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Functionalized Nanomaterial-Based
Electrochemical Sensors
This page intentionally left blank
Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and
Optical Materials

Functionalized
Nanomaterial-Based
Electrochemical Sensors
Principles, Fabrication Methods, and
Applications

Edited by

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

Department of Chemistry and Environmental
Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology,
Newark, NJ, United States

Jamballi G. Manjunatha
Department of Chemistry, FMKMC College,
Constituent College of Mangalore University,
Madikeri, Karnataka, India

An imprint of Elsevier
Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier
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any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability,
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contained in the material herein.
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Contents

Contributorsxiii
Preface xix

Section A Modern perspective in electrochemical-based sensors:

Functionalized nanomaterials (FNMs) 1
1 Functionalized nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors:
A sensitive sensor platform 3
Shashanka Rajendrachari and Dileep Ramakrishna
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Quantum-Dot nanomaterial 4
1.3 Gold nanoparticles 10
1.4 Carbon-based materials 11
1.5 Multiwalled nanotubes 11
1.6 Graphene 12
1.7 Carbon nanoparticle-based electrochemical sensor 13
1.8 Magnetic nanoparticles 13
1.9 Zinc oxide nanotubes 14
1.10 Nickel oxide nanoparticles and carbon black 15
1.11 Conclusion 18
References 19

2 Recent progress in the graphene functionalized nanomaterial-based

electrochemical sensors 27
Rajat Kumar Pandey, Deepak Kapoor, Deepak Kumar, Rajiv Tonk,
Shankramma Kalikeri, Srilatha Rao, and Gururaj Kudur Jayaprakash
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Advantages of graphene-based biosensor 28
2.3 Preparation of graphene-based biosensor 29
2.4 Graphene biosensor for glucose and dopamine 29
2.5 DNA-based biosensing 31
2.6 Graphene biosensor for protein biomarkers 33
2.7 Hb biosensor 33
2.8 Cholesterol biosensor 34
2.9 GN based biosensor for bacteria 35
2.10 Conclusion 35
References 36
viContents

Section B Fabrication of functionalized nanomaterial-based

electrochemical sensors platforms 39
3 Application of hybrid nanomaterials for development of
electrochemical sensors 41
Thiago C. Canevari
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 SiO2/MWCNTs, SiO2/MWCNTs/AgNPS, and GO/Sb2O5 41
3.3 Carbon dots/Fe3O4 and rGO/carbon dots 46
3.4 rGO/carbon dots/AuNPs 47
3.5 Conclusion 51
Websites 51
References 51

4 Biofunctionalization of functionalized nanomaterials for

electrochemical sensors 55
Muhammed Bekmezci, Ramazan Bayat, Vildan Erduran,
and Fatih Sen
4.1 Introduction 55
4.2 Biosensors 56
4.3 Conclusion 64
References 65

Section C Functionalized carbon nanomaterial-based

electrochemical sensors 71
5 Functionalized carbon nanomaterials in electrochemical detection 73
Sankararao Mutyala, P. Hari Krishna Charan,
Rajendran Rajaram, and K. Naga Mahesh
5.1 Introduction 73
5.2 Functionalization of carbon materials 77
5.3 Applications of functionalized carbon materials in
electrochemical biosensors 82
Acknowledgment 88
References 88

6 Functionalized carbon material-based electrochemical sensors

for day-to-day applications 97
Vildan Erduran, Muhammed Bekmezci, Ramazan Bayat,
and Fatih Sen
6.1 Introduction 97
6.2 Electrochemical biosensors 99
6.3 Supercapacitors 103
6.4 Gas sensors 103
Contentsvii

6.5 Wearable electronic devices 103

6.6 Piezoelectric sensors 104
6.7 Conclusion 104
References 105

Section D Noble metals, non-noble metal oxides and

non-carbon-based electrochemical sensors 113
7 Noble metals and nonnoble metal oxides based electrochemical
sensors 115
Parisa Nasr-Esfahani and Ali A. Ensafi
7.1 Introduction 115
7.2 Synthesis of noble metal and nonnoble metal
nanoparticles 117
7.3 Noble metal-based electrochemical sensors 120
7.4 Nonnoble metal oxides based electrochemical
sensors 132
7.5 Conclusion 136
References 137

Section E Functionalized nanomaterial-based electrochemical

based sensors for environmental applications 141
8 Functionalized nanomaterial-based environmental sensors:
An overview 143
Ali A. Ensafi, N. Kazemifard, and Z. Saberi
8.1 Introduction 143
8.2 Noble metal nanomaterials 149
8.3 Metal oxide nanomaterials 153
8.4 Carbon nanomaterials 155
8.5 Polymer nanomaterials 158
8.6 Conclusions and perspectives 160
References 160

