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BASIC CALCULUS
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Quarter 3 - Module 2
THE DERIVATIVES

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Basic Calculus - Senior High School
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 - Module 2: The Derivatives
First Edition, 2020

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 Senior
Senior High
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BASIC
CALCULUS
Quarter 3- Module 2
THE DERIVATIVES

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 Table of Contents

What This Module is About........................................................................................................................ 1

What I Need to Know................................................................................................................................... 1
How to Learn from this Module…………………………………………………………………...........................2
Icons of this Module.................................................................................................................................... .2

What I Know (Pretest)….............................................................................................................................3

Lesson 1:
The Derivative as a slope of the Tangent Line...........................................5
What’s In.............................................................................................................................5
What’s New ….................................................................................................................. 14
What Is It.............................................................................................................................16
What’s More...................................................................................................................... 18
What I Have Learned......................................................................................................19
What I Can Do.................................................................................................................. 20
Lesson 2:
Rules of Differentiation......................................................................................................... 21
What’s In.............................................................................................................................21

What’s New………………………………………………………………………………...28

What Is It.......................................................................................................................... ..29

What’s More.................................................................................................................... ..30

What I Have Learned................................................................................................... ..31

What I Can Do …………………………………………………………………………..32

Lesson 3:
Optimization....................................................................................................................................... 33
What’s In.............................................................................................................33
What’s New……………………………………………………… …………...35
What Is It.......................................................................................................................... ..36
What’s More.................................................................................................................... ..39
What I Have Learned................................................................................................... ..40
What I Can Do..................................................................................................................41

Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………….42
Assessment: (Post-Test)…………………………………………………………………………44
References.....................................................................................................................................................46
 What This Module is About

This Module 2 of Basic Calculus presents the basic theory of differential calculus.
The primary objects of study in differential calculus are the derivative of a function, and
their applications. The derivative of a function at a chosen input value describes the rate
of change of the function near that input value and the process of finding a derivative is
called differentiation.

This module shows the concept of the derivative of a function of a single variable
at a chosen input value, when it exists, is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the
function at that point. The tangent line is the best linear approximation of the function
near that input value while the derivative is often described as the instantaneous rate of
change, the ratio of the instantaneous change in the dependent variable to that of the
independent variable. Further, it also presents and illustrates the fundamental rules of
differentiation and finally covers the concept of optimization. Furthermore, the module
provides sufficient examples with discussion and solutions, and exercises for students to
self-assess their learning progress.

Module Content

The following are the lessons contained in this module:

Lesson 1 – The Derivative as a slope of the Tangent line

Lesson 2 – Rules of Differentiation
Lesson 3 – Optimization

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. illustrate the tangent line to the graph of a function at a given point. STEM_BC11DIIIe-1
2. applies the definition of the derivative of a function at a given number. STEM_BC11DIIIe-2
3. relate the derivative of a function to the slope of the tangent line. STEM_BC11DIIIe-3
4. determine the relationship between differentiability and continuity of a function.
STEM_BC11D - IIIf-1
5. apply the differentiation rules in computing the derivative of an algebraic, exponential,
logarithmic, trigonometric functions and inverse trigonometric functions. STEM_BC11D-IIIf-
3
6. illustrate the Extreme Value Theorem. STEM_BC11DIIIh-2
7. solve optimization problems that yield polynomial functions. STEM_BC11DIIIh-i-1

1
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that
Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

2
 What I Know (Pretest)

Direction: Read the following comprehensively and choose the best answer:

1. Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the following function at the
indicated point, h t.
a) -1
b) -2
c) 1/2
d) 2
e) None of the above
2. Which of the following functions are NOT everywhere continuous?
t
a)
t
b)
c) h ͲͲ
d)
e) None of the above
3. Which of the following functions are continuous?
a) IxI
t
b) h
t
h
c)
ln
d)
e) None of the above
4. Which of the following functions are NOT differentiable?
a) IxI
b) tt
c) h ͲͲ
d)
e) None of the above
5. Find the derivative of the given function, h ͲͲ൅
a)
b) h ͲͲ
c)
d)
e) None of the above
6. Find the derivative of the following function: Ͳ
a) Ͳ
b) Ͳ
c) Ͳ
d)
e) None of the above

3
 h
7. Find the derivative of the function:
h
a)
h
b)
h
c)
d)
e) None of the above
8. Find the derivative of the function: t耀t
a) h t耀
b) t耀
c) h
d) h t耀
e) None of the above
9. Find the derivative of the function: t耀
t耀
a) t耀t
h t耀
b) t耀
c) h
t耀
d) t耀t
e) ⹻ 㔹⹻ ⹻⹻
10. Find the derivative of the function: t耀
a) t耀
b) h t耀
c) h t耀
d) t耀
e) None of the above

II: Read the questions comprehensively and give the correct answers.

1. Given: g(x) = . Determine the slope of the secant lines PR, PS, and PT
to the curve, given the coordinates P(1, 1), R(4, -29), S(3, -15), T(1.1 , 0.58).

2. Using the value from number 1, describe what is happening to the value of the slope
of the secant line from a point (x, y) as the point approaches P.

3. Estimate the slope of the tangent line at point, P.

4. Determine the derivative of g(x)= h, using the limit definition of the

h 㔹 ht
derivative and the difference quotient, g’(1)=lim 㔹
൅
㔹

5. Determine the equation of the tangent line to g(x) h൅

4
 6. If three sides of a trapezoids are 6 inches long, how long must the fourth side be, if the area is
a maximum.
7. A triangle has a base 12 feet long and an altitude of 8 feet high. Find the area of the largest
rectangle that can be inscribed in the triangle so that he base of the rectangle falls on the base
of the triangle.
8. Find the dimension of the right circular cone of at least volume that can be circumscribed
about a sphere of radius a.
9. Find the point on the line y = x, nearest to the point (4, 1)
10. Find the area of the largest rectangle with sides parallel to the coordinate axes which can be
inscribed in the area bounded by the two parabolas Ͳ .

