FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
OPERATING SYSTEM LABORATORY

SEMESTER - 4th (2ND YEAR)

COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Vaibhav Wadajkar with

enrollment no. 2303031520144 has successfully
completed

his/her laboratory experiments in the

OPERATING SYSTEM (303105252) from the

department of COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING during the

academic year 2024-25.

Date of Submission: .........................

Staff In charge: ...............................​ Head of Department: .....................................

 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY PARUL
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

STUDENT DETAILS

NAME : Vaibhav Wadajkar

ENROLLMENT NO : 2303031250144
SUBJECT : OPERATING SYSTEM LABORATORY
SUBJECT CODE : 303105252
SEMESTER : 4th

name - vaibhav wadajkar

enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 PRACTICAL 1

AIM:-Study of Basic commands of Linux.

Command shell: A program that interprets commands is Command shell.

Shell Script:Allows a user to execute commands by typing them manually at a terminal,

or automatically in programs called shell scripts.A shell is not an operating system. It is a
way to interface with the operating system and run Commands.

BASH (Bourne Again Shell)

●​ Bash is a shell written as a free replacement to the standard Bourne Shell

(/bin/sh) originally written by Steve Bourne for UNIX systems.

●​ It has all of the features of the original Bourne Shell, plus additions that
make it easier to program with and use from the command line.

●​ Since it is Free Software, it has been adopted as the default shell on most
Linux systems.

BASIC LINUX COMMANDS:

1)​ Pwd : print working

directory DESCRIPTION:

pwd prints the full pathname of the current working directory.

SYNTAX:
Pwd

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enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 2)​ cd: Change
Directory
DESCRIPTION:
It allows you to change your working directory. You use it to move around within
the hierarchy of your file system.
SYNTAX:

cd directory_name

3)​ cd ..
DESCRIPTION:
Move up one directory.

SYNTAX:
cd ..

4)​ ls : list all the files and

directories DESCRIPTION:
List all files and folders in the current directory in the column format.

SYNTAX:
ls [options]

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 5)​ cat
DESCRIPTION:
cat stands for "catenate". It reads data from files, and outputs their contents. It is the simplest
way to display the contents of a file at the command line.
SYNTAX:
cat filename

6)​ head
DESCRIPTION:
head, by default, prints the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one
FILE, it precedes each set of output with a header identifying the file name.
If no FILE is specified, or when FILE is specified as a dash ("-"), head reads from standard input.
SYNTAX:
head [option]...[file/directory]

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enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 7)​Tail
DESCRIPTION:

tail is a command which prints the last few number of lines (10 lines by default) of a certain file,
then terminates.

SYNTAX:

tail [option]...[file/directory]

8)​ mv : Moving (and Renaming)

Files DESCRIPTION:
The mv command lets you move a file from one directory location to another. It also lets you
rename a file (there is no separate rename command).
SYNTAX:
mv [option] source directory

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enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 9)​ mkdir : Make
Directory
DESCRIPTION:
If the specified directory does not already exist, mkdir creates it. More than one directory may be
specified when calling mkdir.
SYNTAX:
mkdir [option] directory

10)​ cp : Copy
Files
DESCRIPTION:
The cp command is used to make copy of files and directories.

SYNTAX:
cp [option] source directory

11)​ rmdir : Remove

Directory DESCRIPTION:
The rmdir command is used to remove a directory that contains other files or directories.

SYNTAX:
rm directory_name

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enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 12)​ gedit
DESCRIPTION:
The gedit command is used to create and open a file.

SYNTAX:

13)​ man
DESCRIPTION:
Displays on an online manual page or manpage.

SYNTAX:
man command

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 14)​ echo
DESCRIPTION:
Display text on the screen.

SYNTAX:
echo yourtext

15)​ clear
DESCRIPTION:
Used to clear the screen

SYNTAX:
Clear

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 16)​ whoami
DESCRIPTION:
whoami prints the effective user ID. This command prints the username associated with the
current effective user ID.
SYNTAX:
whoami [option]

17)​wc
DESCRIPTION:
wc (word count) command, can return the number of lines, words, and characters in a file.
SYNTAX:
wc [option]... [file]...

