Scribd
Upload
2 views

Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism is a fundamental branch of physics that examines the interactions between electric and magnetic fields, crucial for modern technology. Key principles include Coulomb's Law, the Biot-Savart Law, and Maxwell's Equations, which describe electric and magnetic forces and their applications. Practical uses of electromagnetism include generators, wireless communication, and MRI machines.

Uploaded by

Amlan Jyoti Barman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism is a fundamental branch of physics that examines the interactions between electric and magnetic fields, crucial for modern technology. Key principles include Coulomb's Law, the Biot-Savart Law, and Maxwell's Equations, which describe electric and magnetic forces and their applications. Practical uses of electromagnetism include generators, wireless communication, and MRI machines.

Uploaded by

Amlan Jyoti Barman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Electromagnetism

Introduction

Electromagnetism is a branch of physics that studies the interaction between electric


and magnetic fields. It is one of the four fundamental forces of nature and plays a key
role in modern technology.

Electric Fields and Forces

Coulomb’s Law: The force between two point charges is given by: F=kq1q2r2F = k
\frac{q_1 q_2}{r^2} Where:

●​ FF is the electrostatic force


●​ q1,q2q_1, q_2 are the charges
●​ rr is the distance between charges
●​ kk is Coulomb’s constant

Electric Field: The force per unit charge at a point in space: E=FqE = \frac{F}{q}

Magnetic Fields and Forces

Biot-Savart Law: A current element produces a magnetic field given by:


dB=μ04πIdl×r^r2dB = \frac{\mu_0}{4\pi} \frac{Idl \times \hat{r}}{r^2} Where:

●​ dBdB is the infinitesimal magnetic field


●​ II is the current
●​ dldl is the small segment of wire
●​ μ0\mu_0 is the permeability of free space

Lorentz Force: The force on a charged particle moving in an electric and magnetic field:
F=q(E+v×B)F = q(E + v \times B)

Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday’s Law: The induced electromotive force (EMF) in a loop: E=−dΦBdt\mathcal{E} =


-\frac{d\Phi_B}{dt} Where ΦB\Phi_B is the magnetic flux.

Lenz’s Law: The induced current opposes the change in flux.


Maxwell’s Equations

1.​ Gauss’s Law for Electricity: ∇⋅E=ρε0\nabla \cdot E = \frac{\rho}{\varepsilon_0}


2.​ Gauss’s Law for Magnetism: ∇⋅B=0\nabla \cdot B = 0
3.​ Faraday’s Law of Induction: ∇×E=−∂B∂t\nabla \times E = -\frac{\partial B}{\partial t}
4.​ Ampère’s Law with Maxwell’s Correction: ∇×B=μ0J+μ0ε0∂E∂t\nabla \times B =
\mu_0 J + \mu_0 \varepsilon_0 \frac{\partial E}{\partial t}

Applications

●​ Generators and Transformers: Work based on electromagnetic induction.


●​ Wireless Communication: Uses electromagnetic waves for transmission.
●​ MRI Machines: Employ strong magnetic fields for imaging.

Conclusion

Electromagnetism governs a vast range of physical phenomena, from electric circuits to


electromagnetic waves. It is essential in both theoretical physics and practical
applications.

You might also like