Lesson
The Derivative as a Slope of
1 the Tangent Line
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. illustrate the tangent line to the graph of a function at a given point,
2. applies the definition of the derivative of a function at a given number, and
3. relate the derivative of a function to the slope of the tangent line.


What’s In

I: THE TANGENT LINE TO THE GRAPH OF A FUNCTION AT A POINT

From our Pre Calculus, we learned that a tangent line to a circle, centered at 0 is
a line intersecting a circle at exactly one point. It is found by constructing the line,
through a point A on the circle, that is perpendicular to the segment (radius) , and a
secant line to a circle is a line intersecting the circle at two points.

y =f(x)
A

Figure 1: A line tangent to a circle, showing in blue line.

5
 A tangent line to the function f(x) at the point x=a is a line that just touches
the graph of the function at the point in question and is “parallel” (in some way) to
the graph at that point. Take a look at the graph below

Figure 2: Illustration of a tangent line and secant line to the graph of a function at a given
point. (source: https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calci/tangents_rates.aspx)

The graph shows the tangent line (blue line), secant line (green line) at point P(x,y) to
the curve y = f (x). Lines tangent to the graph of a function y = f (x) from a given point (1, 13)
and secant line passing through the two points (1, 13) and (2, 7).
Consider another situation below.

Figure 3 : The difference between tangent line and the secant line.
(source: https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calci/tangents_rates.aspx)

6
 From the graph from previous page (Figure 3) the line is a tangent line at the
indicated point because it touches the graph at one point, P(x,y) and it is also “parallel” to
the graph at that point. While the second point on the graph, the line passes through the
graph, and it is not “parallel” to the graph at that point, thereby it intersects with the graph at
that point and so it’s not a tangent line to the graph at that point, and we call that line a
secant line.

Definition

Let C be the graph of a continuous function y = f(x) and let P be a point on C.

1. A secant line to y = f(x) through P is any line connecting P and another

point Q on C.

2. The tangent line to y = f(x) at P is the limiting position of all secant lines
as Q P.

Source: Basic Calculus LM, DEpEd.

EXAMPLE 1: Observe the graph below, what can you say about the “peaks” and “troughs” of
this smooth curve? .

line, h

line,

Notice that on the unit circle, these points correspond to the points (0, 1) and (0,−1), so
whenever the graph is smooth (meaning, there are no sharp corners), the tangent lines at
the “peaks” and “troughs” are always horizontal.

7
CURVES THAT DO NOT HAVE TANGENT LINES

There are two cases in which tangent line of a graph of a function at a point P(x, y)) do not
exist.

Case1. When the function is not continuous at x: It is clear from the definition of
the tangent line that the function must be continuous.

Case2. When the function has a sharp corner/cusp at P: This case produces different
limiting positions of the secant lines PQ depending on whether Q is to the left or to
the right of P.

1.

2.

8
II: THE EQUATION OF THE TANGENT LINE

From our Analytic Geometry, we define slope as the rise over the run or the change
in y over the change in x.

Slope of a Line
A line passing through distinct points (x0, y0) and (x, y) has slope, m

Example 2. Find the slope of the line through the points (1,2), and (3, 4).

Solution:

Let h t

t
The slope of the line : h
h h

Point-Slope Form
A line passing through points (x0, y0) with slope, m has the equation

Example 3. From example #2, Find the equation of the line.

Given: m=1, ( )= (1, 2)

Solution:

h h
h

Equation of the Tangent Line

Steps in finding the equation of a Tangent Line:

Example 4 (source: DepEd SHS Basic Calculus LM page 133 )

Find the equation of the tangent line to ൅

Solution:

To get the equation of the line, we need the point t and the slope m.

Substitute: 2 to to find the value of y.

y=4 therefore, P(2, 4)

Find the slope:

t
lim lim t

Finding the equation of tangent line with slope, m=4 passing through P(2, 4)

y- 4= 4(x-2) t t

10
III: THE DEFINITION OF THE DERIVATIVE

We can always find the slope between two points.

But how do we find the slope of a point?

There’s nothing to measure!

But with derivatives we use a small difference … then shrink it towards zero.

Definition of Derivative

Let be a function defined on an open interval , and let . The derivative of

is defined to be

t
lim ൅

If this limit exist, that is, the derivative of f at , the slope of the tangent line at
t exists.

The derivative of the function, t is denoted by

t
lim

Let us Find a Derivative!

To find the derivative of a function y = f(x) we use the slope formula:

㔹 ⹻
Slope = 㔹 ⹻
=

11
And (from the diagram) we see that:

x changes from x to x+Δx

y changes from f(x) to f(x+Δx)
Now follow these steps: The three-step Rule

1. Changing x to t
2. Simplify
3. Subtract f(x), divide by Δx, then find the limit as
‫݌݌݌‬ 㔹⹻ܽ ⹻‫ ݌‬൅

Example 1: Given the function f(x) = x2

Find its derivative.
Solution:

Step 1: f(x) = x2, change x to (x+Δx)

f(x+Δx) = (x+Δx)2
Step 2:
f(x+Δx) = x2 + 2x Δx + (Δx)2

f’(x) = x2 + 2x Δx + (Δx)2 -
x2
Δx
Step 3: f’(x)=

f’(x)= 2x

We may also write dx instead of "as Δx approaches to 0".

