OROMIA STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLAGE OF LAW AND GOVERNANCE

DEPARTMENT OF LAW MANAGEMENT

Program: Weekend

Centre: Bishoftu

Group Assignment for the Course: Introduction to Emergent Technology

Name ID No

1. Mamush Kasimo……………………………………………Law/w/03034/16

2. Tamirat

3. Betelhem

4. Besufikad

5. Solomon

6. Gudina

Submitted To:

Submission Date: 28/ 03/2017 E.C

 1. Discuss your understanding about what it means Artificial Intelligence and the
opportunities it creates for improving societal life style? (2 marks)
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
➢ refers to the simulation of human intelligence by computer systems
➢ AI is a constellation of technologies that enable machines to act with higher levels of
intelligence and emulate human capabilities to sense, comprehend, and act.
➢ making computers smart
➢ making computer models of human intelligence.
➢ building machines that simulate human intelligent behavior.
➢ AI is not one single technology
➢ The term "artificial intelligence" was coined by John McCarthy in 1956 for a conference
called "The Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence."
➢ Advanced AI systems can be understood as: Algorithms + Data + Compute
❖ Algorithms = sequences of rules/instructions carried out by the computer to solve a problem.
❖ Algorithms convert data into useful outputs and allow AI systems to learn.
❖ Data = the information used to train the AI system. More data leads to better AI systems.
❖ Compute = computational resources; the physical processing hardware used to train and run
AI systems.
 There are different types of AI, each with unique benefits and risks:
❖ Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI):
➢ Also called weak or shallow AI, this is AI designed to perform a single, discrete kind of task,
for example image recognition or language translation.
➢ All current AI is ANI.
❖ Artificial General Intelligence (AGI):
➢ A class of hypothesized, multi-purpose AI system with cognitive capabilities comparable to
humans.
➢ Such AI models do not currently exist and experts disagree as to whether they ever will.
➢ They are often thought to arise through self-improving architectures, in which an AI system
improves itself, without much human control.
❖ Frontier AI:
➢ Refers to the most advanced AI models at any given moment in time (hence frontier models
today may be very different from frontier models in 3 years).
➢ Frontier AI research and development involves the use of novel training approaches and
model architectures, working towards the goal of creating AGI.
➢ Without sufficient safeguards and evaluations, frontier models pose significant risks, even in
the research and development stage.
AI opportunities
AI’s benefits will be felt across a wide range of sectors. Some positive societal impacts we can expect
include:
Economic growth:
✓ AI will boost global growth by substantially increasing innovation and labor productivity across the
economy.
✓ It can boost sales, improve machine maintenance, increase production output and quality, improve
customer service, as well as save energy.
In education,
✓ AI has begun producing new teaching and learning solutions that are now undergoing testing in
different contexts.
✓ AI to promote personalization and better learning outcomes
Climate change mitigation:
✓ Adoption of AI in the energy sector could lead to a reduction of emissions by increasing energy
efficiency and optimizing energy production, consumption and distribution. It could additionally
improve our ability to predict (and thus prepare for) extreme weather events and other
environmental changes.
✓ Improved healthcare:
✓ Using AI could increase the accuracy and speed of medical diagnoses, whilst also reducing
treatment costs and improving health outcomes.
Reduced inequality:
✓ AI could help level the playing field by improving the quality of education through personalized
learning and by providing easier access to technology, analytical tools, knowledge and expertise.
✓ Public services will be more efficient and more responsive to citizens, enhancing impact.
✓ Financial services will be more secure and reach more citizens who need them, expanding access.
On work load
Artificial intelligence can dramatically improve the efficiencies of our workplaces and can augment the
work humans can do. When AI takes over repetitive or dangerous tasks, it frees up the human workforce
to do work they are better equipped for-tasks that involve creativity and empathy among others. If people
are doing work that is more engaging for them, it could increase happiness and job satisfaction.
On Medical areas
✓ By improving the operations of healthcare facilities and medical organizations, AI can reduce
operating costs and save money
✓ Potential for personalized treatment plans and drug protocols as well as giving providers better
access to information across medical facilities to help inform patient care will be life-changing.
Strengthening democracy
✓ Democracy could be made stronger by using data-based scrutiny, preventing disinformation and
cyber-attacks and ensuring access to quality information.
✓ AI could also support diversity and openness, for example by mitigating the possibility of
prejudice in hiring decisions and using analytical data instead.
2. Discuss your understanding about what IoT means and components included in development of
IoT? (2 marks)
Internet of Things (IoT)
➢ The concept of the Internet of Things first became popular in1999, through the Auto-ID Center at
MIT and related market-analysis publications.
➢ Radio frequency identification (RFID) was seen as a prerequisite for the IoT at that point.
➢ The Internet of Things is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with electronics,
software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange
data.
 ➢ It allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure,
creating opportunities for more direct integration between the physical world and computer-based
systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit.
➢ Internet of Things is a system of interrelated computing devices or objects which have the ability
to transfer the data over a network without requiring any human to human or human to computer
interaction uniquely addressable, based on standard communication protocol.
➢ IoT is a sensor network of billions of smart devices that connect people, systems and other
applications to collect and share data.
➢ IoT is a concept of connecting any device with an on and off switch to the Internet (and/or to each
other).
➢ The term IoT according to the 2020 conceptual framework is expressed through a simple formula
such as :
➢ IoT = Services + Data + Networks +Sensors
➢ Generally, IoT is the network of physical objects or “things” embedded with electronics, software,
sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange data.
➢ It is a network of device that can sense, accumulate, and transfer data over the network without
any human interaction.
➢ IoT is “smart object networking”.
➢ The IoT is a giant network of connected "things" (which also includes people). The relationship
will be between people-people, people-things, and things-things.
➢ Has different Names such as
• Internet of Everything • Smarter Planet
• Machine to Machine (M2M) • The Fog
• T-sensors (Trillion Sensors) • The Industrial Internet
• Industry 4.0 • Internet of Things (IoT)
➢ It has the following Enablers; such as
• Energy • Intelligence • Communication
• Integration • Interoperability • Standards
• Internet for Devices • Internet for Non- Human
• Internet for M2M communication
➢ IoT has found its application in several areas such as:
 Connected industry  smart energy  connected building and campus
 Smart-city  connected car  healthcare
 Smart-home  smart agriculture  logistics and etc
➢ IoT has the following advantage such as
 Improved customer engagement  Reduced waste
 Technology optimization  Enhanced data collection
➢ IoT has the following components such as:
1. Sensor device:
➢ They are mainly input components
➢ Use of sensors such as accelerometers, GPS, etc and collect surrounding information from
multiple sources.
➢ typically measures or identifies a particular physical quantity.
➢ convert the physical properties to electrical signals understandable by machines.
➢ are ubiquitous.
 ➢ Basically, three types:
▪ Passive, omnidirectional (e.g. mic)
▪ Passive, narrow-beam sensor (e.g. PIR)
▪ Active sensors (e.g. sonar, radar, etc.)
➢ Challenged by power consumption, security, interoperability
2. Networks (Connectivity):
➢ data is collected and sent to cloud storage.
➢ Use of cellular, satellite, Wi-Fi Networks, WAN, Bluetooth to promote a gateway for connection.
➢ Challenged by the enormous growth in number of connected devices; availability of networks
coverage; security and power consumption
3. Standards(processing):
✓ software performs big data analytics for the collected data;
✓ helps to detect unauthorized activity; sends an alert notification to end-user
4. Intelligent Analysis (User interface): provides detailed processed information of the data provided
via dashboards
3. Give some real-world application of IoT in Ethiopia? (3 marks)
➢ Agricultural site  Military(defense) force
➢ Building and Home automation  Manufacturing

