Artificial Intelligence(417)

Class : 10
What is Intelligence?
Humans have been developing machines which can make
their lives easier. Machines are made with an intent of
accomplishing tasks which are either too tedious for humans
or are time consuming. Hence, machines help us by working
for us, thereby sharing our load and making it easier for us
to fulfil such goals.
Life without machines today is unimaginable, and because of
this, humans have been putting efforts into making them
even more sophisticated and smart. As a result, we are
surrounded by smart devices and gadgets like smartphones,
smartwatches, smart TV, etc. But what makes them smart?
Today’s phones can do much more than just call-up people.
They can help us in navigating, recommend which songs we
should listen to or which movies we should watch according
to our own likes and dislikes. Our phones can help us connect
with like-minded people, make our selfies fun with face
filters, help us maintain a record of our health and fitness and
a lot more. These drastic technological advancements lead us
to recognize one key concept: the concept of Artificial
Intelligence.
What is Artificial Intelligence anyway?
Well, the answer lies in the term itself. If we break up this term
up, we get the words “Artificial” and “Intelligence”. Artificial is
something which is man-made, which does not occur naturally.
But what about Intelligence, how do we define that?
Humans are said to be an intelligent species, so what is it that
makes us intelligent?
According to researchers, intelligence is the ‘ability to perceive
or infer information, and to retain it as knowledge to be applied
towards adaptive behaviours within an environment or context.’
If we try to define intelligence with the help of its traits, these
are the abilities that are involved in intelligence:
Let us define each term mentioned above to get a proper
understanding:
But even though one is more skilled in intelligence than the other,
it should be noted that in fact all humans have all 9 of these
intelligences only at different levels. One might be an expert at
painting, while the other might be an expert in mathematical
calculations. One is a musician, the other is an expert dancer.
While understanding the term intelligence, it must be noticed
that decision making comprises of a crucial part of intelligence.
Let us delve deeper into it.
How do you make decisions?
The basis of decision making depends upon the availability of
information and how we experience and understand it. For the
purposes of this article, ‘information’ includes our past
experience, intuition, knowledge, and self-awareness.
We can’t make “good” decisions without information because
then we have to deal with unknown factors and face
uncertainty, which leads us to make wild guesses, flipping coins,
or rolling a dice. Having knowledge, experience, or insights
given a certain situation, helps us visualize what the outcomes
could be. and how we can achieve/avoid those outcomes.
Examples of Making Choices-
Scenario 1: You are locked inside a room with 3 doors to
move out of the locked room and you need to find a safe
door to get your way out. Behind the 1st door is a lake with
a deadly shark. The 2nd door has a mad psychopath ready to
kill with a weapon and the third one has a lion that has not
eaten since the last 2 months. Which door would you
choose? and Why?
Ans: The answer is gate number 3. The reason being that since the
lion has not eaten for 2 months, he wouldn't have survived till now
and would already be dead .
Scenario 2: Aarti invited four of her friends to her House. They
hadn't seen each other in a long time, so they chatted all night long
and had a good time. In the morning, two of the friends Aarti had
invited, died. The police arrived at the house and found that both
the friends were poisoned and that the poison was in the
strawberry pie. The three surviving friends told the police that
they hadn't eaten the pie. The police asked," Why didn’t you eat
the pie ?". Shiv said, " I am allergic to strawberries.". Seema said, "
I am on a diet." And Aarti said, "I ate too many strawberries while
cooking the pie, I just didn't want anymore.“ The policemen looked
at the pictures of the party and immediately identified the
Look at the picture and identify who is the murderer? Also
state why do you think this is the murderer?
Ans: The answer is Seema, can you guess how the police could
tell? It’s because she said she is on a diet and in the picture, she
is eating a burger and fries which means she lied.
The above scenarios show that it’s the information which helps
humans take good decisions.
What is Artificial Intelligence?
When a machine possesses the ability to mimic human traits,
i.e., make decisions, predict the future, learn and improve on its
own, it is said to have artificial intelligence.
In other words, you can say that a machine is artificially
intelligent when it can accomplish tasks by itself - collect data,
understand it, analyse it, learn from it, and improve it.
But, what makes a machine intelligent?
How do machines become Artificially Intelligent?
Humans become more and more intelligent with time as
they gain experiences during their lives.
For example, in elementary school, we learn about
alphabets and eventually we move ahead to making words
with them. As we grow, we become more and more fluent in
the language as we keep learning new words and use them
in our conversations.
Another example is how we learn walking. Initially a baby
struggles to walk. He takes help from others while learning
how to walk and once he knows it, he keeps on upgrading it
by learning how to run, jump, etc.