So, "the derivative of" is commonly written :

x2 = 2x

"The derivative of x2 equals 2x"

or simply "d dx of x2 equals 2x"

12
 What does x2 = 2x mean?
It means that, for the function x2, the slope or "rate of change" at any point is 2x.
So when x=2 the slope is 2x = 4, as shown here:
Or when x=5 the slope is 2x = 10, and so on.
Note: sometimes f’(x) is also used for "the derivative of":

f’(x) = 2x
"The derivative of f(x) equals 2x"

Example 2: Find the difference quotient for 㔹⹻ t 㔹 ൅ h൅

Solution: 㔹 㔹t 㔹 㔹

㔹 㔹 㔹 t 㔹 㔹
㔹 㔹 㔹
㔹 ൅ h

Example 3: Average velocity and instantaneous velocity

Suppose the car leaves the Cagayan de Oro City at time t=0, and travels due north. Let
s(t) represent the position of the car (its distance from Cagayan de Oro City in km) at
time t, ( h t t . Suppose s(t) is defined by the equation: ܽ Ͳ,
find the average velocity and the instantaneous velocity at 㔹 ‫ܽ݌‬൅

Solution:

Since velocity gives the rate of change of distance with respect to time, the average rate
of change or average velocity during the fifth hour of driving between, h t
㔹 ⹻ ܽ ⹻
is given by the quotient , ൅
㔹 ⹻ ⹻

ܽ ܽ tt
So then, the average velocity, ⹻ .
h

ܽ ܽ tt
⹻
h

t Ͳ t Ͳ Ͳ
⹻ t
t h

⹻ t ‫݌‬㔹

The instantaneous velocity, v at t=3 is:

ܽ 㔹 ܽ 㔹t 㔹 Ͳ Ͳ
v lim lim
㔹 㔹 㔹 㔹

Ͳ㔹 㔹 h 㔹 Ͳ h Ͳ 㔹 㔹
⹻ lim lim
㔹 㔹 㔹 㔹

v lim 㔹 h h ‫݌‬㔹
㔹

13
 What’s New

Activity 1
Source: DepEd LM p.130

Copy the graph and construct tangent lines at the labeled points.

14
Activity 2
Find the slope of the tangent line of the given function, f below:
1.
2. h

3. h

4.
5.

Activity 3
Adam Ray fired his toy rocket straight up into the air, reaches a height of ܽ t
meters. What is the rocket’s initial velocity, when t=0?

Activity 4
Source: MSA Academic Advancement Institute
Copy the graph and find the x-values where the following do not have derivatives.
 15
What Is It

Example 1: What is ?

Using the Three Step Rule

Step 1: f(x) = , change x to (x+Δx)

f(x+Δx) = (x+Δx)3
Step 2:
f(x+Δx) = x3 + 3x2 Δx + 3x (Δx)2 + (Δx)3

f’(x) = f(x+Δx) = x3 + 3x2 Δx + 3x (Δx)2 + (Δxt

Δx
Step 3: f’(x)= t

f’(x)= 3

f’(x)= 3

the derivative of f is equal to

Example 2: A Polynomial. Given the function, f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 1, find the tangent lines at a
few different points.

Solution:

Step #1 Graph the function.

 16

Step #2 Find the derivative of f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 1. (Use the three step rule)

f ‘(x) = 3x2 + 6x.

Step #3 The function value and derivative value at a few points are shown in the
table below:

x -3 -2 -1 0 1

f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 1 1 5 3 1 5

f '(x) = 3x2 + 6x 9 0 -3 0 9

Step #4 For the points listed, we can easily find the equation of the tangent line.
The point-slope form and the simplified, or slope-intercept form of the tangent lines
are shown below.

x Tangent line, point-slope form Tangent line, simplified

-3 y = 9(x + 3) + 1 y = 9x + 28
-2 y = 0(x + 2) + 5 y=5
-1 y = -3(x + 1) + 3 y = -3x
0 y = 0(x - 0) + 1 y=1
1 y = 9(x - 1) + 5 y = 9x – 4

Step #5 The graph of y = f(x) together with the tangent lines is shown below.
 Figure 4. Cubic graph example with tangent lines
Source: https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calci/tangents_rates.aspx

17

Example 3:
Determine where, if anywhere, the function, f xt x , is not changing.

Solution:

Step #1. Find the derivative (Recall: one of the interpretations of the derivative is that it
gives the rate of change of the function. So, the function won’t be changing if its rate of
change is zero)

f xt x

f ‘ xt -6

Step #2. Set the derivative equal to zero to determine where the rate of change is
zero and hence the function will not be changing.

t Ͳ
Ͳ
ht
ht ht
h
h

Therefore, the function is not be changing at, x=1.

Example 4.

Compute h ‫ ݌‬㔹⹻ ⹻⹻ h

Solution:
 ht
h lim h
where: h h h
h

ht
h lim h
= 3
h

What’s More

Activity 1:

㔹 t
Find the difference quotient for each of the given functions.
㔹
A.

B.

C.

18

Activity 2:

Find the slope of the tangent line to each curve when x has the indicated value.

A. hͲ

B. Ͳ

Activity 3:

Find the equation of the tangent line to each curve when x has a given value.

A. ; x=2

B. h ; x=1

What I Have Learned

Activity 1

Find the indicated derivative for each of the following functions and evaluate as indicated:

A. t h t

B. t
 t
C. 耀 t

Activity 2

Find h h for each of the following:

A.

B.

h
C.
t

D.

E. 耀

19

What I Can Do
Task 1

Directions: Read comprehensively and choose the best answer and explain why you chose
that specific answer by showing the complete solution sets.

1. Find the derivative of the following function: f(x) = 1963

(A) +∞

(B) 1963

(C) −∞

(D) 0

(E) None of the above

2. Find the derivative of the following function: f(x) = x ² + 6x + 9

(A) f ‘(x) = 2x + 6x + 9

(B) f ‘(x) = x²+ 6

(C) f ‘(x) = 2x + 6

(D) f ‘(x) = 2x

(E) None of the above

 h
3. Find the derivative of the following function: f(x) =
h
(A) f ‘ (x) = −

t
(B) f ‘ (x) =
h
(C) f ‘ (x) =

(D) f ‘ (x) =

(E) None of the above

4. Find the derivative of the following function: f(x) = (x + 47)

(A) f 0 (x) = 15 + 470x € f 0 (x) = 10x

t
(B) f 0 (x) = 5 + 470x (D) f 0 (x) = 15 − 470

€ None of the above

20

Lesson

2 Rules of Differentiation

Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Determine the relationship between differentiability and continuity of a function.
2. Apply the differentiation rules in computing the derivative of an algebraic,
exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric functions and inverse trigonometric
functions.

