Communication Theory

SEC (1)
Contents
❑ General Introduction
❑ Fourier Series
❑ Fourier Transform
❑ Amplitude Modulation (AM)
❑ Frequency Modulation (FM)
❑ Phase Modulation (PM)
❑ Pulse Modulation
Communication System

Transmitter Receiver
Channel
Tx Rx

Wired Wireless
Communication System

Transmitter Wireless Receiver

Tx Channel Rx

U1
U2
Voice Signal …. Interference Solution Modulation
?
( 0 → 4 KHz )
 Modulation
U1
U1 U2 U3
Wireless
Channel
U2
f1 f2 f3

U3
Modulation

Base band Pass band

Signals
Signal

Time Domain Frequency Domain

m(t)
f(w)

Fourier
t w=2𝜋f
Fourier
Fourier

Fourier Series Fourier Transform

For Periodic Signals For Non-Periodic Signals

Some Important rules
❑ Sin ( - x ) = - Sin ( x ) ❑ Cos ( 2n 𝜋 ) = 1
❑ Cos ( - x ) = Cos ( x ) ❑ Cos ( n 𝜋 ) = ( −1 ) 𝑛
❑ Tan ( - x ) = - Tan ( x ) ❑ Sin( n 𝜋 ) = Sin ( 2n 𝜋 ) = 0
❑ 𝑒0 = 1 ❑ 𝑒 ±𝑗2𝑛𝜋 = cos(𝑛2𝜋)+ j sin(n2𝜋) = 1
❑ 𝑒 −∞ = 0 ❑ 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 =
1
1 + cos 2𝑥
2
❑ 𝑒∞ = ∞ 2 1
❑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 1 − cos 2𝑥
2
❑ 𝑒 𝑗 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 + 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Fourier Series
➢ Generalized Fourier series
➢ Exponential Fourier series
➢ Trigonometric Fourier series
Generalized Fourier series
For a periodic signal f(t) , with period 𝑇0
𝑓 𝑡 = σ𝑁
𝑛=0 𝐹𝑛 ∅𝑛 (𝑡)
= 𝐹0 ∅0 (𝑡) + 𝐹1 ∅1 (𝑡) + 𝐹3 ∅3 (𝑡) + …………………
where, ∅𝑛 (𝑡) is a set of mutually orthogonal function, 𝐹𝑛 is a time
independent constant.
𝑡2
‫𝑡׬‬1 𝑓 𝑡 ∅∗𝑛 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐹𝑛 = 𝑡2 ∗
‫𝑡׬‬1 ∅𝑛 (𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡
Orthogonality
For ∅𝑛 𝑡 , ∅𝑚 𝑡 to be orthogonal over (t1, t2)
𝑡2 ∗ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ቊ 0 → 𝑛 ≠𝑚
‫𝑡׬‬1 ∅𝑛 𝑡 . ∅𝑚
𝐾 →𝑛=𝑚

If K = 1 then, ∅𝑛 𝑡 , ∅𝑚 𝑡 = orthonormal functions “ Orthogonal &

Normal ”
Trigonometric Fourier series
For a periodic signal f(t) , with period 𝑇0
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑎0 + σ∞
𝑛=1(𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑛𝑤0 𝑡) + 𝑏𝑛 sin(𝑛𝑤0 𝑡))

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 1
𝑎0 = 𝑓0 = = ‫׬‬ 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 → DC component
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑇0 𝑇0
2
𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬ 𝑓 𝑡 cos 𝑛𝑤0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇0 𝑇0
2
𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬ 𝑓 𝑡 sin 𝑛𝑤0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇0 𝑇0
Notes
2𝜋
➢ Fundamental frequency : 𝑊0 = 2 𝜋 𝑓0 =
𝑇0

➢ n 𝑤0 is called 𝑛𝑡ℎ harmonic of the fundamental frequency

➢ If f(t) is Even fn. → 𝑏𝑛 = 0 Even
➢ If f(t) is Odd fn. → 𝑎𝑛 = 0
➢ if +ve area = -ve area
→ 𝑎0 = 0
Odd
Exponential Fourier series
For a periodic signal f(t) , with period 𝑇0
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑓0 + σ∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝐹𝑛 𝑒
𝐽 𝑛 𝑤0 𝑡
𝑛 ≠0

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 1
𝑓0 = = 𝐹𝑛 = ‫׬‬ 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 → DC component
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑇0 𝑇0
n=0