Similarly, machines also become intelligent once they are
trained with some information which helps them achieve
their tasks. AI machines also keep updating their knowledge
to optimise their output.
Applications of Artificial Intelligence around us:
Whether we notice it or not, we are surrounded by machines
that work on AI. They are becoming a crucial part of our
everyday life and provide us with an ease of having even
some of the most complicated and time-consuming tasks
being done at the touch of a button or by the simple use of a
sensor.
Google: Every now and then, we surf the internet for things
on Google without realizing how efficiently Google always
responds to us with accurate answers. Not only does it come
up with results to our search in a matter of seconds, it also
suggests and auto-corrects our typed sentences.
Pocket Assistance: We nowadays have pocket assistants that
can do a lot of tasks at just one command. Alexa, Google
Assistant, Cortana, Siri are some very common examples of
the voice assistants which are a major part of our digital
devices.
Google Maps: To help us navigate to places, apps like UBER
Ola. Thus, one no longer needs to stop repeatedly to ask for
directions.
Gaming Experience: AI has completely enhanced the gaming
experience for its users. A lot of games nowadays are backed up
with AI which helps in enhancing the graphics, come up with new
difficulty levels, encourage gamers, etc.
Recommendations: AI has not only made our lives easier but has
also been taking care of our habits, likes, and dislikes. This is
why platforms like Netflix, Amazon, Spotify, YouTube etc. show
us recommendations on the basis of what we like.
Well, the recommendations are not just limited to our
preferences, they even cater to our needs of connecting with
friends on social media platforms with apps like Facebook and
Instagram. They also send us customized notifications about our
online shopping details, auto-create playlists according to our
requests and so on. Taking selfies was never fun as Snapchat
filters make them look so cool.
Health Monitoring: This isn’t all. AI is also being used to
monitor our health. A lot of chatbots and other health apps
are available, which continuously monitor the physical and
mental health of its users.
These applications are not limited to smart devices but also
vary to humanoids like Sophia, the very first humanoid
robot sophisticated enough to get citizenship, biometric
security systems like the face locks we have in our phones,
real-time language translators, weather forecasts, and
whatnot! This list is huge, and this module will go on
forever if we keep tabulating them. So, take some time,
discuss with a friend and identify more and more AI
applications around you!
What is not AI?
Since we have a lot of different technologies which exist around
us in today’s time, it is very common for us to misunderstand any
other technology as AI. That is why, we need to have a clear
distinction between what is AI and what is not.
As we discussed earlier, any machine that has been trained with
data and can make decisions/predictions on its own can be
termed as AI. Here, the term ‘training’ is important.
Washing Machine: A fully automatic washing machine can work
on its own, but it requires human intervention to select the
parameters of washing and to do the necessary preparation for it
to function correctly before each wash, which makes it an
example of automation, not AI.
Air Conditioner: An air conditioner can be turned on and off
remotely with the help of internet but still needs a human
touch. This is an example of Internet of Things (IoT). Also,
every now and then we get to know about robots which
might follow a path or maybe can avoid obstacles but need
to be primed accordingly each time.
We also get to see a lot of projects which can automate our
surroundings with the help of sensors. Here too, since the
bot or the automation machine is not trained with any data,
it does not count as AI.
Also, it would be valid to say that not all the devices which
are termed as "smart" are AI-enabled. For example, a TV
does not become AI-enabled if it is a smart one, it gets the
power of AI when it is able to think and process on its own.
Just as humans learn how to walk and then improve this skill
with the help of their experiences, an AI machine too gets
trained first on the training data and then optimises itself
according to its own experiences which makes AI different
from any other technological device/machine.
But well, surely these other technologies too can be
integrated with AI to provide the users with a much better
and immersive experience!
Robotics and AI can definitely open the doors to humanoids
and self-driving cars, AI when merged with Internet of things
can give rise to cloud computing of data and remote access of
AI tools, automation along with AI can help in achieving voice
automated homes and so on. Such integrations can help us
get the best of both worlds!
Introduction to AI: Basics of AI
Artificial Intelligence has always been a term which intrigues
people all over the world. Various organisations have coined their
own versions of defining Artificial Intelligence. Some of them are
mentioned below:
NITI Aayog: National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence
AI refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like
thinking, perceiving, learning, problem solving and decision
making. Initially conceived as a technology that could mimic
human intelligence, AI has evolved in ways that far exceed its
original conception. With incredible advances made in data
collection, processing and computation power, intelligent systems
can now be deployed to take over a variety of tasks, enable
connectivity and enhance productivity.