What’s In

DIFFERENTIABILITY AND CONTINUITY

Continuity of a function is the characteristic of a function by virtue of which, the

graphical form of that function is a continuous wave. A differentiable function is a
function whose derivative exists at each point in its domain.

21
Computing the Pearson r
Definition 1 (Continuity at a Number). A function f is continuous at a number c if
all of Here are waysconditions
the following on how toare
compute the Pearson r:
satisfied:
A. Compute by Hand
(i) f(c) is defined;
(ii) lim ⹻ ܽ
 Steps:
1. Construct a table.
2. Complete the table: x2 in column 4, y2, xy in column 6.
3. Get the sum or total of all entries.
4. Substitute the values obtained from Step 3 in the formula and perform the
operations.
5. Interpret the result from the given table.

C. Compute using
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N. MS
Source: DepEd Basic Calculus LM.

21

EXAMPLES:

1. The piecewise function defined by

if x ≠1,
h if x =1,
t

Is continuous at c = 1. This is because f(1) = 4,

h
lim lim t
h h h

And f(1) = lim t

h

2. The function defined by

if x <2,
if x ≥2.

Is not continuous at c = 2 since lim t h lim hence the lim t

does not exist.

3. ܽ ⹻‫ ݌‬㔹⹻ ൅ ⹻ ܽ ⹻‫⹻ ݌‬ ⹻⹻ ܽ
㔹
f x lim
㔹 㔹
㔹 㔹t 㔹 t
lim
㔹 㔹 㔹t 㔹 t
 㔹
lim
㔹
㔹 㔹 㔹
h
lim
㔹
㔹 㔹 㔹
h
൅
h h
Since f h then f is differentiable at x = 1. On the other hand, f’(0) does
h
not exist. Hence f is not differentiable at x = 0.

4. The function defined by

if x <1,
if x ≥1.

is continuous at x 1 but is not differentiable at x = 1 . Indeed, f(1) = 2(1) + 3 = 5.

Now,
 If x < 1, then f(x) = 5x and so lim ൅
h
 If x > 1, then f(x) = 2x + 3 and so lim t ൅
h
Since the one-sided limits exist and are equal to each other, the limit exists and equal 5. So,

lim h ൅
h

22

This shows that f is continuous at x + 1. On the other hand, computing for the derivative,
㔹 t
 For x < 1, then f(x) = 5x and so lim 㔹
൅
㔹 t
 If x > 1, then f(x) = 2x + 3 and so lim 㔹
൅
Since the one-sided limits at x = 1 do not coincide, the limit at x = 1 does not exist. Since this
limit is the definition of the derivative at x=1, we conclude that f is not differentiable at x=1.

Theorem 1

If a function f is differentiable at a, then f is continuous at a.

Remarks:

(a) If f is continuous at x = a, it does not mean that f is differentiable at x = a.

(b) If f is not continuous at x = a, then f is not differentiable at x = a.
(c) If f is not differentiable at x = a, it does not mean that f is not continuous at x = a.
(d) A function f is not differentiable at x = a if one of the following is true:
i. f is not continuous at x = a.
ii. the graph of f has a vertical tangent line at x = a

source: DepEd Basic Calculus TG

 RULES FOR FINDING DERIVATIVES

Rule #1: Constant Rule

If 㔹⹻‫⹻݌‬ ܽ ‫⹻݌‬ ⹻‫݌‬, then

The derivative of a constant is 0.

Example 1. If Ͳ 㔹⹻

Example 2. If 㔹⹻

Example 3. If Ͳ⹻ 㔹⹻

Rule #2: Power Rule

If ‫݌‬ ⹻‫݌‬ 㔹⹻
h

The derivative of is found by multiplying the exponent, n to x raised to n-1.

Example 4. If h

23
h h
Example 5. If

h
Example 6. If t t

Rule #3: Constant times a Function

Let c be any constant. If g(x) g’(x)= cf(x), then g’(x) = cf’(x).

The derivative of a constant times a function is the constant times the derivative of
the function

t
Example 7. If t , then Ͳ
h t h
Example 8. If , then tt Ͳ Ͳ

Rule #4: Sum or Difference Rule

If ⹻ 㔹⹻ t ⹻ t

The derivative of a sum or difference of a function, f is the sum or difference of their

derivatives.

t
Example 9. If t , then t Ͳ
 t
Example 10. If , then t Ͳ

Rule #5: Product Rule

If ⹻ ⹻ 㔹⹻ ܽ ܽ
Then ⹻ ⹻ t t

The derivative of the product of two functions is equal to the first function times the
derivative of the second, plus the second function times the derivative of the first.

t t Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
Example11. If t t t, then t Ͳ t t 耀

h t h t Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
Example 12. If t t, then Ͳ t 耀

Rule #6: Quotient Rule

t
If ⹻ t
㔹 ⹻ ⹻ ܽ ⹻ t
⹻ t ⹻ t
㔹⹻
⹻ t

The derivative of the quotient is obtained as follows: the denominator times the
derivative of the numerator minus the numerator times the derivative of the denominator, all
divided by the square of the denominator.

24

h h t
Example 12. If , then t

DERIVATIVE OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

Recall the Basic Basic Trigonometric Functions:

sin x, cos x, tan x ,sec x, csc x, cot x.

sin x and cos x are defined and continuous everywhere and

tan x = sin x/ cos x ,
sec x = 1 /cos x ,
csc x = 1 /sin x ,
cot x = cos x /sin x

are continuous on their domains (all values of x where the denominator is non-zero).

