Protection & Coordination

Analysis
Objectives
❑ Human Safety ❑ Protection of Equipment
❑ Prevent injury and fatality ❑ Permit normal operation
❑ Isolate the equipment in
case of abnormal conditions

❑ Protection of System (Stability)

❑ Under/Over Voltage
❑ Under/Over Frequency
❑ Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF)
❑ Islanding of System
Objectives
❑ Selectivity ❑ Reasonable Cost
❑ Minimal isolation of network with ❑ Maximum achievable reliability for
abnormal conditions protection and coordination at
❑ Permit normal operation for rest of minimal cost
electrical network ❑ Science, Experience & Art
❑ Sensitivity to faults and insensitivity
to normal operation
❑ Fast fault clearance with proper
selectivity
❑ Minimal isolation of faulty area
❑ Capability to operate correctly under
all predictable power system
conditions
References
❑ IEEE Std. 242-2001, IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection
and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
(IEEE Buff Book)

❑ IEEE Std. 141-1993, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric

Power Distribution for Industrial Plants (IEEE Red Book)

❑ IEEE Std. 399-1997, IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial

and Commercial Power Systems Analysis (IEEE Brown Book)

❑ Other technical references

Study Procedure
❑ Prepare an accurate one-line diagram (relay diagrams)
❑ Obtain the available system current spectrum (operating load,
overloads, fault kA)
❑ Determine the equipment protection criteria
❑ Select the appropriate protective devices / settings
❑ Plot the fixed points (operating/damage curves, FLA,
ampacity, etc.)
❑ Obtain / plot the device characteristics curves
❑ Analyze the results
Required Input Data
❑ One-line diagrams (Relay diagrams)
❑ Power Grid Fault Current Data and Protective Device Settings
❑ Generator Data
❑ Transformer Data
❑ Motor Data
❑ Load Data
❑ Fault Currents
❑ Cable / Conductor Data
❑ Bus / Switchgear Data
❑ Instrument Transformer Data (CT, VT)
❑ Protective Device (PD) Data
Protection of Equipments
❑ Major Equipments (apparatus)
❑ Induction Motor
❑ Synchronous Motor
❑ Cable
❑ Transformer
❑ Generator
❑ Bus
❑ Transmission/Distribution Line
Equipment Protection Criteria
❑ Permit: Normal Running Condition
❑ Max permitted current at working conditions
❑ Environment temperature, cooling media, elevation, etc.
❑ Protect: Abnormal Fault Condition
❑ Excessive through fault current caused by:
❑ Improper design, installation, or operation of equipment
❑ Incidents
Equipment Damage Curves
 Operating / Non-operating Region

Operating Region

Operating Characteristics
of Equipment
Damage Curve of Equipment
IDMT Relay Characteristics

Non-Operating Region
Protection Types
❑ Overcurrent
❑ Inverse Time Over Current (TOC)
❑ Instantaneous Over Current (IOC)
❑ Directional
❑ Differential
❑ Impedance
❑ Distance
❑ Voltage
❑ Under/Over Voltage
❑ Frequency
❑ Under/Over Frequency
❑ Mechanical
❑ Pressure (Buchholz Relay)
Overcurrent Protection
❑ Overcurrent Characteristics
❑ Inverse Time Over Current (TOC)
❑ Simple, cheap, and large
application in LV, and MV
❑ LV Breakers
❑ Represent tolerance band
❑ MCB, MCCB, ICCB, PCB
❑ Fuses
❑ Overload Heater
❑ Overload Relay
Overcurrent Protection
❑ Relay TOC Characteristics
❑ Curve Shape Adaption
❑ Selectivity
❑ Time margin at higher fault
current
Overcurrent Protection
Relay Characteristics Equation
(IEC 60255)
Low Voltage Protective Devices
❑ MCCB Trip Units
❑ Thermal Magnetic
Low Voltage Protective Devices
❑ MCCB Trip Units
❑ Magnetic Only
Low Voltage Protective Devices
❑ LVCB Trip Units
❑ Solid State Trip (SST) or
microprocessor based
❑ Electro-mechanical