18)​ grep
DESCRIPTION:
grep command uses a search term to look through a file.

SYNTAX:
grep [option]... Pattern [file]...

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enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 19)​ free
DESCRIPTION:
Display RAM details in Linux machine.

SYNTAX: Free

20)​ pipe ( | )
DESCRIPTION:
Pipe command is used to send output of one program as a input to another. Pipes “|” help
combine 2 or more commands.
SYNTAX:
Command 1 | command 2

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enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 PRACTICAL 2

AIM:-Study the basics of shell programming.

What is a Shell?
An Operating is made of many components, but its two prime components are -
•​Kernel
•​Shell

A Kernel is at the nucleus of a computer. It makes the communication between the hardware and
software possible. While the Kernel is the innermost part of an operating system, a shell is the
outermost one.
A shell in a Linux operating system takes input from you in the form of commands, processes it,
and

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 then gives an output. It is the interface through which a user works on the programs, commands,
and
scripts. A shell is accessed by a terminal which runs it.
When you run the terminal, the Shell issues a command prompt (usually $), where you can type
your input, which is then executed when you hit the Enter key. The output or the result is
thereafter
displayed on the terminal.
The Shell wraps around the delicate interior of an Operating system protecting it from accidental
damage. Hence the name Shell.
Types of Shell

There are two main shells in Linux:

1.​The Bourne Shell: The prompt for this shell is $ and its derivatives are listed below:

●​ POSIX shell also is known as sh

●​ Korn Shell also knew as sh
●​ Bourne Again SHell also knew as bash (most popular)

2.​The C shell: The prompt for this shell is %, and its subcategories are:

•​C shell also is known as csh

•​Tops C shell also is known as tcsh

What is Shell Scripting?

Shell scripting is writing a series of command for the shell to execute. It can combine lengthy
and repetitive sequences of commands into a single and simple script, which can be stored and
executed anytime. This reduces the effort required by the end user.

Let us understand the steps in creating a Shell Script

1.​Create a file using a vi editor(or any other editor). Name script file with extension
.sh

2.​Start the script with #! /bin/sh

3.​Write some code.

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 4.​Save the script file as filename.sh
5.​For executing the script type bash filename.sh

"#!" is an operator called shebang which directs the script to the interpreter location. So, if we
use"#! /bin/sh" the script gets directed to the bourne-shell.

Let's create a small script -

#!/bin/sh
ls

Let's see the steps to create it –

Command 'ls' is executed when we execute the scrip sample.sh file.

Adding shell comments
Commenting is important in any program. In Shell programming, the syntax to add a comment is
#comment
Let understand this with an example.

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enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 What are Shell Variables?
As discussed earlier, Variables store data in the form of characters and numbers. Similarly, Shell
variables are used to store information and they can by the shell only.
For example, the following creates a shell variable and then prints it:
variable ="Hello"
echo $variable

Below is a small script which will use a variable.

#!/bin/sh
echo "what is your name?"
read name
echo "How do you do, $name?"
read remark
echo "I am $remark too!"

Let's understand, the steps to create and execute the script

name - vaibhav wadajkar

enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 As you see, the program picked the value of the variable 'name' as Joy and 'remark' as excellent.
This is a simple script. You can develop advanced scripts which contain conditional statements,
loops, and functions. Shell scripting will make your life easy and Linux administration a breeze.

