Graduate School

Name: _____________________________ Date: _______________

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master of Arts in Education
Part I

1. At the metaphysical level, explain briefly the ff. Broad Philosophical Schools of
thoughts that apply to education today.
Explain the ff. briefly
a. Idealism
Idealism is a philosophical school of thought that emphasizes the primacy of the
mind, ideas, and consciousness over material reality. In the context of education,
idealism asserts that the purpose of education is to help students reach their
highest intellectual and moral potential. It focuses on teaching universal truths,
ethical values, and intellectual development, with a belief that the mind shapes
reality. Idealist educators encourage students to engage with timeless ideas found
in literature, philosophy, and the arts. The goal is to cultivate virtues, critical
thinking, and a deeper understanding of the world through the pursuit of ideal
knowledge and truth. Idealism in education often promotes a structured, teacher-
led environment where the teacher acts as a guide, imparting knowledge that helps
students develop their intellect and moral character.

b. Realism
Realism is a philosophical perspective that emphasizes the importance of the
physical world and objective reality. In education, realism asserts that knowledge is
derived from the external world, which can be studied and understood through
observation, experimentation, and the use of the senses. Realist educators focus on
teaching factual, scientific knowledge and practical skills that prepare students to
engage effectively with the real world. The curriculum typically includes subjects like
mathematics, science, and history, which are grounded in objective, verifiable
truths. Realism values logical reasoning and encourages students to understand the
laws of nature and society, preparing them for practical life and citizenship.

c. Pragmatism (experientialism)
Pragmatism, or experientialism, is a philosophy that emphasizes learning through
experience and problem-solving. In education, pragmatism focuses on the idea that
knowledge is not static but rather evolves as we interact with the world. It stresses
the importance of hands-on learning, critical thinking, and real-world applications.
Pragmatist educators believe that education should prepare students to solve
practical problems and adapt to change. The curriculum often integrates project-
based learning, experimentation, and active participation in real-life situations.
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 Teachers act as facilitators who guide students in exploring, questioning, and testing
ideas. Pragmatism values the growth of the learner’s ability to think critically,
collaborate, and apply knowledge in diverse contexts.

d. Existentialism
Existentialism is a philosophical approach that emphasizes individual freedom,
choice, and responsibility. In education, existentialism focuses on the personal
development of students and the exploration of their own values, identity, and
meaning in life. It encourages students to reflect on their experiences, make
independent choices, and take responsibility for their actions. Existentialist
educators create environments that allow for self-discovery, often through
discussions, debates, and open-ended inquiries. This philosophy values the
uniqueness of each student, allowing them to shape their own educational journey
based on personal experiences and existential questions. The goal is to foster
authenticity, self-awareness, and individual growth.

2. Explain in the simplest way you can, how the ff. most important psychological
approaches in education have influenced our ideas about the nature of Learning
process.
a. Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis, developed by Sigmund Freud, focuses on the unconscious mind and
its influence on behavior. In education, psychoanalysis has highlighted the
importance of emotional and psychological factors in learning. According to this
approach, unresolved conflicts, fears, or repressed emotions can affect a student’s
ability to learn. It emphasizes the need to create a supportive and safe environment
for students, where their emotional needs are addressed. This has influenced how
educators recognize the importance of student mental health and the role of the
teacher in providing emotional support to help students overcome internal barriers
to learning.

b. Behaviorism
Behaviorism, influenced by theorists like B.F. Skinner, focuses on observable
behaviors and the idea that learning occurs through conditioning. According to
behaviorism, learning is a process of forming associations between stimuli and
responses, often through reinforcement (rewards) or punishment. In education,
behaviorism has led to strategies like positive reinforcement (rewarding students for
correct behavior) and the use of structured, step-by-step instruction. This approach
has influenced teaching methods that emphasize clear expectations, measurable
outcomes, and the use of repetition and practice to reinforce learning.

