Chapter 10

Server Side Scripting

Using PHP
(3 marks)

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Server side scripts
• Server side scripting languages: ASP, JSP, PHP
• It is used for creating dynamic web pages.
• PHP stands for PHP Hypertext Preprocessor.

Benefits of using PHP

1. Faster than other scripting languages.

2. It can run across Windows, Linux or Mac servers.
3. It supports most current web servers.
4. It is simple and easy to learn.

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Writing a PHP script
• A PHP script begins with <?php and ends with ?>
• File extension is .php
• Each line is terminated with a semi colon (;)

<?php
echo “My First PHP Program”;
?>

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PHP Script in HTML document

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Comments in PHP
• Two types of comments: Single line comment (//)

• Multi line comments (/* */)

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Fundamentals of PHP
I. Variables
• In PHP, a variable name starts with the $ (dollar)
sign.
• In PHP, a variable does not need to be declared.

Ex: <?php
$a = “Hari”;
$b = 25;
?>

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Rules for constructing variable names

1. A variable name must start with the $, followed by

the variable name.

2. Name can be a combination of letters, digits and

underscore (_).

3. The first character must be a letter or

underscore(_)

4. No other characters are allowed.

5. Uppercase and lower case letters are treated

differently.

7
II. Data types

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a. Core data types
1. Integer: These are numbers without decimal point.
(Ex: -23, 34)

2. Float: These are numbers with decimal point.

(Ex: -34.5, 1.34)

3. String: It is a group of characters enclosed within

double quotes. Ex: “Apple”

4. Boolean: It has two values: true and false.

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b. Special data types
1. Null: It can have only one special value: null
$x = null;

2. Array: It can store multiple values. In PHP, we have 3

types of arrays: Indexed array, Associative array and
Multidimensional array.

3. Object: It is similar to an object in C++. An object can

contain data and functions.

4. Resources: These are used to store addresses.

(like pointer)

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III. Operators in PHP
1. Assignment operators
2. Arithmetic operators
3. Relational operators
4. Logical operators
5. Arithmetic assignment operators
6. Increment and decrement operators
7. String operators

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1. Assignment operator (=)

2. Arithmetic operators: + , - , *, /, %

3. Relational operators: ==, !=, <, >, >=, <=

4. Logical operators:
Logical AND operator: &&
Logical OR operator: ||
Logical NOT operator: !

5. Arithmetic assignment operators:

+=, -=, *=, /=, %=

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6. Increment and decrement operators:
++ and ––
Ex: $x = 2;
$x++;
echo $x; //displays 3

Escape sequences:\n, \t, \b etc..

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7. String operators

• There are two types of string operators

1. Concatenating operator (.) : It joins two strings
into a single string.
Ex: $s1 = “Good”;
$s2 = “ Morning”;
echo $s1.$s2;

//displays Good Morning

2. Concatenating assignment operator (.=)

Ex: $s1 = “Good”;

$s2 = “ Morning”;
$s1 .= $s2; //$s1 = $s1.$s2;
echo $s1; //displays “Good Morning”
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Output functions in PHP
• In PHP, two functions echo and print are used to
display output on a web page.

• The echo and print can be used with or without

parenthesis.

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 Difference between echo and print

echo print
echo can take more than Takes only one value
one values when used
without parenthesis.
Does not return any value Returns TRUE on
successful print, FALSE if
unable to print.
Little faster than print Little bit slower than
echo

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var_dump()

• Displays both data type and value of variables.

Ex: $a = 40;
var_dump($a); //displays int(40)

$b = “Apple”;
var_dump($b);
//displays string(5) “Apple”

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Control structures in PHP
I. Conditional statements:
1. if else
2. if statement
3. switch statement

II. Loops in PHP

1. while loop
2. do-while loop
3. for loop

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I. Conditional statements in PHP
a) if else statement
Ex: <?php
$mark = 30;
if($mark >= 40)
echo “Passed”;
else
echo “Failed”;
?>
Syntax:
<?php
if(condition)
{
//Statements to be executed if the condition is
true
}
else
{
//Statements to be executed if the condition is
false.
}
?>
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b) if statement