Summary:
•​Kernel is the nucleus of the operating systems, and it communicates between hardware and
software
•​Shell is a program which interprets user commands through CLI like Terminal
•​The Bourne shell and the C shell are the most used shells in Linux
•​Shell scripting is writing a series of command for the shell to execute
•​Shell variables store the value of a string or a number for the shell to read
•​ Shell scripting can help you create complex programs containing conditional

statements, loops, and functions

name - vaibhav wadajkar
enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 # Aim: - Write a shell script to make addition of two Numbers
# Input: -
#!/bin/bash
echo " Write a Program to Addition Of two Number "
echo " Enter the First Number"
read a
echo " Enter the second Number "
read b
c=$(($a+$b))
echo $c
#Output:-

# Aim: - Write a shell script to make subtraction of two Numbers

# Input: -
#!/bin/bash
echo " Write a Program to subtraction of two Number "
echo " Enter the First Number"
read a
echo " Enter the second Number "
read b
c=$(($a-$b))
echo $c
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enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 #Output:-

# Aim: - Write a shell script to make multiplication of two Numbers

# Input: -
#!/bin/bash
echo " Write a Program to multiplication of two Number "
echo " Enter the First Number"
read a
echo " Enter the second Number "
read b
c=$(($a*$b))
echo $c
#Output:-

# Aim: - Write a shell script to make division of two Numbers

# Input: -
#!/bin/bash
echo " Write a Program to do division of two Number "
echo " Enter the First Number"
read a
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enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 echo " Enter the second Number "

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enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 read b
c=$(($a/$b))
echo $c
#Output:-

# Aim: - Write a shell script to make modulus of two Numbers

# Input: -
#!/bin/bash
echo " Write a Program to find modulus of two numbers "
echo " Enter the First Number"
read a
echo " Enter the second Number "
read b
c=$(($a%$b))
echo $c
#Output:-

# Aim: - Write a shell script to type name

# Input: -
#!/bin/bash
echo " Enter Your Name "
read name

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 echo "Your name is "$name

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 #Output:-

# Aim: - Write a shell script to find swap of 2 numbers

# Input: -
#!/bin/bash
echo "Enter the First Number"
read first
echo "Enter the Second Number"
read second
temp=$first
first=$second
second=$temp
echo "After swapping, numbers are:"
echo "first = $first, second = $second"

#Output:-

# Aim: - Write a shell script to define variable

# Input: -
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 #!/bin/bash

name - vaibhav wadajkar

enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 echo " What is your name?"
read MY_NAME
echo " Hello, I'm "$MY_NAME". I Hope you are well"

#Output:-

name - vaibhav wadajkar

enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 PRACTICAL 3

AIM:-Write a Shell script to print the given numbers sum of all digits.
# Input: -
#!/bin/bash
echo "Enter a number"
read num
sum=0
while [ $num -gt 0 ]
do
mod=$((num % 10))
sum=$((sum + mod))
num=$((num / 10))
done
echo $sum

#Output:-

name - vaibhav wadajkar

enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 PRACTICAL 4

AIM:-Write a shell script to validate the entered date. (eg. Date format is:
dd-mm-yyyy).
# Input: -
#!/bin/bash
d=`date +%m-%d-%Y`
echo $d #DD-MM-YYYY
echo " Please Enter Date "
read D
echo " Please Enter Month "
read M
echo " Please Enter Year
" read Y
if [ `expr $Y % 4` -eq 0 ]
then
Mayur Pandya Division: - 4B18
echo "$Y is a leap year"
else
echo "$Y is not a leap year"
fi

#Output:-

name - vaibhav wadajkar

enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 PRACTICAL 5

AIM:-.Write a shell script to check entered string is palindrome or not

# Input: -
#!/bin/bash
# Store the string entered by the user
echo -n "Enter a string: "
read str
# Reverse the string
revstr=$(echo $str | rev)
# Check if the string is a palindrome
if [ "$str" == "$revstr" ]
then
echo "The string is a palindrome"
else
echo "The string is not a palindrome"
fi

#Output:-

name - vaibhav wadajkar

enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 PRACTICAL 6

AIM:-.Write a Shell script to say Good morning/Afternoon/Evening as you log in

to the system.
# Input: -
#!/bin/bash
# Get the current hour
hour=$(date +%H)
name=" Mayur Pandya "
# Set the greeting message
if [ $hour -ge 6 ] && [ $hour -lt 12 ]; then
greeting="Good morning $name"
elif [ $hour -ge 12 ] && [ $hour -lt 16 ]; then
greeting="Good afternoon $name"
elif [ $hour -ge 16 ] && [ $hour -lt 20 ]; then
greeting="Good evening $name"
else
greeting="Good Night $name"
fi
# Print the greeting message
echo $greeting

#Output:-

name - vaibhav wadajkar

enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 PRACTICAL 7

AIM:- Write a C program to create a child process.