Rule #7: Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

The following is a summary of the derivatives of the trigonometric functions

t sin x = cos x,
t cos x = − sin x,
t tan x = ܽ⹻
t csc x = − csc x cot x,
t sec x = sec x tan x,
t cot x = − ܽ
Example1. From our Trigonometric Identities, we can show that ܽ ܽ

sin 㔹 sin sin cos 㔹 cos sin 㔹 sin 㔹

ܽ lim lim
㔹 㔹 㔹 㔹
sin cos 㔹 h cos sin 㔹 cos 㔹 h sin 㔹
=lim 㔹
lim sin
㔹
lim cos
㔹
cos
㔹 㔹 㔹

Example 2. Find the derivative of the given function:

ܽ
ܽ
Solution:

Recall the quotient rule: the derivative of a quotient is equal to the denominator times
the derivative of the numerator minus the numerator times the derivative of thedenominator
all divided by the square of the denominator.

ܽ ܽ t ܽ ܽ t ܽ ܽ h ܽ ܽ t ht ht
t
ܽ t ܽ t ܽ ܽ
h
ܽ
ܽ

25

Rule #8: Derivative of an exponential function

If f(x) = ⹻ , then f’(x) = ⹻ .

Example 1. Find the f’(x) , if t ⹻

Solution. ⹻

Example 2. Find the t ⹻ ⹻ h ⹻

Solution: applying product rule:

t t ⹻ ⹻ t ⹻ ⹻ t h ⹻ t ⹻ ⹻ ⹻

Recall: Properties of inverse Trigonometric Functions

If y is a function of x determined by the relation sin y =x, y is called the inverse

sine function of x and is denoted by:
‫ܽ ݌‬ ‫݌‬ ܽ h
Where the symbols are read as “the angle whose sine is x”.
Similarly, we have definition:
ܽ h ܽ
h
 Rule #9: Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

−h
h
ܽ
h
−h
h
ܽ −
h
−h
h
h
−h
h
h
−h
h
ܽ⹻
−h
−h
h
ܽ
−h

h
Example 1: Find the derivative of the function ܽ⹻ h

Solution: Using Rule #9

h h
h 㔹⹻‫⹻݌‬
h h h h

26

h
Example 2: if ܽ ൅

Solution:

t h h
‫݌‬ ൅

Rule #10: Derivative of Logarithmic Functions and Natural Logarithmic Functions

log ⹻

h
ln

Example 1: Given log h

Solution:
 log ⹻ ൅ Ͳ Ͳ
h h

Example 2: Given ln ܽ .

Solution:
h ܽ
ܽ
ܽ ܽ

*Higher Derivatives

The derivative of a function gives a new function which may in turn be

differentiated. If the derivative of the first derivative exists, it is called the second
derivative of the original function and is represented by the symbols:
t t
Similarly, the derivative of the second derivative is called the third derivative,
and so on. In general, the nth derivative is represented by the symbols:
t t

*Optional
Example 1: Example 1: Find the third derivative of

Solution:
t
h ‫ܽ݌‬ ⹻‫⹻ ݌‬ ⹻⹻

t ܽ⹻ ⹻‫⹻ ݌‬ ⹻⹻

h h‫݌‬ ⹻‫⹻ ݌‬ ⹻⹻

27

Example 2: find the third derivative of ܽ

Solution:
ܽ ‫ܽ݌‬ ⹻‫⹻ ݌‬ ⹻⹻

ܽ ܽ⹻ ⹻‫⹻ ݌‬ ⹻⹻

ܽ h‫݌‬ ⹻‫⹻ ݌‬ ⹻⹻

What’s New

Activity 1
Suppose f is a function such that f’ (5) is undefined. Which of the following statements s
always true? Explain your answer.

a. f must be continuous at x=5.

b. f is definitely not continuous at x=5.
c. There is not enough information to determine whether or not f is continuous at x=5.
Activity 2

Take on-line Quiz here:

https://www.matheno.com/calculus-1/calculating-derivatives-problems-solutions/

1. Power Rule Differentiation problems

2. Exponential Problems
3. Trigonometric functions Problems
4. Product rule Problems
5. Quotient rule Problems
Copy the table below and put check ( ) along the row of the number you have answered
& evaluated. Do the same for Quiz #2, Quiz #3, Quiz #4 & Quiz #5.

Summary of my Evaluation , Quiz #1

PROBLEM # I GOT IT!  I TRIED AGAIN 

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total( ) Marks

28

What Is It

Example 1: Which of the following statements is/are always true?

I. A function that is continuous at x=a is differentiable at x=a.
II. A function that is differentiable at x=a is continuous at x=a.
III. A function that is NOT continuous at x=a is NOT differentiable at x=a.
IV. A function that is NOT differentiable at x=a is NOT continuous at x=a.

(a) none of them

(b) I and III
(c) I and IV
(d) II and IV
(e) II and III
(f) All of them

Answer: only (e) is always true

Example 2: Suppose that f is a function that is continuous at x=-3. Which of the following
statements are true?

(a) f must be differentiable at x=-3.

Answer: False, e.g. f(x) = │x+3│

(b) is definitely not differentiable at x=-3.

Answer: False, e.g. f(x) = x.
Example 3

Given the function defined by

Ͳ ൅

For each statement below, write True if the statement is correct and False, otherwise.
At x=3, the definition is
(a) Undefined
Answer: False
(b) Differentiable but not continuous.
Answer: False
(c) Continuous but not differentiable.
Answer: False
(d) Both continuous and differentiable.
Answer: True
(e) Neither continuous nor differentiable.
Answer: False
Example 4: Viewing Time!

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_niP0JaOgHY
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEqCa0U77mc
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8DuUJnQ574

29
 What’s More

Activity 1: Let’s Play BINGO!

Instruction: Prepare one (1) crayon or colored pencil and a bond paper. Copy the table
of answers on the next page.