c. Humanistic psychology

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 Humanistic psychology, associated with figures like Abraham Maslow and Carl
Rogers, focuses on the whole person, emphasizing self-actualization, personal
growth, and individual potential. In education, humanistic psychology stresses the
importance of creating a learning environment that supports students’ emotional
well-being and self-esteem. It views learning as a process that is deeply personal
and motivated by intrinsic desires, such as the need for self-fulfillment and purpose.
Humanistic approaches have influenced teaching strategies that focus on student-
centered learning, where students’ interests, experiences, and needs are considered
central to the educational process.

d. Neurobiological approach and,

The neurobiological approach looks at how the brain and nervous system influence
learning. Advances in neuroscience have shown that the brain is plastic, meaning it
can change and adapt throughout life based on experiences. This approach has
helped us understand that learning involves complex processes like memory,
attention, and sensory input. In education, this understanding has led to methods
that consider the physical aspects of learning, such as the importance of sleep,
exercise, and nutrition in brain development. It also encourages the use of activities
that stimulate brain growth, like physical movement, hands-on learning, and varied
teaching strategies.

e. Cognitive psychology
Cognitive psychology focuses on how the mind processes information, such as how
we think, learn, remember, and solve problems. It views learning as an active
process where learners take in, organize, and make sense of information. Cognitive
psychology has influenced education by highlighting the importance of
metacognition (thinking about one’s own thinking) and problem-solving skills. It has
led to teaching practices that emphasize critical thinking, understanding concepts
deeply, and helping students develop strategies for remembering and applying
knowledge. This approach encourages active learning techniques, like inquiry-based
learning and problem-solving exercises, to promote deeper understanding and
retention of information.

3. Define and differentiate the (4) most employed types of research mentioned
below:
a. Quantitative
Quantitative research focuses on collecting and analyzing numerical data to
understand patterns, relationships, or trends. It employs structured methods such
as surveys, experiments, and questionnaires, allowing researchers to test
hypotheses and establish cause-and-effect relationships. The results of this type of
research are presented in measurable formats like percentages, averages, or
statistical models, making it suitable for studies that require generalization across

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 large populations. For example, a study measuring the impact of daily exercise on
heart rate among 100 participants illustrates how quantitative research is used to
derive objective conclusions from numerical evidence.

b. Qualitative
Qualitative research emphasizes exploring subjective experiences, meanings, and
perspectives to gain a deeper understanding of a phenomenon. This type of
research relies on non-numerical data collected through methods such as
interviews, focus groups, and case studies. Unlike quantitative research, qualitative
research provides descriptive and interpretive results rather than measurable data,
focusing on the "how" and "why" of events or behaviors. An example of this would
be a study analyzing patients' personal experiences with a new healthcare
intervention, using in-depth interviews to uncover rich insights into their emotions
and perspectives.

c. Descriptive
Descriptive research aims to provide a detailed account or profile of a phenomenon,
population, or situation without attempting to establish causal relationships. It
focuses on documenting "what" is occurring rather than explaining "why" it
happens. This type of research often uses surveys, observations, and data analysis to
compile comprehensive descriptions. For instance, a report presenting demographic
statistics of students in a school, including age, gender, and socioeconomic
background, exemplifies how descriptive research delivers factual, observational
data that can serve as a basis for further study.

d. Action Research
Action research is a collaborative and reflective process designed to address specific
practical problems through intervention and evaluation. It combines research and
action to create immediate improvements in a particular context, often following a
cyclical process of planning, acting, observing, and reflecting. Commonly used in
fields such as education and healthcare, this type of research emphasizes active
participation from stakeholders to ensure meaningful and sustainable outcomes.
For example, a teacher experimenting with innovative teaching strategies to
enhance student engagement and then refining those methods based on observed
results demonstrates how action research merges inquiry with real-world
application.

3.1 Formulate a research topic you are interested in and familiar with.
"The Impact of Physical Activity on the Cardiovascular Health of High School Students."