9 Advantages and limitations of functionalized nanomaterials based

electrochemical sensors environmental monitoring 165
Balaji Maddiboyina, OmPrakash Sunaapu,
Sandeep Chandrashekharappa, and Gandhi Sivaraman
9.1 Introduction 165
9.2 Advantages 168
9.3 Limitations 169
9.4 Conclusions and future outlooks 170
References 170
viiiContents

Section F Functionalized nanomaterial-based electrochemical

sensors technology for food and beverages applications 175
10 Attributes of functionalized nanomaterial-based electrochemical
sensors for food and beverage analysis 177
A.H. Sneharani
10.1 Introduction 177
10.2 Properties of electrochemical sensor in food and beverage
analysis 180
10.3 EC sensors based on functionalized nanomaterials 182
10.4 Additives and contaminants 190
10.5 Pesticides 193
10.6 Conclusion and future perspective 193
References 194

11 The use of FNMs-based electrochemical sensors in the

food and beverage industry 207
Masoud Reza Shishehbore and Mohadeseh Safaei
11.1 Introduction 208
11.2 Food and beverage contamination 210
11.3 Functionalized nanomaterials for sensing in the food and beverage
industry 213
11.4 Conclusions and perspectives 244
References 245

12 Trends in functionalized ­NMs-based electrochemical sensors

in the food and beverage industry 261
Ramazan Bayat, Muhammed Bekmezci, Vildan Erduran, and Fatih Sen
12.1 Introduction 261
12.2 Sensor applications of NMs in the food industry 262
12.3 Reliability problems of NMs for electrochemical sensor
applications in food analysis 268
12.4 Conclusion 270
References 270

Section G Functionalized nanomaterial-based

electrochemical sensors for point-of-care applications 275
13 Functionalized nanomaterial-based medical sensors for
point-of-care applications: An overview 277
Ali A. Ensafi, Z. Saberi, and N. Kazemifard
13.1 Introduction 277
13.2 0D (spherical) nanomaterials 280
13.3 One-dimensional nanomaterials 288
Contentsix

13.4 Two-dimensional nanomaterials 294

13.5 Three-dimensional nanomaterials 297
13.6 Conclusion and future perspective 298
References 299

14 Functionalized nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors

for point-of-care devices 309
Hilmi Kaan Kaya, Tahsin Çağlayan, and Filiz Kuralay
14.1 Introduction 309
14.2 Electrochemical sensors 311
14.3 Applications of electrochemical sensors 314
14.4 The use of functionalized nanomaterials-based electrochemical
sensors in point-of-care diagnostics 320
14.5 Conclusions 325
Acknowledgment 326
References 326

15 Current trends of functionalized nanomaterial-based sensors

in point-of-care diagnosis 337
S. Nandini, S. Nalini, S. Bindhu, S. Sandeep, C.S. Karthik,
K.S. Nithin, P. Mallu, and J.G. Manjunatha
15.1 Introduction 337
15.2 Methods of functionalization of nanomaterials 339
15.3 Point-of-care diagnostics 343
15.4 Conclusion 349
References 350

Section H Health, safety, and regulations issues of

functionalized nanomaterials 355
16 Current status of environmental, health, and safety issues of
functionalized nanomaterials 357
A. Priyadharsan, S. Shanavas, S. Boobas, Tansir Ahamad,
R. Acevedo, P.M. Anbarasan, and R. Ramesh
16.1 Introduction 357
16.2 Environmental health and hazards 358
16.3 Opportunities and challenges 361
References 366

17 Functionalized metal and metal oxide nanomaterial-based

electrochemical sensors 369
H.C. Ananda Murthy, Ararso Nagari Wagassa, C.R. Ravikumar,
and H.P. Nagaswarupa
17.1 Introduction to sensors 369
17.2 Working principle and classification of electrochemical sensors 370
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xContents

17.3 Applications of electrochemical sensors 372

17.4 Carbon nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensors 373
17.5 Metallic nanoparticles based electrochemical sensors 379
17.6 Metallic oxide nanoparticles based electrochemical sensors 383
17.7 Conclusion 387
17.8 Challenges and prospects 387
References 388

18 Functionalized nanomaterials and workplace health and safety 393

Vildan Erduran, Muhammed Bekmezci, Ramazan Bayat,
Zübeyde Bayer Altuntaş, and Fatih Sen
18.1 Introduction 393
18.2 Functionalized nanomaterials 394
18.3 Conclusion 400
References 401