Encyclopedia Britannica
Artificial intelligence (AI), is the ability of a digital computer
or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly
associated with intelligent beings. The term is frequently
applied to the project of developing systems endowed with
the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as
the ability to reason, discover meaning, generalize, or learn
from past experience.
As you can see, Artificial Intelligence is a vast domain.
Everyone looks at AI in a different way according to their
mindset.
In other words, AI can be defined as:
AI is a form of Intelligence; a type of technology and a field
of study.
AI theory and development of computer systems (both
machines and software) enables machines to perform tasks
that normally require human intelligence.
Artificial Intelligence covers a broad range of domains and
applications and is expected to impact every field in the
future. Overall, its core idea is building machines and
algorithms which are capable of performing computational
tasks that would otherwise require human like brain
functions.
AI, ML & DL:
As you have been progressing towards building AI readiness,
you must have come across a very common dilemma
between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning
(ML). Many times, these terms are used interchangeably but
are they the same? Is there no difference in Machine
Learning and Artificial Intelligence? Is Deep Learning (DL)
Also Artificial Intelligence? What exactly is Deep Learning?
Let us see.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Refers to any technique that enables computers to mimic
human intelligence. It gives the ability to machines to
recognize a human’s face; to move and manipulate objects;
to understand the voice commands by humans, and also do
other tasks. The AI-enabled machines think algorithmically
and execute what they have been asked for intelligently.
Machine Learning (ML)
It is a subset of Artificial Intelligence which enables
machines to improve at tasks with experience (data). The
intention of Machine Learning is to enable machines to learn
by themselves using the provided data and make accurate
Predictions/ Decisions.
Deep Learning (DL)
It enables software to train itself to perform tasks with vast
amounts of data. In Deep Learning, the machine is trained with
huge amounts of data which helps it in training itself around the
data. Such machines are intelligent enough to develop
algorithms for themselves. Deep Learning is the most advanced
form of Artificial Intelligence out of these three. Then comes
Machine Learning which is intermediately intelligent and
Artificial Intelligence covers all the concepts and algorithms
which, in some way or the other mimic human intelligence.
There are a lot of applications of AI out of which few are those
which come under ML out of which very few can be labelled as
DL. Therefore, Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL)
are part of Artificial Intelligence (AI), but not everything that is
Machine learning will be Deep learning.
Introduction to AI Domains
Artificial Intelligence becomes intelligent according to the
training which it gets. For training, the machine is fed with
datasets. According to the applications for which the AI
algorithm is being developed, the data which is fed into it
changes. With respect to the type of data fed in the AI
model, AI models can be broadly categorised into three
domains:
Data Sciences:
Data sciences is a domain of AI related to data systems and
processes, in which the system collects numerous data,
maintains data sets and derives meaning/sense out of them. The
information extracted through data science can be used to make
a decision about it. Example of Data Science-
Price Comparison Websites
These websites are being driven by lots and lots of data. If you
have ever used these websites, you would know, the
convenience of comparing the price of a product from multiple
vendors at one place. PriceGrabber, PriceRunner, Junglee,
Shopzilla, DealTime are some examples of price comparison
websites. Now a days, price comparison website can be found in
almost every domain such as technology, hospitality,
automobiles, durables, apparels etc.
Example (Practical Work):
Impact Filter (Impact of rise in temperature on different
species)
https://artsexperiments.withgoogle.com/impactfilter/
Computer Vision
Computer Vision, abbreviated as CV, is a domain of AI that
depicts the capability of a machine to get and analyse visual
information and afterwards predict some decisions about it. The
entire process involves image acquiring, screening, analysing,
identifying and extracting information. This extensive processing
helps computers to understand any visual content and act on it
accordingly. In computer vision, Input to machines can be
photographs, videos and pictures from thermal or infrared
sensors, indicators and different sources.
Computer vision related projects translate digital visual data into
descriptions. This data is then turned into computer-readable
language to aid the decision-making process. The main objective
of this domain of AI is to teach machines to collect information
from pixels.
Examples of Computer Vision
Self-Driving cars/ Automatic Cars
CV systems scan live objects and analyse them, based on
whether the car decides to keep running or to stop.
Face Lock in Smartphones
Smartphones nowadays come with the feature of face locks
in which the smartphone’s owner can set up his/her face as
an unlocking mechanism for it. The front camera detects and
captures the face and saves its features during initiation.
Next time onwards, whenever the features match, the phone
is unlocked.
