number
(c) an integer
(d) not real number
Ans. (b) an irrational number
2 Marks Questions
1. Show that any positive odd integer is of the form 6q + 1, or 6q + 3, or 6q + 5, where q is
some integer.
Ans . Let a be any positive integer and b = 6. Then, by Euclid’s algorithm,
a = 6q + r for some integer q ≥ 0, and r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 because 0 ≤ r < 6.
Therefore, a = 6q or 6q + 1 or 6q + 2 or 6q + 3 or 6q + 4 or 6q + 5
Also, 6q + 1 = 2 × 3q + 1 = 2k1 + 1, where k1 is a positive integer
6q + 3 = (6q + 2) + 1 = 2 (3q + 1) + 1 = 2k2 + 1, where k2 is an integer
6q + 5 = (6q + 4) + 1 = 2 (3q + 2) + 1 = 2k3 + 1, where k3 is an integer
Clearly, 6q + 1, 6q + 3, 6q + 5 are of the form 2k + 1, where k is an integer.
Therefore, 6q + 1, 6q + 3, 6q + 5 are not exactly divisible by 2. Hence, these expressions of
numbers are odd numbers.
And therefore, any odd integer can be expressed in the form 6q + 1, or 6q + 3,
Or 6q + 5
2. An army contingent of 616 members is to march behind an army band of 32 members
in a parade. The two groups are to march in the same number of columns. What is the
maximum number of columns in which they can march?
Ans. We have to find the HCF(616, 32) to find the maximum number of columns in which
they can march.
To find the HCF, we can use Euclid’s algorithm.
616 = 32 × 19 + 8
32 = 8 × 4 + 0
The HCF (616, 32) is 8.
Therefore, they can march in 8 columns each.
3. Use Euclid’s division lemma to show that the cube of any positive integer is of the form
9m, 9m + 1 or 9m + 8.
Ans. Let a be any positive integer and b = 3
a = 3q + r, where q ≥ 0 and 0 ≤ r < 3
a = 3q or 3q + 1 or 3q + 2
Therefore, every number can be represented as these three forms.
We have three cases.
Case 1: When a = 3q,
4. Find the LCM and HCF of the following pairs of integers and verify that LCM × HCF =
product of the two numbers.
(i) 26 and 91
(ii) 510 and 92
(iii) 336 and 54
Ans. (i) 26 and 91
26= 2 × 13
91 = 7 × 13
HCF = 13
LCM = 2 × 7 × 13 = 182
Product of two numbers 26 and 91 = 26 × 91 = 2366
HCF × LCM = 13 × 182 = 2366
Hence, product of two numbers = HCF × LCM
(ii) 510 and 92
510= 2 × 3 × 5× 17
92 = 2 × 2 × 23
HCF = 2
LCM = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 17 × 23 = 23460
Product of two numbers 510 and 92 = 510 × 92 = 46920
HCF × LCM = 2 × 23460 = 46920
Hence, product of two numbers = HCF × LCM
(iii) 336 and 54
336= 2 × 2 × 2× 2 × 3 × 7 = 24 × 3 × 7
54 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 2 × 33
HCF = 2 × 3 = 6
LCM = 24 × 33 × 7 = 3024
Product of two numbers 336 and 54 = 336 × 54 = 18144
HCF × LCM = 6 × 3024 = 18144
Hence, product of two numbers = HCF × LCM
5. Find the LCM and HCF of the following integers by applying the prime factorisation
method.
(i) 12, 15 and 21
(ii) 17, 23 and 29
(iii) 8, 9 and 25
Ans. (i) 12, 15 and 21
12 = 22 × 3
15 = 3 × 5
21 = 3 × 7
HCF = 3
LCM = 22 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 420
(ii) 17, 23 and 29
17 =1 × 17
23 = 1 × 23
29 = 1 × 29
HCF = 1
LCM = 17 × 23 × 29 = 11339
(iii) 8, 9 and 25
8 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 23
9 = 3 × 3 = 32
25 = 5 × 5 = 52
HCF = 1
LCM = 23 × 32 × 52 = 1800
6. Explain why 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 and 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 are composite numbers.
Ans. Numbers are of two types - prime and composite.
Prime numbers can be divided by 1 and only itself, whereas composite numbers have
factors other than 1 and itself.