1
𝐹𝑛 = ‫׬‬ 𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 −𝐽 𝑛 𝑤0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇0 𝑇0
Trigonometric Exponential conversion

𝑎0 = 𝑓0 = dc 𝑓0 = 𝑎0 = dc
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑓𝑛 + 𝑓−𝑛 1
𝐹𝑛 = ( 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑗 𝑏𝑛 )
2
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑗 ( 𝑓𝑛 − 𝑓−𝑛 )
‫‪Notes‬‬
‫▪ إذا لم يحدد طريقة حل المسألة يفضل الحل ب ‪exp. FS‬‬
‫▪ إذا طلب الحل بالطريقتين ‪ Trig. , Exp.‬نبدأ باألسهل ثم نحول للطريقة‬
‫األخري‬
‫▪ لو الدالة زوجية او فردية نبدأ ب ‪Trig.‬‬
‫▪ لو الدالة ‪ sin , cos‬نبدأ ب ‪Trig.‬‬
‫▪ لو الدالة بها ‪ e‬نبدأ ب ‪Exp.‬‬
Ex (1)
Represent f(t) = 𝑡 2 in a trigonometric Fourier series over the
interval (0,2).
Solution

1. 𝑇0 = 2
2𝜋
2. 𝑤0 = 2 = 𝜋 rad/sec
1
3. 𝑎0 = ‫𝑡𝑑 𝑡 𝑓 ׬‬
𝑇0 𝑇0
1 2 2 1 𝑡3 2 4
= ‫ = 𝑡𝑑 𝑡 ׬‬2
2 0 3
= 3
0
Cont. solution 1
2
3. 𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬ 𝑓 𝑡 cos 𝑛𝑤0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇0 𝑇0
2 2 2 𝑡 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑡 2
= ‫׬‬0 𝑡 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = [
𝑛𝜋 2
]
0
4
=
𝑛𝜋 2
2
4. 𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬ 𝑓 𝑡 sin 𝑛𝑤0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇0 𝑇0
2
= ‫׬‬0 𝑡 2 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Cont. solution 1
2
𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑡 2 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡
− 𝑡 2 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑡 2 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑡 2
=[ + ]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 2 0
−4
=
𝑛𝜋

5. f(t) = 𝑎0 + σ∞
𝑛=1(𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑛𝑤0 𝑡) + 𝑏𝑛 sin(𝑛𝑤0 𝑡))
4 4 −4
= + σ∞
𝑛=1( cos(𝑛𝜋𝑡) + sin(𝑛𝜋𝑡))
3 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋
Ex (2)
Find Fourier series for the following signal.

Solution
1. Using Exp. FS
2. 𝑇0 = 𝜋
2𝜋
3. 𝑤0 = = 2 rad/sec
𝜋
1
4. 𝐹𝑛 = ‫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑓 𝑇׬‬−𝐽 𝑛 𝑤0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇0 0
1 𝜋 − 𝑡 −𝐽 2 𝑛 𝑡
= ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
𝜋
Cont. solution 2
1 𝜋 − 𝑡 −𝐽 2 𝑛 𝑡 1 𝜋 − (1+𝑗2𝑛)𝑡
𝐹𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1 𝑒 − (1+𝑗2𝑛)𝑡
= ฬ
𝜋 −(1+𝑗2𝑛) 0

1 𝑒 − 1+𝑗2𝑛 𝜋 −𝑒 − 1+𝑗2𝑛 0 1 𝑒 − 𝜋 𝑒 − 𝑗 2 𝑛 𝜋 −1 1 1− 𝑒 − 𝜋
= = =
𝜋 −(1+𝑗2𝑛) 𝜋 −(1+𝑗2𝑛) 𝜋 (1+𝑗2𝑛)

1− 𝑒 − 𝜋
5. 𝐹0 = 𝐹𝑛 ȁ =
n=0 𝜋

1− 𝑒 − 𝜋 1 1− 𝑒 − 𝜋
6. g(t) = 𝑓0 + σ∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝐹𝑛 𝑒 𝐽 𝑛 𝑤0 𝑡 = + ∞
σ𝑛=−∞ ( 𝑒𝐽 2 𝑛 𝑡)
𝑛 ≠0 𝜋 𝑛 ≠0 𝜋 1+𝑗2𝑛
Ex (3)
Find trigonometric Fourier series for the following signal?