Find the derivatives of the following functions. Locate the derivative in the table of
answers and color the box of the answer. Keep working until you have colored five
answers in a line horizontally, vertically or diagonally. (BINGO!) You win.

a. h i.
h
b. j. t
h h
c. h k. t
d. g(x) l. ht
e. m.
h
f. t t n. h
h
g. o. t t
h
h. t

Table of answers

h h h

t h 耀 t h t
ht
t h
Ͳ Ͳ hͲ
ht
h t
t Ͳ h
h t
h h h h h
t
ht ht

30
 What I Have Learned

Activity 1: Use the Rules of Differentiation to differentiate the following functions:

a. Ͳ
t
b. 耀

c. t t h Ͳ

d. 㔹 tt

t
e. 㔹 t

Activity 2: Find the derivative of each of the following functions:

a. t 耀

t
b. 㔹

h
c. Ͳ

ܽ ܽ
d. ܽ ܽ h

e. f(a)=17/(2a^3 )+1/(8a^2 )-11a

f. f(r)=(r^2+2r-3)(3r+4)

g. g(b)=(3b-4)/(b+5)∙(2b+5)

h. h(v)=(3v^2-4v+1)/((3v^2-2v+1)(7v^3-v^2+3v-5))

Activity 3: Find and simply the result, if possible.

h
a.

b.

c. sec
sin h
d. cos

h
e. ⹻

31
 What I Can Do
Task 1

1. Find the derivative of ൅ Use the result to find the slope of the
tangent line to the curve at the point where x=2.
h h
2. If , find y’ and use this result to the points on the curve where the

tangent line has the slope -4.

3. Find all points on the graph of t at which the tangent line is parallel
to the line with equation t ൅

Task 2
Take an on-line Quiz!

1. Differentiation formulas practice problems

https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/problems/calci/DiffFormulas.aspx
2. Product and quotient rule practice problems
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/problems/calci/ProductQuotientRule.aspx
3. Derivative of Trigonometric Problems
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/problems/calci/DiffTrigFcns.aspx
4. Derivative of Exponential & Logarithmic functions
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/problems/calci/DiffExpLogFcns.aspx

Copy the table below and put check ( ) along the row of the number you have answered &
evaluated. Do the same for Quiz #2, Quiz #3 and Quiz #4.

Summary of my Evaluation , Quiz #1

PROBLEM # I GOT IT!  I TRIED AGAIN 

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total( ) Marks

32
 Lesson

3 Optimization

Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. illustrate the extreme value theorem, and

2. solve optimization problems that yield polynomial functions.

What’s In

The Extreme Value Theorem tells us that we can in fact find an extreme value
provided that a function is continuous. Thus, before we set off to find an absolute
extremum on some interval, make sure that the function is continuous on that interval,
otherwise we may be hunting for something that does not exist.

Extreme Value Theorem:

If f is continuous over a closed interval, then, f has a maximum and

minimum value over that interval.

Here is the procedure for finding the absolute extreme value(s) of a function f on an
interval .

1. Find all critical points of f(x) that are inside (in the interior) of the interval [a,b]. This
makes sense if you think about it. Since we are only interested in what the function is
doing in this interval we don't care about critical points that fall outside the interval.
2. Evaluate the function at the critical points, that is, where y ' = 0 or where the
derivative fails to exist. (Sharp points).
3. Evaluate the function at the end points of the interval. That is, find f(b) and f(a).
4. Identify the largest and smallest y values found in that interval. Those are the
absolute extrema, meaning the maximum and the minimum values.

33
 Definition

A critical number of a function is any number c in the domain od f at which the

function has a horizontal tangent or at which the derivative does not exist. That is, c is
a critical number of the graph of the function , f if,

‫݌‬ ⹻ܽ ⹻ ܽ൅

Critical numbers are values of x where the derivative t can change the signs
from negative to positive.

Example 1

Find the maximum and minimum values of f x xt x h on ൅

Solution:

Step #1. Find the derivative: f x tx x

Step#2. Find the critical points: tx x

x tx x x t

Step#3. Evaluate the function at the end points of the interval: the value x t is not in
the interval, , so the only critical point is at , x which is (0, -1).

Step #4. Identify the largest and smallest y values found in that interval, : the
function values at the endpoints of the interval are
therefore the maximum function value is 39 at x= -2 , and the minimum function value
is -9 at x = 2.

Minimum value: (2, -9)

Maximum value: (-2, 39)

OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS
The Maxima and Minima Problems

Optimization is the action of making the best or most effective use of a situation or
resource. It is define as “the process of finding the most effective or favourable value or
condition” .
Source:
https://www.google.com/search?q=optimization+meaning&oq=OPTIMIZATION&aqs=chrome.1.0l8.
8253j0j8&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

Many real-life situations require us to find a value that best suits our needs. If we
are given several options for the value of a variable x, how do we choose the “best
value?” Such as problem is classified as an optimization problem. We now apply our
previous discussion to finding extremum values of a function to solve some optimization
problems.
34
 What’s New

Activity 1

Consider the three curves shown below. State whether the absolute maximum /
minimum values occur on the interior of the interval [a, b] or at the endpoints.

source: https://math.la.asu.edu/~arce/mat210_web/lessons/Ch3/3_4/3_4ol.htm

Activity 2

Given Ͳ
a. Find the open intervals where the given function is increasing or decreasing.
b. Locate all points where the tangent line is horizontal.
c. Graph the function

Activity 3

Given h Ͳ t
a. Find the open intervals where the given function is increasing or decreasing.
b. Locate all points where the tangent line is horizontal.
c. Graph the function.

Activity 4
h
Given find f’(x) using the quotient rule.

35
 What Is It

Example 1

Find two positive real numbers x and y such that their sum is 100 and their product is as
large as possible.
Solution
h Domain:[0,100] To find the critical points,
h set and find x.