Example of CV: (Practical Work)
Autodraw (It pairs machine learning with drawings from
talented artists to help you draw stuff fast.)
https://www.autodraw.com/
Natural Language Processing
Natural Language Processing, abbreviated as NLP, is a branch
of artificial intelligence that deals with the interaction
between computers and humans using the natural language.
Natural language refers to language that is spoken and
written by people, and natural language processing (NLP)
attempts to extract information from the spoken and written
word using algorithms.
The ultimate objective of NLP is to read, decipher,
understand, and make sense of the human languages in a
manner that is valuable.
Examples of Natural Language Processing
Email filters
Email filters are one of the most basic and initial applications
of NLP online. It started out with spam filters, uncovering
certain words or phrases that signal a spam message.
Smart assistants
Smart assistants like Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa
recognize patterns in speech, then infer meaning and
provide a useful response.
Example of NLP: Practical Work
Wordtune (AI writing tool that rewrites, rephrases, and
rewords your writing)
https://www.wordtune.com/
AI Ethics
Nowadays, we are moving from the Information era to
Artificial Intelligence era. Now we do not use data or
information, but the intelligence collected from the data to
build solutions. These solutions can even recommend the
next TV show or movies you should watch on Netflix. We can
proudly say that India is leading in the AI usage trends, so we
need to keep aspects relating to ethical practices in mind
while developing solutions using AI. Let us understand some
of the ethical concerns in detail.
Moral Issues: Self-Driving Cars
Scenario 1: Let us imagine that we are in year 2030. Self-Driving
cars which are just a concept in today’s time are now on roads.
People like us are buying them for ease and are using it for our
daily transits. Of-course because of all the features which this
car has, it is expensive. Now, let us assume, one day your father
is going to office in his self-driving car. He is sitting in the back
seat as the car is driving itself. Suddenly, a small boy comes in
front of this car. The incident was so sudden that the car is only
able to make either of the two choices:
1. Go straight and hit the boy who has come in front of the car
and injure him severely.
2. Take a sharp right turn to save the boy and smash the car into
a metal pole thus damaging the car as well as injuring the person
sitting in it.
With the help of this scenario, we need to understand that
the developer of the car goes through all such dilemmas
while developing the car’s algorithm. Thus, here the morality
of the developer gets transferred into the machine as what
according to him/her is right would have a higher priority and
hence would be the selection made by the machine.
If you were in the place of this developer and if there was no
other alternative to the situation, which one of the two
would you prioritise and why?
Scenario 2: Let us now assume that the car has hit the boy
who came in front of it. Considering this as an accident, who
should be held responsible for it? Why?
1. The person who bought this car
2. The Manufacturing Company
3. The developer who developed the car’s algorithm
4. The boy who came in front of the car and got severely
injured
Here, the choices might differ from person to person and one
must understand that nobody is wrong in this case. Every
person has a different perspective and hence he/she takes
decisions according to their moralities.
Moral Machine Activity : (Practical Work)
A platform for gathering a human perspective on moral
decisions made by machine intelligence, such as self-driving
cars.
http://moralmachine.mit.edu/
Data Privacy
The world of Artificial Intelligence revolves around Data. Every
company whether small or big is mining data from as many
sources as possible. More than 70% of the data collected till now
has been collected in the last 3 years which shows how important
data has become in recent times. It is not wrongly said that Data
is the new gold.
This makes us think:
Where do we collect data from?
Why do we need to collect data?
One of the major sources of data for many major companies is
the device which all of us have in our hands all the time:
Smartphones. Smartphones have nowadays become an integral
part of our lives.
Smartphones in today’s era provide us with a lot of facilities and
features which have made our lives easier. Feeling hungry? Order
food online. Want to shop but don’t have time to go out? Go
shopping online. From booking tickets to watching our favourite
shows, everything is available in this one small box loaded with
technology.
Another feature of smartphones nowadays is that they provide us
with customised recommendations and notifications according to
our choices.
1. When you are talking to your friend on a mobile network or on
an app like WhatsApp. You tell your friend that you wish to buy
new shoes and are looking for suggestions from him/her. You
discuss about shoes and that is it. After some time, the online
shopping websites start giving you notifications to buy shoes!
They start recommending some of their products and urge you to
you buy some.
2. If you search on Google for a trip to Kerala or any other
destination, just after the search, all the apps on your phone
which support advertisements, will start sending messages
about packages that you can buy for the trip.
3. Even when you are not using your phone and talking to a
person face-to-face about a book you’ve read recently while
the phone is kept in a locked mode nearby, the phone will
end up giving notifications about similar books or messages
about the same book once you operate it.