19 Layer-by-layer nanostructured films for electrochemical sensors

fabrication 407
Celina M. Miyazaki, Flavio M. Shimizu, and Marystela Ferreira
19.1 Introduction 408
19.2 Layer-by-layer technique 410
19.3 LbL electrochemical sensors 414
19.4 LbL electrochemical biosensors 424
19.5 Final remarks 433
Acknowledgments 433
References 434

Section I Economics and commercialization of functionalized

nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors 443
20 Fabrication of functionalized nanomaterial-based electrochemical
sensors’ platforms 445
Waleed A. El-Said, Naeem Akhtar, and Mostafa M. Kamal
20.1 Introduction 445
20.2 Environmental sensors 451
20.3 Cell-based sensor 462
20.4 COVID-19 biosensors 462
References 465

21 Advantages and limitations of functionalized graphene-based

electrochemical sensors for environmental monitoring 487
Álvaro Torrinha, Thiago M.B.F. Oliveira, Francisco W.P. Ribeiro,
Simone Morais, Adriana N. Correia, and Pedro de Lima-Neto
21.1 General aspects 487
21.2 Graphene functionalization 489
Contentsxi

21.3 Functionalized graphene-based electrochemical sensors 491

21.4 Environmental applications 492
21.5 Concluding remarks and perspectives 510
Acknowledgments 511
Thematic websites 512
References 512

22 TiO2 nanotube arrays grafted with metals with enhanced

electroactivity for electrochemical sensors and devices 521
Hamed Cheshideh, Elnaz Moslehifard, and Farzad Nasirpouri
22.1 Introduction 521
22.2 TiO2 nanotubes 522
22.3 Grafting of noble metals and nonnoble materials on anodic TiO2
nanotubes 530
22.4 Electrochemical applications of metal/TiO2 NTs based sensors 536
22.5 Summary and outlook 548
References 548

Section J Future of functionalized nanomaterial-based

electrochemical sensors 555
23 Functionalized carbon nanomaterial-based electrochemical
sensors: Quick look on the future of fitness 557
Puchakayala Swetha and Yaamini Mohan
23.1 Introduction 557
23.2 Carbon-nanotube-based electrochemical sensors 558
23.3 Graphene-based electrochemical sensors 560
23.4 Carbon nanodots 566
23.5 Other carbon functional materials 570
23.6 Carbon nanomaterials in wearable sensors and future scope 571
References 572

Index 579
This page intentionally left blank
Contributors
R. Acevedo Faculty of Engineering and Technology, San Sebastian University,
Santiago, Chile

Tansir Ahamad Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University,

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Naeem Akhtar Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM),

COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore, Pakistan

Zübeyde Bayer Altuntaş Sen Research Group, Department of Biochemistry,

Dumlupınar University, Kutahya, Turkey

H.C. Ananda Murthy Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Natural Science,

Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia

P.M. Anbarasan Nano and Hybrid Materials Laboratory, Department of Physics,

Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India

Ramazan Bayat Sen Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Dumlupınar

University, Kutahya; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey

Muhammed Bekmezci Sen Research Group, Department of Biochemistry,

Dumlupınar University, Kutahya; Department of Materials Science & Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey

S. Bindhu Department of Chemistry, SJCE, JSS Science and Technology University,

Mysuru, Karnataka, India

S. Boobas Department of Physics, Sri Vasavi College, Bhavani, Tamil Nadu, India

Tahsin Çağlayan Defense Industries Research and Development Institute, The

Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey

Thiago C. Canevari Chemistry Course, Engineering School, Mackenzie Presbyterian

University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Sandeep Chandrashekharappa Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative

Medicine (InStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
xivContributors

Hamed Cheshideh Faculty of Materials Engineering, Sahand University of

Technology, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National
Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan

Adriana N. Correia Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Centro de

Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

Pedro de Lima-Neto Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Centro

de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

Waleed A. El-Said Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University,

Assiut, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah,
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Ali A. Ensafi Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan,

Iran; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville,
AR, United States

Vildan Erduran Sen Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Dumlupınar

University, Kutahya; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey

Marystela Ferreira Centre of Science and Technology for Sustainability, Federal

University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil

P. Hari Krishna Charan Department of Chemistry, Aditya Institute of Technology

and Management, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Gururaj Kudur Jayaprakash School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini

University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India

Shankramma Kalikeri Division of Nanoscience and Technology, Department of

Water and Health (Faculty of Life Sciences), JSS Academy of Higher Education &
Research (Deemed to be University), Mysore, Karnataka, India

Mostafa M. Kamal Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University,

Assiut, Egypt

Deepak Kapoor Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Pharmaceutical

Sciences Research University, New Delhi, India

C.S. Karthik Department of Chemistry, SJCE, JSS Science and Technology

University, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
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