Let P be the product then h

P=xy x=50
P=x(100-x) and y=100-x=50
P=100x-

Find the second derivative: h

Since t is always negative, therefore x = 50 is where the relative maximum
occurs. Since x = 50 is the only critical number of the function on [0,100], then x= 50 is
where the function has its absolute maximum. Therefore, the product is maximum when x =
50 and y = 50.
The maximum product is 2500.

Example 2

The product of two positive numbers is 2304. Find the numbers so that their sum is a
maximum.
t
Solution Let the numbers be x and y. xy = 2304 y=

Let S be the sum then

Domain: (0,2304]

To find the critical points, set , and find x.

t
h

t
h t t

t
t

36
 t tͲ
Find the derivative: h

tͲ h
t t t t

Since t , S has a relative minimum at x = 48. Since x = 48 is the only

critical number of S on (0,2304], then S has an absolute minimum at x = 48.

Therefore, the sim is minimum when x = 48 and y =48.

Example 3.

The difference between two numbers is 18. Find the numbers so that their product is a
minimum.

Solution Let x be the first number

(x + 18) be the second number

y be the product of the numbers

then

h t

Domain: (- t

To find the critical points, set and find x.

h
h

h h

Find the second derivative: h t

Since is a relative maximum; and x = -9 is the only critical

number of y. Therefore, the product is minimum when x = -9 and y = 9. The
product is -81.

Example 4

The sum of one number and three time the second number is 48. What numbers should be
selected so that their product is as large as possible?

Solution Let y be the first number

37
 x be the second number

P be the product

The equation y + 3x = 48

y = 48 -3x

then P = xy = x(48 – 3x) = 48x - 3

Domain: (- t

To find the critical points, set P’(x) = 0 and find x.

P’(x) = 48 – 6x = 0

x=8

y = 48 – 3(8) = 24

Find the second derivative: P’(x) = 48 – 6x P’’(x) = -6

Since P’’(x) < 0 and x = 8 is the only critical number, therefore x = 8 gives the
absolute maximum. Thus, the product is maximum when x = 8 and y = 24.
The maximum product is 192.

Example 5

Given a rectangle with perimeter 864, find the largest possible area.

Solution Let l be the length

w be the width

Ͳt

t h

Then, ‫⹻݌‬

t t

Domain : (0,432)

To find the critical points,

set ൅

t hͲ

38
 t hͲ hͲ

ind the second derivative:

Since hͲ is the only critical number, therefore hͲ gives the

absolute maximum. The largest rectangle formed is a square of dimensions 216 by
216. The largest are is 46 656 sq. units.

What’s More

Activity 1: Solve Me!

1. A farmer has 800 m of fencing material to enclose a rectangular pen adjacent to a

long existing wall. He will use the wall for one side of the pen and the available
fencing material for the remaining three sides. What is the maximum are that can be
enclosed this way?

2. A rectangular box has a square base with edges at least 10 cm long. It has no top,
and the total area of its five sides is 600 . What is the maximum volume of the box?

3. A rectangle with a fixed perimeter of 64 unit is rotated about one of its sides, thus
sweeping out a figure in the shape of a right circular cylinder. What is the maximum
volume of the cylinder?

4. A commuter train carries 600 passengers each day from a town to a city. A one-way
trip costs P100 per person. Market research reveals that 10 fewer people would ride
the train with every P1 increase in the fare. What fare should be charged to get the
largest possible revenue?

Activity 2: Viewing Time!

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq7g1nc2MJ8
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WdyR5ftUQs
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DdCfufivnjI
4. https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-ab/ab-diff-analytical-applications-new/ab-5-
11/v/optimizing-box-volume-graphically

39
 What I Have Learned

Activity 1

An open rectangular box is to be constructed by cutting square corners out of a 16 by

16 cm piece of cardboard and folding up the flaps. Find the value of x for which the volume
of the box will be as large as possible.

Activity 2

A 10-m wire is cut in two pieces. One Piece is used to form a circle, the other to form
a square. How should the wire be cut so that the sum of the areas of the circle and the
square is a minimum?

Activity 3

HOPE publishing sells its College Entrance Tests Reviewer books at wholesale price
of P 200 per copy. If the total printing cost (in pesos) for x units is.
C(x) = 500 000 + 80x + 0.003
And is its production capacity is at most 30 000 copies over a specified time, how many
copies of review books must be sold within that period to maximize profit?

Activity 4

A piece of wire 40-cm long is to be bent to form a right angle. Where should the
vertex be to maximize the distance between two loose ends?

Activity 5

An efficiency study od the morning shift at a factory indicates that the average worker
who arrives on the job at 6:00 am will have produced h units t hours
later. At what time during the morning is the worker performing most efficiently?

Activity 6.: GO OVER ME!

1. https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Calculus/Map%3A_Calculus_-
_Early_Transcendentals_(Stewart)/04%3A_Applications_of_Differentiation/4.07%3A_Opti
mization_Problems
2. https://www.analyzemath.com/calculus/applications/optimization-problems.html

40
 What I Can Do

Task 1: Answer Me!

11. Find the two positive numbers whose product is 64, and whose sum is a minimum.

12. A rectangular field is to be enclosed by a fence and divided into three lots by fences
parallel to one of the sides. Find the dimensions of the largest field that can be
enclosed with 800 feet of fencing.

13. A closed box, whose length is twice its width, is to have a surface of 192 square
inches. Find the dimensions of the box when the volume is maximum.

14. If the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is 10, find the lengths of the other
sides when the area is maximum.

15. Find the most economical dimensions for a closed cylindrical can containing a quart.

Task 2: Take Me!

1. https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/problems/calci/optimization.aspx
2. https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calci/moreoptimization.aspx

Copy the table below and put check ( ) along the row of the number you have answered &
evaluated. Do the same for Quiz #2.
Summary of my Evaluation , Quiz #1

PROBLEM # I GOT IT!  I TRIED AGAIN 

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total ( )Marks

41
Summary

Module 2 covers the topics of the Derivatives which was divided into three (3)
subtopics: The derivative as the slope of the Tangent line, Rules of Differentiation and
Optimization.
The Derivative as a slope of the Tangent line:

1. The Tangent Line to the Graph of a Function at a Point

The tangent line to the circle centered at the origin is a line intersect the circle at
exactly one point.