It can be observed that
7 × 11 × 13 + 13
= 13 × (7 × 11 + 1)
= 13 × (77 + 1)
= 13 × 78
= 13 ×13 × 6
The given expression has 6 and 13 as its factors.
Therefore, it is a composite number.
7×6×5×4×3×2×1+5
= 5 ×(7 × 6 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 1)
= 5 × (1008 + 1)
= 5 ×1009
1009 cannot be factorized further
Therefore, the given expression has 5 and 1009 as its factors.
Hence, it is a composite number.
7. There is a circular path around a sports field. Sonia takes 18 minutes to drive one round
of the field, while Ravi takes 12 minutes for the same. Suppose they both start at the
same point and at the same time, and go in the same direction. After how many minutes
will they meet again at the starting point?
Ans. It can be observed that Ravi takes lesser time than Sonia for completing 1 round of the
circular path. As they are going in the same direction, they will meet again at the same time
when Ravi will have completed 1 round of that circular path with respect to Sonia. And the
total time taken for completing this 1 round of circular path will be the LCM of time taken by
Sonia and Ravi for completing 1 round of circular path respectively i.e., LCM of 18 minutes
and 12 minutes.
18 = 2 × 3 × 3 And, 12 = 2 × 2 × 3
LCM of 12 and 18 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 36
Therefore, Ravi and Sonia will meet together at the starting pointafter 36 minutes.
Let us suppose that is rational. It means that we have co-prime integers a and b (b≠0)
such that
⇒b =a
Squaring both sides, we get
5b2=a2 … (1)
It means that 5 is factor of a2
Hence, 5 is also factor of a by Theorem. … (2)
If, 5 is factor of a, it means that we can write a=5c for some integer c.
Substituting value of a in (1),
5b2=25c2
⇒ b2=5c2
It means that 5 is factor of b2.
Hence, 5 is also factor of b by Theorem. … (3)
From (2) and (3), we can say that 5 is factor of both a and b.
But, a and b are co-prime.
9. Write down the decimal expansions of those rational numbers in Question 1 which
have terminating decimal expansions.
Ans. (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
10. The following real numbers have decimal expansions as given below. In each case,
decide whether they are rational or not. If, they are rational, and of the form , what can
you say about the prime factors of q?
(i) 43.123456789
(ii) 0.1201120012000120000...
(iii)
A ns. (i) 43.123456789
(iii)
It is rational because decimal expansion is non-terminating repeating. Therefore, it can be
expressed in form where factors of q are not of the form 2n × 5m where n and m are non-
negative integers.
11. Show that every positive even integer is of the from 2q and that every positive odd
integer is of the form 2q + 1 for some integer q.
Ans. Let a = bq + r : b = 2
0 r < 2 i.e., r = 0, 1
a = 2q + 0, 2q + 1,
If a = 2q (which is even)
If a = 2q + 1 (which is odd)
So, every positive even integer is of the form 2q and odd integer is of the form 2q + 1.
12. Show that any number of the form 4n, n e N can never end with the digit 0.
Ans.
13. Use Euclid’s Division Algorithm to find the HCF of 4052 and 12576.
Ans.
14. Given that HCF of two numbers is 23 and their LCM is 1449. If one of the numbers is
161, find the other.
Ans.
15. Show that every positive odd integer is of the form (4q + 1) or (4q + 3) for some
integer q.
Ans. Let a = 4q + r : 0
16. Show that any number of the form 6x, x N can never end with the digit 0.
Ans.
17. Find HCF and LCM of 18 and 24 by the prime factorization method.
Ans.
18. The HCF of two numbers is 23 and their LCM is 1449. If one of the numbers is 161, find
the other.
Ans.
19. Prove that the square of any positive integer of the form 5g + 1 is of the same form.
Ans.
20. Use Euclid’s Division Algorithm to find the HCF of 4052 and 12576.
Ans.
21. Find the largest number which divides 245 and 1029 leaving remainder 5 in each case.
Ans. The required number is the HCF of (245 – 5) and (1029 – 5) i.e., 240 and 1024.
22. A shopkeeper has 120 litres of petrol, 180 litres of diesel and 240 litres of kerosene. He
wants to sell oil by filling the three kinds of oils in tins of equal capacity. What should be
the greatest capacity of such a tin?