# Input: -

#include <stdio.h>

#Output:-

name - vaibhav wadajkar

enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 PRACTICAL 8

AIM:- Finding out biggest number from given three numbers supplied as
command line arguments.
# Input: -
echo "Enter Num1"
read num1
echo "Enter Num2"
read num2
echo "Enter Num3"
read num3
if [ $num1 -gt $num2 ] && [ $num1 -gt $num3 ]
then
echo $num1
elif [ $num2 -gt $num1 ] && [ $num2 -gt $num3 ]
then
echo $num2
else
echo $num3
fi

#Output:-

name - vaibhav wadajkar

enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 PRACTICAL 9

AIM:- Printing the patterns using for loop

# Input: -
# Static input for N N=5
N=5
i=0
while [ $i -lt $N ]
do
j=0
while [ $j -lt $N ]
do
if [ $((N-1-i)) -le $j ]
then
# Print the pattern
echo -ne "/"
else
# Print the spaces required
echo -ne " "
fi
j=$((j + 1))
done
echo
i=$((i +
1)) done
#Output:-

name - vaibhav wadajkar

enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 PRACTICAL 10

AIM:- Shell script to determine whether a given file exists or not.

# Input: -
#!/bin/bash
File=dp.txt
if [ -f "$File" ]; then
echo "$File exists"
else
echo "$File does not exist"
fi
#Output:-

name - vaibhav wadajkar

enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 PRACTICAL 11

AIM:- Write a program for process creation using C. (Use of gcc compiler).
# Input: -

#include <stdio.h>

#Output:-

name - vaibhav wadajkar

enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 PRACTICAL 12

AIM:- Implementation of FCFS &Round Robin Algorithm

# Input: -
FCFS

#include <stdio.h>

#Output:-

# Input: -
RR

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 #include <stdio.h>

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 #Output:-

name - vaibhav wadajkar

enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 PRACTICAL 13

AIM:- Implementation of Banker's Algorithm.

# Input: - #include
<stdio.h> #include
<stdlib.h>

int main()
{
int Max[10][10], need[10][10], alloc[10][10], avail[10], completed[10];
int p, r, i, j, process, count;
count = 0;

printf("Enter the number of processes: ");

scanf("%d", &p);

for (i = 0; i < p; i++)

{
completed[i] = 0;
}

printf("\nEnter the number of resources: ");

scanf("%d", &r);

printf("\nEnter the Max Matrix for each process:\n");

for (i = 0; i < p; i++)
{
printf("For process %d: ", i + 1);
for (j = 0; j < r; j++)
{
scanf("%d", &Max[i][j]);
}
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 }

printf("\nEnter the allocation for each process:\n");

for (i = 0; i < p; i++)
{
printf("For process %d: ", i + 1);
for (j = 0; j < r; j++)
{
scanf("%d", &alloc[i][j]);
}
}

printf("\nEnter the available resources: ");

for (i = 0; i < r; i++)
{
scanf("%d", &avail[i]);
}

printf("\nMax Matrix\tAllocation Matrix\n");

for (i = 0; i < p; i++)
{
for (j = 0; j < r; j++)
{
printf("%d ", Max[i][j]);
}
printf("\t\t");
for (j = 0; j < r; j++)
{
printf("%d ", alloc[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}

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enrollment no. - 2303031250144
 return 0;}

name - vaibhav wadajkar

enrollment no. - 2303031250144