A secant line to a circle is a line intersecting the circle at two points.

A line h passing through distinct points ( ) and (x, y) has slope ,

1. The Equation of Tangent Line

A line passing through points (x0, y0) with slope, m has the equation
t
2. The Definition of the Derivative

The derivative of the function, t is denoted by

t

t
lim
Rules of Differentiation:

1. Differentiability implies Continuity

A differentiable function is a function whose derivative exists at each point in its domain

Continuity of a function is the characteristic of a function by virtue of which, the

graphical form of that function is a continuous wave.

2. The Differentiation Rules and Examples Involving Algebraic, l Trigonometric,

Inverse Trigonometric, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions.

Rule #1: Constant Rule

If 㔹⹻‫⹻݌‬ ܽ ‫⹻݌‬ ⹻‫݌‬, then

The derivative of a constant is 0.

Rule #2: Power Rule
If ‫݌‬ ⹻‫݌‬ 㔹⹻
h

42
The derivative of is found by multiplying the exponent, n to x raised to n-1.
Rule #3: Constant times a Function
Let c be any constant. If g(x) g’(x)= cf(x), then g’(x) = cf’(x).
The derivative of a constant times a function is the constant times the derivative
of the function.
Rule #4: Sum or Difference Rule
If ⹻ 㔹⹻ t ⹻ t
The derivative of a sum or difference of a function, f is the sum or difference of
their derivatives.
Rule #5: Product Rule
If ⹻ ⹻ 㔹⹻ ܽ ܽ
Then ⹻ ⹻ t t
The derivative of the product of two functions is equal to the first function times
the derivative of the second, plus the second function times the derivative of the first.
Rule #6: Quotient Rule
t
If ⹻ t
㔹 ⹻ ⹻ ܽ ⹻ t
⹻ t ⹻ t
㔹⹻
⹻ t

The derivative of the quotient is obtained as follows: the denominator times the
derivative of the numerator minus the numerator times the derivative of the denominator,
all divided by the square of the denominator.
Rule #7: Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
The following is a summary of the derivatives of the trigonometric functions
t sin x = cos x,
t cos x = − sin x,
t tan x = ܽ⹻
t csc x = − csc x cot x,
t sec x = sec x tan x,
t cot x = − ܽ
Rule #8: Derivative of an exponential function
If f(x) = ⹻ , then f’(x) = ⹻ .
Rule #9: Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
h
ܽ h
h
h
ܽ h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
ܽ⹻
h
h
ܽ h
h
Optimization

Steps in the Optimization Problem-Solving Process :

43
(1) Draw a diagram depicting the problem scenario, but show only the essentials.

(2) Give the diagram symbols.

(3) Analyze the diagram, relating the "knowns" to the "unknowns".

(4) Find the extreme values using the Calculus.

Assessment (Posttest)

Direction: Read the following comprehensively and choose the best answer:

1. Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the following function at the
indicated point, h t.
a) -1
b) -2
c) 1/2
d) 2
e) None of the above
2. Which of the following functions are NOT everywhere continuous?
t
a)
t
b)
c) h ͲͲ
d)
e) None of the above
3. Which of the following functions are continuous?
a) IxI
t
b) h
t
h
c)
ln
d)
e) None of the above
4. Which of the following functions are NOT differentiable?
a) IxI
b) tt
c) h ͲͲ
d)
e) None of the above

44
 5. Find the derivative of the given function, h ͲͲ൅
a)
b) h ͲͲ
c)
d)
e) None of the above
6. Find the derivative of the following function: Ͳ
a) Ͳ
b) Ͳ
c) Ͳ
d)
e) None of the above
h
7. Find the derivative of the function:
h
a)
h
b)
h
c)
d)
e) None of the above
8. Find the derivative of the function: t耀t
a) h t耀
b) t耀
c) h
d) h t耀
e) None of the above
9. Find the derivative of the function: t耀
t耀
a) t耀t
h t耀
b) t耀
c) h
t耀
d) t耀t
e) ⹻ 㔹⹻ ⹻⹻
10. Find the derivative of the function: t耀
a) t耀
b) h t耀
c) h t耀
d) t耀
e) None of the above

II: Read the questions comprehensively and give the correct answers.

1. Given: g(x) = . Determine the slope of the secant lines PR, PS, and
PT to the curve, given the coordinates P(1, 1), R(4, -29), S(3, -15),
T(1.1 , 0.58).
 45
2. Using the value from number 1, describe what is happening to the value of the
slope of the secant line from a point (x, y) as the point approaches P.

3. Estimate the slope of the tangent line at point, P.

4. Determine the derivative of g(x)= h, using the limit definition of

h 㔹 ht
the derivative and the difference quotient, g’(1)=lim 㔹
൅
㔹

5. Determine the equation of the tangent line to g(x) h൅

6. If three sides of a trapezoids are 6 inches long, how long must the fourth side be, if the
area is a maximum.
7. A triangle has a base 12 feet long and an altitude of 8 feet high. Find the area of the
largest rectangle that can be inscribed in the triangle so that he base of the rectangle falls
on the base of the triangle.
8. Find the dimension of the right circular cone of at least volume that can be circumscribed
about a sphere of radius a.
9. Find the point on the line y = x, nearest to the point (4, 1)
10. Find the area of the largest rectangle with sides parallel to the coordinate axes which can
be inscribed in the area bounded by the two parabolas Ͳ .

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aYKHSBZCUkQ_AUoAHoECAEQAA. Accessed on July 8, 2020

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Finding Equations of Tangent Line. Retrieved from:
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The Derivatives. On-line Math Learning.com. Retrieved from:
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48
For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

DepEd Division of Cagayan de Oro City

Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: ((08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: [email protected]