Ex: <?php
$mark = 30;
If ($mark > = 40)
{
echo “Passed”;
}
?>

Syntax:
<?php
if(condition)
{
//Statements to be executed if the
condition is true
}
?> Manu Ratheesh – GTHSS, Kattappana 20
c) switch statement
Ex: Print the day name corresponding to a day number

<?php
$d =2;
switch($d)
{
case 1: echo “Sunday”;
break;
case 2: echo “Monday”;
break;
……………………………………
……………………………………
……………………………………
default:
echo “invalid”;
}
?>

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II. Loops in PHP
a) for loop
Ex: To print the numbers from 1 to 100.
<?php
for($i = 1; $i <=100; $i ++)
{
echo $i;
}
?>

Syntax:
for(initialization; condition; update)
{
Statements
}

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b) while loop

Ex: To print the numbers from 1 to 100.

<?php
$i = 1;
while($i<=100)
{
echo $i;
$i ++;
}
?>

Syntax:
initialization;
while(condition)
{
Statements;
update statement;
}

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Ex: To print the even numbers within 100.
<?php
for($i = 2; $i<=100; $i = $i + 2)
{
echo $i;
}
?>

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c) do - while loop
Ex: To print the numbers from 1 to 100.
<?php
$i = 1;
do
{
echo $i;
$i ++;
}while($i<=100);
?>

Syntax:
initialization;
do
{
Statements
update;
} while(condition);
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Arrays in PHP
• An array is a collection of same type of data.

• In PHP, we can use either non-negative integers or

strings as index.

Two types of arrays in PHP:

1. Indexed arrays
2. Associative arrays

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1. Indexed arrays
• Arrays with numeric index are called indexed arrays.
• They use non-negative integers as index.
• By default, array index starts from zero.
• In PHP, the function array() can be used to create an array.

Syntax: $arrayname = array (value1, value2, value3….);

Ex1: $A = array(40, 60, 50, 70, 30);

echo $A[1]; //displays 60

echo $A[3]; //displays 70

Ex2: $colors = array(“Red”, “Blue”, “Grey”);

echo $colors[1]; //displays Blue

echo $colors[0]; //displays Red

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2. Associative arrays

• Arrays with string /named index are called associative

arrays.

Ex1:
$age = array(“Joe” => ”35”, “John” => ”30”, “Mini” => ”28”);

echo $age[“John”]; //displays 30

Ex2:
$cost = array(“Pen” => ”15”, “Pencil” => ”10”, “Brush” => ”20”);

echo $cost[“Pen”]; //displays 15

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Functions in PHP

Two types of functions in PHP:

1. User defined functions
2. String functions

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1. User defined functions in PHP
• It starts with the word “function”.
• Syntax: function functionName()
{
//statements
}

Ex: <?php
function sample()
{
echo “Hello..welcome !!!”;
}
sample(); //function call
?>
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2. String functions in PHP

a) chr() : It takes an ASCII value as input and returns the

equivalent character.
Ex: chr(65) returns A
Syntax: chr(ASCII)

b) strlen(): Returns the length of a string.

Ex: strlen(“apple”) returns 5
Syntax: strlen(string)

c) strcmp(): Compares two strings.

Ex: strcmp(“He”, “She”) returns false.
Syntax: strcmp(string1, string2)

d) strrev(): Reverses the given string.

Ex: strrev(“Hello”) returns olleH
Syntax: strrev(string)

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Three tier architecture in PHP
• It is an architecture with three layers/tiers.
• Browser (client), Web Server and Database are the 3 layers in a
web based application.

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Tier 1: Browser sends URL to the server. Server sends back the
html file of the web page. Browser renders it to display the web
page.

Tier 2: Web server accepts the request from the browser, process
it and sends back the output to browser.

Tier 3: It consists of a database and the DBMS software that

manages the database. They communicate using SQL.

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Difference between GET and POST methods

GET POST
The data visible in the The data is not visible in the
address bar. address bar.
Data is submitted as part of Data is submitted as part of
the URL http request.
Data sending is not secure. Data sending is secure.

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2023

2022

2022 Say

2021

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2020

2023 Say

2021 Say

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2020 Say

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