In all such examples, how does the smartphone get to know
about the discussions and thoughts that you have?
Remember whenever you download an app and install it, it
asks you for several permissions to access your phone’s data
in different ways. If you do not allow the app these
permissions, you normally cannot access it. And to access the
app and make use of it, we sometimes don’t even give it a
thought and allow the app to get all the permissions that it
wants. Hence every now and then, the app has the permission
to access various sensors which are there in your smartphone
and gather data about you and your surroundings. We forget
that the smartphone which we use is a box full of sensors
which are powered all the time while the phone is switched
on.
This leads us to a crucial question:
Are we okay with sharing our data with the external world?
Why do these apps collect data?
We need to understand that the data which is collected by
various applications is ethical as the smartphone users agree
to it (by clicking on allow when it asks for permission and by
agreeing to all the terms and conditions). But at the same
time if one does not want to share his/her data with anyone,
he/she can opt for alternative applications which are of
similar usage and keep your data private. For example, an
alternative to WhatsApp is the Telegram app which does not
collect any data from us. But since WhatsApp is more popular
and used by the crowd, people go for it without thinking
twice.
AI Bias
Another aspect to AI Ethics is bias. Everyone has a bias of
their own no matter how much one tries to be unbiased, we
in some way or the other have our own biases even towards
smaller things. Biases are not negative all the time.
Sometimes, it is required to have a bias to control a situation
and keep things working.
When we talk about a machine, we know that it is artificial
and cannot think on its own. It can have intelligence, but we
cannot expect a machine to have any biases of its own. Any
bias can transfer from the developer to the machine while the
algorithm is being developed. Let us look at some of the
examples:
1. Majorly, all the virtual assistants have a female voice. It is
only now that some companies have understood this bias and
have started giving options for male voices but since the
virtual assistants came into practice, female voices are always
preferred for them over any other voice. Can you think of
some reasons for this?
2. If you search on Google for salons, the first few searches
are mostly for female salons. This is based on the assumption
that if a person is searching fora salon, in all probability it
would be a female. Do you think this is a bias? If yes, then is it
a Negative bias or Positive one?
Various other biases are also found in various systems which
are not thought up by the machine but have got transferred
from the developer intentionally or unintentionally.
AI Access
Since Artificial Intelligence is still a budding technology, not
everyone has the opportunity to access it. The people who can
afford AI enabled devices make the most of it while others who
cannot are left behind. Because of this, a gap has emerged
between these two classes of people and it gets widened with the
rapid advancement of technology. Let us understand this with the
help of some examples:
AI creates unemployment
AI is making people’s lives easier. Most of the things nowadays are
done in just a few clicks. In no time AI will manage to be able to
do all the laborious tasks which we humans have been doing since
long. Maybe in the coming years, AI enabled machines will replace
all the people who work as labourers. This may start an era of
mass unemployment where people having little or no skills may be
left without jobs and others who keep up with their skills
according to what is required, will flourish.
This brings us to a crossroads. On one hand where AI is
advancing and improving the lives of people by working for
them and doing some of their tasks, the other hand points
towards the lives of people who are dependent on laborious
jobs and are not skilled to do anything else.
Should AI replace laborious jobs? Is there an alternative for
major unemployment?
Should AI not replace laborious jobs? Will the lives of people
improve if they keep on being unskilled?
Here, we need to understand that to overcome such an issue,
one needs to be open to changes. As technology is advancing
with time, humans need to make sure that they are a step
ahead and understand this technology with its pros and cons.
AI for kids
As we all can see, kids nowadays are smart enough to
understand technology from a very early age. As their
thinking capabilities increase, they start becoming techno-
savvy and eventually they learn everything more easily than
an adult. But should technology be given to children so
young?
Consider this: A young boy in class 3 has got some Maths
homework to finish. He is sitting at a table which has the
Google chat bot - Alexa on it, and he is struggling with his
homework. Soon, he starts asking Alexa to answer all his
questions. Alexa replies with answers and the boy simply
writes them down in his notebook.
While this scenario seems funny, it still has some concerns
related to it. On one hand where it is good that the boy knows
how to use technology effectively, on the other hand he uses
it to complete his homework without really learning anything
since he is not applying his brain to solve the Math problems.
So, while he is smart, he might not be getting educated
properly.
Conclusion
Despite AI’s promises to bring forth new opportunities, there
are certain associated risks that need to be mitigated
appropriately and effectively. To give a better perspective,
the ecosystem and the socio-technical environment in which
the AI systems are embedded needs to be more trustworthy.
Thank You