❑ Trip Unit Segments

❑ Long Time (LT ANSI; I> IEC)
❑ Short Time (ST ANSI; I>> IEC)
❑ Instantaneous (IT ANSI; I>>> IEC)
Fuse (Power Fuse)
❑ Non-Adjustable Device (unless electronic)
❑ Continuous and Interrupting Rating
❑ Voltage Levels (Max kV)
❑ Interrupting Rating (sym, asym)
❑ Characteristic Curves
❑ Min. Melting
❑ Total Clearing
Fuse (Power Fuse) Types
❑ Expulsion Fuse (Non-CLF)
❑ Current Limiting Fuse (CLF)
❑ Electronic Fuse
Current Limiting Fuse (CLF)
❑ Limits the peak current of short-circuit
❑ Reduces magnetic stresses (mechanical damage)
❑ Reduces thermal energy
Current Limiting Action
CLF Let-Through Chart
CLF Let-Through Chart
❑ Assumptions
1) Short Circuit X/R <= Tested Short Circuit X/R or
Short Circuit Power Factor >= Tested Power Factor
CLF Let-Through Chart
❑ Assumptions
2) The fault is on load terminal
CLF Let-Through Chart
❑ Assumptions
3) The sum of motor full load currents contribution between the
series rated devices should not exceeds 1 percent of interrupting
rating of lowest rated device
CLF Let-Through Chart
Fuse
Generally:
❑ CLF is a better short-circuit protection
❑ Non-CLF (expulsion fuse) is a better Overload protection
❑ Electronic fuses are typically easier to coordinate due to the
electronic control adjustments
Motor Protection
❑ Motor Starting Curve
❑ Thermal Protection
❑ Locked Rotor Protection
❑ Fault Protection
Motor Protection – References
❑ IEEE Std 620-1996 IEEE Guide for the Presentation of
Thermal Limit Curves for Squirrel Cage Induction Machines.
❑ IEEE Std 1255-2000 IEEE Guide for Evaluation of Torque
Pulsations During Starting of Synchronous Motors
❑ ANSI/ IEEE C37.96-2000 Guide for AC Motor Protection
❑ NEMA MG-1 Motors and Generators
❑ The Art of Protective Relaying – General Electric
Cable Protection
Cable Protection – References
❑ IEEE Std. 242-2001, IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and
Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (IEEE
Buff Book)
❑ IEEE Std 835-1994 IEEE Standard Power Cable Ampacity Tables
❑ IEEE Std 848-1996 IEEE Standard Procedure for the Determination
of the Ampacity Derating of Fire-Protected Cables
❑ IEEE Std 738-1993 IEEE Standard for Calculating the Current-
Temperature Relationship of Bare Overhead Conductors
Transformer Protection
Transformer Protection – References
❑ National Electric Code 2011 Edition
❑ IEEE Std 242-1986; IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and
Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
❑ C37.91-2000; IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to
Power Transformers
❑ C57.12.59; IEEE Guide for Dry-Type Transformer Through-Fault
Current Duration.
❑ C57.109-1985; IEEE Guide for Liquid-Immersed Transformer
Through-Fault-Current Duration
❑ APPLIED PROCTIVE RELAYING; J.L. Blackburn; Westinghouse
Electric Corp; 1976
Selective Coordination
❑ Overcurrent Selectivity Rules
❑ Downstream device curve is located to the left and below of
upstream device curve for range of applicable currents
❑ Sufficient time margin for operation of downstream before upstream
Margins For Selectivity
IEEE Std 242-2001
Coordination Time Interval (CTI)
IEEE Std 242-2001
Ground Fault Protection
❑ General Concept
❑ Measurement of Residual (IR) or Zero Sequence current (3I0)
❑ IR = 3I0 = Ia + Ib + Ic (Vector Summation)
❑ Balanced Fault: Ia = Ib = Ic and IR = 3I0 = 0
❑ Unbalanced system Ia ≠ Ib ≠ Ic and IR = 3I0 > 0
Ground Fault Protection
❑ Direct (Ground, 50G/51G)
❑ Grounded-phase (3I0) current is detected directly with a current
transformer installed in the grounded neutral conductor
Ground Fault Protection
❑ Core Balance or Zero Sequence (Ground, 50G/51G)
❑ Grounded-phase current (IR) is directly detected by a doughnut-type
current transformer installed around the three phase conductors

Note: The equipment grounding conductors (including conductor

shields) must not be installed through the current transformer.
Ground Fault Protection
❑ Residual
❑ Grounded-phase current is detected as the unbalance in the current
produced by the phase current transformers
Relay ANSI Device Number
❑ 21 – Distance ❑ P – Phase
❑ 27 – Under Voltage ❑ N – Neutral
❑ 32 – Directional Power ❑ G – Ground
❑ 49 – Thermal Overload ❑ SG – Sensitive Ground
❑ 50 – Instantaneous Over Current
❑ V – Voltage
❑ 51 – AC Inverse Over Current
❑ VC – Voltage Control
❑ 52 – AC Circuit Breaker
❑ VR – Voltage Restrained
❑ 59 – Overvoltage
❑ 67 – AC Directional Over Current
❑ 79 – AC Recloser
❑ 81 – Frequency
❑ 87 – Differential
Star Normalized View
Star-Auto Evaluation
❑ Feature designed for automated protection and coordination
evaluation of electrical network based on protection rule book
❑ Automated and intelligent detection of protection zones
❑ Customized evaluation criteria based on Rule Book
❑ Through fault current calculation based on ANSI and IEC
❑ Support of standards and industry practices
❑ Extensive condition messages highlighting the violations
❑ Dynamic capability to correct the violation and update the results
❑ Easy-to-make reports from graphical snapshots
Star-Auto Evaluation
Thank You