3.2 Which of the (4) most employed types of research do you think, should be
used to your topic? Why? Explain in not more than 100 words.
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 Quantitative research is ideal for this topic as it measures the relationship between physical
activity and cardiovascular health using numerical data like heart rate, blood pressure, and
fitness test results. This approach ensures objective analysis and provides statistical
evidence to support conclusions. By employing structured methods such as surveys and
fitness assessments, the study can evaluate the impact of varying levels of physical activity
on cardiovascular health. The use of measurable data makes the findings reliable and
generalizable, offering insights that can inform health recommendations for high school
students. This structured approach ensures accuracy and practical application of the results.

4. What are the parts of a thesis? Explain what are to be found under each part.
 Title Page
The title page includes the thesis title, author’s name, institution, degree program, and
submission date. It may also contain the advisor's name and other formal requirements
specified by the institution.
 Abstract
The abstract is a brief summary of the research, highlighting the objectives,
methodology, key findings, and conclusions. It is usually limited to 250–300 words and
provides a quick overview for readers.
 Acknowledgments
This section allows the author to express gratitude to individuals, institutions, or
organizations that contributed to the research.
 Table of Contents
The table of contents lists all sections and subsections of the thesis, along with their
page numbers, providing a roadmap for readers.
 Introduction
The introduction presents the research topic, background, and significance. It outlines
the research problem, objectives, scope, and limitations. It also includes the research
questions or hypotheses.
 Review of Related Literature
This section provides a comprehensive review of existing studies and theoretical
frameworks related to the research topic. It identifies gaps in knowledge that the study
aims to address.
 Methodology
The methodology describes the research design, participants, data collection methods,
instruments, and procedures. It explains how the study was conducted and justifies the
chosen methods.
 Results
The results section presents the findings of the research, often using tables, graphs, or
charts. It provides a factual report of the data without interpretation.
 Discussion
The discussion interprets the findings, connecting them to the research questions or

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 hypotheses. It explains their implications, compares them with previous studies, and
addresses limitations.
 Conclusion and Recommendations
This part summarizes the study’s main findings and conclusions. It also provides
recommendations for future research, policy changes, or practical applications.
 References
The references list all sources cited in the thesis, following a specific citation style (e.g.,
APA, MLA, or Chicago).
 Appendices
Appendices include supplementary materials like raw data, questionnaires, interview
transcripts, or additional figures that support the thesis but are not included in the main
text.

5. Juvenile Delinquency, Drug addiction, gambling and alcoholism are common

social problems that beset our students in school, how could you as a teacher
considered as “Guidance Counselor”, help minimize these social problems in the
school?
As a teacher acting as a “Guidance Counselor,” I would adopt a proactive, supportive, and
collaborative approach to help minimize social problems like juvenile delinquency, drug
addiction, gambling, and alcoholism among students. Building strong relationships with students
is essential to create a safe and non-judgmental environment where they feel comfortable
sharing their challenges. Early identification of at-risk individuals through regular observation
and timely intervention is crucial. Educating students about the dangers of harmful behaviors
through seminars and activities, coupled with promoting positive extracurricular programs,
helps keep them engaged and focused. Teaching life skills such as decision-making and stress
management equips them to resist peer pressure and make healthier choices. Engaging parents
and guardians through workshops and regular communication ensures that they are informed
and capable of supporting their children effectively. Collaboration with local experts and
community organizations provides additional resources and professional guidance. Finally,
advocating for policies that discourage negative behaviors while fostering a supportive school
environment ensures a comprehensive approach to minimizing these social issues. Through
these strategies, I aim to guide students toward healthier and more productive paths.

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 Graduate School

Name: _____________________________ Date: _______________

COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Master of Arts in Education
Part II

1. What struggles and challenges have you encountered in the teaching and
learning process in the implementation of the K to 12 program?
Explain in not less than 100 words.
The implementation of the K to 12 program has brought several struggles and challenges in the
teaching and learning process. Teachers often face difficulties adapting to the new curriculum,
which requires mastering updated content and innovative teaching strategies. The lack of
adequate training and resources further complicates this transition, leaving many educators
feeling unprepared. Class sizes are often large, making it challenging to provide individualized
attention and meet the diverse needs of students. For learners, adjusting to an extended basic
education cycle can be overwhelming, especially for those from disadvantaged backgrounds
who struggle with additional financial and academic demands. These challenges necessitate
better support, resources, and training to ensure the program’s success.

