Statistics and Probability

Time Frame: 3rd WEEK MODULE (4th Quarter)

 The learner demonstratesunderstanding of key concepts of

tests of hypotheses on the population mean and population
proportion.
 The learner is able to perform appropriate tests of
hypotheses involving the population mean and
population proportion to make inferences in real-life
problems in different disciplines.

The learner…
1. computes for the test-statistic value (population
mean). -
M11/12SP-IVd-1
2. draws conclusion about the population mean based on
the test-statistic value and the rejection region. - M11/12SP-IVd-2

DISCUSSION
Computing Test Statistic on Population Mean
One of the steps in hypothesis testing is the computation of test statistic.
Remember that it is the value calculated from a sample data which is needed
whether you reject the null hypothesis or not.
There are two specific test statistics used for hypothesis testing concerning
means: z-test and t-test.
If the sample size is large, where n ≥ 30 and the population standard deviation (
σ ) is known, use z-test.

−
In finding the z-value, use the formula below:

z=

where:
= sample mean µ = population mean n = sample size σ =
population standard deviation
On the other hand, t- test is used when < 30, the population is normal or nearly
normal, and sample standard deviation ( s ) is unknown. The formula for the t-

−
value is:

t=
where:
= sample mean µ = population mean n = sample s =
sample standard deviation
The degrees of freedom is n - 1 or df = n - 1.
Study the following examples.
Example 1: Compute the z-value given the following information. Use onetailed
test and 0. 05 level of significance.
= 70 µ = 71.5 σ=8 n = 100
Solution: Since σ is known and n ≥ 30, we will use z-test. Thus, we have:

1
Example 2: In the first semester of the school year, a random sample of 200
students got a mean score of 81.72 with a population standard deviation of 15 in
Statistics and Probability test. The population mean is 79.83. Use 0.05 level of
significance.
Solution: To answer the problem, let us first identify the given. We have:
= 81.72 µ = 79.83 σ = 15 n = 200
Since σ is known and n ≥ 30, we will use z-test.

In Central Limit Theorem, the sample standard deviation ( s ) may be used as an

estimate of the population standard deviation ( σ ) when the value of is unknown.
Activity: Compute Me!
Direction: Solve the following. Write your answer to the nearest thousandths.

1. z = 7.1-8.1
DISCUSSION = - 2. t = 19.8-18.3 = 3. t = 12.5-10.75 =
0.007 0.113 0.117
Drawing 5Conclusion About Population 4 Mean Based on Test Statistic
3 Value
and 135 4 18
Critical Region
The final step in testing hypothesis is to interpret the results or draw conclusions
out of the computed value. In this module, you will decide whether you reject or not
the null hypothesis.
After obtaining the computed value of the test statistic, it is being compared to
the critical values. You will use the following tables on z- and tcritical value.
Table 1: z – Critical Value

2
Table 2: t – Critical Value

3
4
 In general, if the absolute value of the computed value is greater than the
absolute value of the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis and support the
alternative hypothesis. But if the absolute value of the computed value is less than
the absolute value of the critical value, we do not reject or we fail to reject the
null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis is not supported.
In a right-tailed test, if the computed value is greater than the critical value,
we reject the null hypothesis and support the alternative hypothesis. But if the
computed value is less than the critical value, we do not reject or we fail to
reject the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis is not supported.
In a left-tailed test, if the computed value is less than the critical value, we
reject the null hypothesis and support the alternative hypothesis. But if the
computed value is greater than the critical value, we do not reject or we fail to
reject the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis is not supported.
Rejecting the null hypothesis doesn’t mean that it is incorrect or the alternative
hypothesis is correct. The collected data suggest a sufficient evidence to disprove
the null hypothesis, hence we reject it.
Similarly, a failure to reject the null hypothesis does not mean that it is true -
only that the test did not prove it to be false. There is an insufficient evidence to
disprove the null hypothesis; hence we do not reject it.
Study the examples below.

5
6
Activity: Rejected or Not Rejected?

Directions: Based on the given, decide whether the null hypothesis is

rejected or not.

References
Textbooks
Albacea, Zita VJ., Mark John V. Ayaay, Isidoro P. David, and Imelda E. De Mesa. Teaching
Rejected
Guide for Senior High School: Statistics and Probability. Quezon City: Commision on
Because 2.310 + 1.240 + 2.960 + 2.431 + 1.523
Higher Education, 2016.
= 10.464
Caraan, Avelino Jr S. Introduction to Statistics & Probability: Modular Approach.
And Z-
Mandaluyong orJose
City: t- critical value is
Rizal University equal
Press, to
2011.
Because 1.960 + 2.896 + 2.131 + 1.943
De Guzman, Danilo. Statistics and Probability. Quezon City: C & + E1.721
Publishing Inc., 2017.
=10.651
Punzalan, Joyce Raymond B. Senior High School Statistics and Probability. Malaysia: Oxford
And
Publishing, 10.464 < 10.651
2018.
Sirug, Winston
SoS.its
Statistics
Rejectedand Probability for Senior High School CORE Subject A
Comprehensive Approach K to 12 Curriculum Compliant. Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc.,
2017.
Albacea, Zita VJ., Mark John V. Ayaay, Isidoro P. David, and Imelda E. De Mesa. Teaching
Guide for Senior High School: Statistics and Probability. Quezon City: Commision on
Higher Education, 2016.
Caraan, Avelino Jr S. Introduction to Statistics & Probability: Modular Approach. Mandaluyong
City: Jose Rizal University Press, 2011.
Chan Shio, Christian Paul, and Maria Angeli Reyes. Statistics and Probability for Senior High
School. Quezon City: C & E Publishing Inc., 2017.
De Guzman, Danilo. Statistics and Probability. Quezon City: C & E Publishing Inc., 2017.
Jaggia, Sanjiv, and Alison Kelly. Business Statistics: Communicating with Numbers. 2nd ed.
New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2016.
Sirug, Winston S. Statistics and Probability for Senior High School CORE Subject A
Comprehensive Approach K to 12 Curriculum Compliant. Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc.,
2017.

Online Resources
Lauer, Stephen A., Kyra H. Grantz, Qifang Bi, Forrest K. Jones, Qulu Zheng, Hannah R.
Meredith, Andrew S. Azman, Nicolas G. Reich, and Justin Lessler. “The Incubation Period of
Coronavirus.
Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and
Application,”
Annals of Internal Medicine 172, no. 9 (2020); 577-582. Accessed May 21, 2020
https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-0504
HackMath.net. “Normal Distribution Calculator.” Accessed May 22, 2020
https://www.hackmath.net/en/calculator/normaldistribution?mean=
0&sd=1&area=above&above=1.645&below=&ll=&ul=&outsideLL=&out
sideUL=&draw=Calculate