Solution
1. 𝑇0 = 2 𝜋
2𝜋
2. 𝑤0 = 2 𝜋 = 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
1
3. 𝑎0 = ‫𝑡𝑑 𝑡 𝑔 ׬‬
𝑇0 𝑇0
1 𝜋
= ‫𝑡𝑑 𝑡 𝑔 ׬‬
2𝜋 −𝜋
1 𝜋/2 1 𝜋/2 1 𝜋 −𝜋
= ‫׬‬ 1 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 −𝜋/2 = ( − ) = 0.5
2𝜋 −𝜋/2 2𝜋 2𝜋 2 2
Cont. solution 3
4. Even function : 𝑏𝑛 = 0
2 2 𝜋
5. 𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬ 𝑔 𝑡 cos 𝑛𝑤0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ‫𝑔 ׬‬ 𝑡 cos 𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇0 𝑇0 2𝜋 −𝜋
1 𝜋/2 1 sin 𝑛𝑡 𝜋/2
= ‫׬‬ cos 𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ቚ
𝜋 −𝜋/2 𝜋 𝑛
- 𝜋/2
1 𝑛𝜋 − 𝑛𝜋
= sin − sin
𝑛𝜋 2 2
2 𝑛𝜋
= sin
𝑛𝜋 2
6. g(t) = 𝑎0 + σ∞ 𝑛=1(𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑛𝑤0 𝑡) + 𝑏𝑛 sin(𝑛𝑤0 𝑡))
2 𝑛𝜋
= 0.5 + σ∞
𝑛=1( sin cos(𝑛𝑡))
𝑛𝜋 2
Ex (4)
Find trigonometric Fourier series for the following signal?

Solution 0.5

1. 𝑇0 = 2 𝜋
2𝜋
2. 𝑤0 = 2 𝜋 = 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
3. 𝑎0 = 0 - 0.5

4. Even function : bn = 0 0.5

2 2 𝜋
5. 𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬
𝑇0 𝑇0
𝑔 𝑡 cos 𝑛𝑤0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ‫𝑔 ׬‬
2𝜋 −𝜋
𝑡 cos 𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡

- 0.5
Cont. solution 4
2 𝜋 2 𝜋
5. 𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬ 𝑔 𝑡 cos 𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ‫ 𝑡 𝑔 ׬‬cos 𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 0
2 𝜋/2 1 𝜋 −1
= [ ‫׬‬0 cos 𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ‫𝜋׬‬/2 cos 𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
𝜋 2 2

𝜋/2
2 1 sin 𝑛𝑡 sin 𝑛𝑡 𝜋
= ∗ [ ቚ − ቚ ]
𝜋 2 𝑛 0 𝑛 𝜋/2
1 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋
= [sin - sin n𝜋 + sin ] = sin Same as the Ex 3 but
𝑛𝜋 2 2 𝑛𝜋 2
without the dc value
6. g(t) = 𝑎0 + σ∞ 𝑛=1(𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑛𝑤0 𝑡) + 𝑏𝑛 sin(𝑛𝑤0 𝑡))
2 𝑛𝜋
= σ∞
𝑛=1( sin cos(𝑛𝑡))
𝑛𝜋 2
Ex (5)
Find trigonometric Fourier series of the triangular waveform
over the interval (-𝜋, 𝜋)
Solution

1. 𝑇0 = 2 𝜋
2𝜋
2. 𝑤0 = = 1 rad/sec
2𝜋
3. 𝑎0 = 0 ‘ +ve area = -ve area ’
4. Even function : 𝑏𝑛 = 0
Cont. solution 5
2 2 𝜋
5. 𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬ 𝑓 𝑡 cos 𝑛𝑤0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ‫𝑓 ׬‬ 𝑡 cos 𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇0 𝑇0 2𝜋 −𝜋
2 𝜋 2 𝜋
= ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑡 cos 𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ‫׬‬0 (−𝑡 + 𝜋) cos 𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜋 𝜋
2 − cos 𝑛𝑡 𝜋 2
= [- 2 ] = 2 ( 1 - cos n 𝜋)
𝜋 𝑛 0 𝜋𝑛
2 (1− −1 𝑛 )
=
𝜋𝑛2
6. f(t) = 𝑎0 + σ∞ 𝑛=1(𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑛𝑤0 𝑡) + 𝑏𝑛 sin(𝑛𝑤0 𝑡))
∞ 2 1− −1 𝑛
= σ𝑛=1( cos(𝑛𝑡))
𝜋𝑛2
Thank You!