2. If you were the Secretary of Education, what CHANGES in the curriculum would
you make to ensure quality education?
If I were the Secretary of Education, I would implement several changes in the curriculum to
ensure quality education. First, I would focus on reducing the breadth of content to emphasize
depth, prioritizing essential skills like critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity. I would
integrate technology and digital literacy across all subjects to prepare students for the modern
world. Additionally, I would enhance teacher training programs to equip educators with
innovative teaching strategies and update learning materials regularly to reflect current
knowledge and practices. Vocational and technical education pathways would be strengthened
to ensure employability for non-academic learners. Lastly, I would incorporate life skills, mental
health education, and environmental awareness into the curriculum, making it more holistic and
responsive to societal needs. These changes would create a balanced and future-ready
educational system.

3. If given the chance to choose, which country would you like to adopt as a
“MODEL” in terms of its educational setting and platform.
If given the chance to choose, I would adopt Finland as a model for its educational setting and
platform. Finland is renowned for its innovative and student-centered approach to education. Its
system focuses on creating a stress-free, supportive learning environment where students’ well-
being is prioritized alongside academic success. The emphasis on teacher autonomy, high
standards of teacher training, and trust in educators fosters a high-quality education system.

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 Additionally, Finland’s use of less standardized testing and a curriculum that promotes critical
thinking, creativity, and collaboration over rote memorization is something I would seek to
implement. Finland’s holistic approach to education, which includes a focus on equality,
inclusivity, and lifelong learning, makes it a strong model for enhancing the overall quality and
impact of education.

4. Do you favor teachers holding placards in the streets? Why?

I believe that teachers holding placards in the streets can be a legitimate and powerful form of
protest when they are advocating for their rights, better working conditions, and improvements
in the education system. Teachers play a vital role in shaping the future of society, and it is
essential that they are treated fairly and given the necessary resources and support to carry out
their responsibilities effectively. If teachers are protesting to highlight issues such as low wages,
lack of resources, or poor working conditions, their actions can draw attention to these critical
matters and spark much-needed discussions for change. However, it is important for these
protests to remain peaceful and respectful to maintain a constructive dialogue with
policymakers.

5. Differentiate from each other the ff. Curriculum Design Models

a. Learner – Centered Curriculum Design Model

The Learner-Centered Curriculum Design Model focuses on the needs, interests, and
abilities of the students. In this approach, the curriculum is tailored to engage learners
actively, allowing them to take ownership of their learning process. The teacher acts as a
facilitator, guiding students through experiential learning, discussions, and activities that
align with their personal interests and developmental levels. This model emphasizes
fostering critical thinking, creativity, and self-directed learning, creating a more flexible and
dynamic educational experience.
b. Subject – Centered Curriculum Design Model
The Subject-Centered Curriculum Design Model is structured around academic disciplines or
subjects. This model organizes the curriculum into subjects such as mathematics, science,
history, and literature, with a focus on mastering the content and skills specific to each area.
The teacher is the primary authority, and learning is typically structured around textbooks,
lectures, and assessments aimed at gaining deep knowledge in each subject area. The
emphasis is on content delivery, often following a fixed schedule, with less flexibility for
individual student interests.
c. Problem – Centered Curriculum Design Model
The Problem-Centered Curriculum Design Model revolves around solving real-world
problems and is designed to equip students with practical skills to address these challenges.
In this model, the curriculum is structured around issues or problems that require critical
thinking, collaboration, and application of knowledge. Learning activities are organized
around these problems, encouraging students to use interdisciplinary approaches to

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develop solutions. This model emphasizes active learning, teamwork, and the application of
knowledge to practical, real-life situations.

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