➢ Medical and Healthcare systems  Media

➢ Environmental monitoring  Infrastructure management

➢ Energy management  Transportation

5. Discuss how Emergent Technology affects human life now days and mention some of the
emergent technology fully applicable in Ethiopia? (3 marks)
Technology has woven itself into the very fabric of society, influencing almost every aspect of our daily
lives. From how we communicate and work to how we entertain ourselves and access information,
technological advancements have transformed the world.
Emerging technologies can have many impacts on current human life and practices,
including:(positively)
• Enhanced efficiency and productivity: Automation, artificial intelligence and the IoT can
streamline processes, reduce errors and free up human workers to focus on more complex tasks.
This can lead to significant gains in efficiency and productivity across various industries.
• Improved communication and connectivity: Technologies like 5G networks, cloud computing
and video conferencing platforms are making communication and collaboration easier and faster
than ever before. This fosters better global connections and remote work opportunities.
• Advancements in healthcare and education: Emerging technologies are transforming
healthcare with tools for telemedicine, precision medicine and drug discovery. In education,
personalized learning platforms and virtual reality can create more engaging and effective
learning experiences.
 • Improved safety and security: Advancements in areas like facial recognition, cybersecurity and
autonomous vehicles have the potential to significantly improve public safety and security.
• Innovation and job creation: Emerging technologies are constantly creating new products,
services and industries. This can lead to exciting job opportunities in fields like artificial
intelligence, robotics and renewable energy.
• Environmental sustainability: Technologies like solar power, wind energy and smart grids can
help us transition to a more sustainable future. They can improve energy efficiency and reduce
our reliance on fossil fuels.
• Greater accessibility: Assistive technologies like prosthetics and speech recognition software can
improve the lives of people with disabilities. Emerging technologies also have the potential to
bridge the digital divide and provide greater access to information and communication for
everyone.
❖ Some examples of emerging technologies include:
Artificial intelligence (AI): AI can help businesses make better choices by analyzing data quickly.
Internet of Things (IoT): IoT connects billions of devices that collect and exchange data, which can
transform industries and drive efficiency.
Augmented and virtual reality (AR and VR): AR and VR have applications in the gaming industry, as
well as in the health, education, and development sectors.
Blockchain technology: Blockchain technology enables secure and transparent transactions.
5G networks: 5G networks can revolutionize internet speed and accessibility, and bridge the digital
divide.
Quantum computing: Quantum computing can be used to create novel materials and simulate
complicated chemical events
Robotics: Machines designed to perform tasks autonomously or with human assistance.
Biotechnology: The use of living organisms or their byproducts to develop new products and
technologies.
Nanotechnology: The manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular level.
Negative impacts on human life
➢ Create Technology Addiction (Over-reliance on technology, privacy concerns
➢ Enhance and promote Cyberbullying:
➢ Fake news & misinformation
➢ Privacy concerns, job displacement due to automation
➢ Social Isolation and Mental Health Issues: The rise of digital communication and social media has
contributed to social isolation and mental health issues. While technology enables us to connect virtually,
it can also lead to a sense of disconnection from real-world relationships. Excessive screen time,
cyberbullying, and social media addiction have been linked to anxiety, depression, and other mental health
problems, particularly among young people.