Ans. The required greatest capacity is the HCF of 120, 180 and 240
3 Marks Questions
1. Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find the HCF of:
(i) 135 and 225
(ii) 196 and 38220
(iii) 867 and 255
Ans. (i) 135 and 225
We have 225 > 135,
So, we apply the division lemma to 225 and 135 to obtain
225 = 135 × 1 + 90
Here remainder 90 ≠ 0, we apply the division lemma again to 135 and 90 to obtain
135 = 90 × 1 + 45
We consider the new divisor 90 and new remainder 45≠ 0, and apply the division lemma to
obtain
90 = 2 × 45 + 0
Since that time the remainder is zero, the process get stops.
The divisor at this stage is 45
Therefore, the HCF of 135 and 225 is 45.
(ii) 196 and 38220
We have 38220 > 196,
So, we apply the division lemma to 38220 and 196 to obtain
38220 = 196 × 195 + 0
Since we get the remainder is zero, the process stops.
The divisor at this stage is 196,
Therefore, HCF of 196 and 38220 is 196.
(iii) 867 and 255
We have 867 > 255,
So, we apply the division lemma to 867 and 255 to obtain
867 = 255 × 3 + 102
Here remainder 102 ≠ 0, we apply the division lemma again to 255 and 102 to obtain
255 = 102 × 2 + 51
Here remainder 51 ≠ 0, we apply the division lemma again to 102 and 51 to obtain
102 = 51 × 2 + 0
Since we get the remainder is zero, the process stops.
The divisor at this stage is 51,
Therefore, HCF of 867 and 255 is 51.
2. Find the greatest number of 6 digits exactly divisible by 24, 15 and 36.
Ans. The greater number of 6 digits is 999999.
LCM of 24, 15, and 36 is 360.
3. Prove that the square of any positive integer is of the form 4q or 4q + 1 for some
integer q.
Ans. Let a = 4q + r, when r = 0, 1, 2 and 3
Numbers are 4q, 4q + 1, 4q + 2 and 4q + 3
4. 144 cartons of coke can and 90 cartons of Pepsi can are to be stacked in a canteen. If
each stack is of the same height and is to contain cartons of the same drink. What would
be the greater number of cartons each stack would have?
Ans. We find the HCF of 144 and 90
Ans.
7. Prove that if x and y are odd positive integers, then x2 + y2 is even but not divisible by 4.
Ans. Let x = 2p + 1 and y = 2q + 1
8. Show that one and only one out of n, (n + 2) or (n + 4) is divisible by 3, where n N.
Ans. Let the number be (3q + r)
9. Use Euclid’s Division Lemma to show that the square of any positive integer of the form
3m or (3m + 1) for some integer q.
Ans.
Ans.
11. Prove that the difference and quotient of and are irrational.
Ans.
Ans. Let a = 3q + r
4 Marks Questions
1. Prove that the following are irrationals.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
=ab
⇒ … (1)
⇒ … (1)
⇒ … (1)
a and b are integers.
It means L.H.S of (1) is rational but we know that is irrational. It is not possible.
Hence, ( ) is irrational.
2. Without actually performing the long division, state whether the following rational
numbers will have a terminating decimal expansion or a non-terminating decimal
expansion.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
Ans. According to Theorem, any given rational number of the form where p and q are co-
prime, has a terminating decimal expansion if q is of the form 2n × 5m, where m and n are
non-negative integers.
(i)
q=3125=5×5×5×5×5=55
Here, denominator is of the form 2n × 5m, where m=5 and n=0.
(iii)
q=455=5×91
Here, denominator is not of the form 2n × 5m, where m and n are non-negative integers.
(iv)
q=320=2×2×2×2×2×2×5 = 26 × 5
Here, denominator is of the form 2n × 5m, where m=1 and n=6.
(v)
q=343=7×7×7
Here, denominator is not of the form 2n × 5m, where m and n are non-negative integers.
(vi)
q=23 × 52
Here, denominator is of the form 2n × 5m, where m=2 and n=3 are non-negative integers.
(vii)
q=22 × 57 × 75
Here, denominator is not of the form 2n × 5m, where m and n are non-negative integers.
(viii)
q=5=51
Here, denominator is of the form 2n × 5m, where m=1 and n=0.
(ix)
q=10=2×5=21 × 51
Here, denominator is of the form 2n × 5m, where m=1 and n= 1.
(x)
q=30=5×3×2
Here, denominator is not of the form 2n × 5m, where m and n are non-negative integers.