UC1: INSTALL AND CONFIGURE COMPUTER SYSTEM AND NETWORK

Learning Outcome 1.1. Computer Organization

What is a computer?
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve,
and process data. You may already know that you can use a computer to type documents, send email, play
games, and browse the Web. You can also use it to edit or create spreadsheets, presentations, and even
videos.

Types of computer:
1. Supercomputer
When we talk about speed, then the first
name that comes to mind when thinking
of computers is supercomputers. They
are the biggest and fastest computers (in
terms of speed of processing data).
Supercomputers are designed such that
they can process a huge amount of data,
like processing trillions of instructions or
data just in a second. This is because of
the thousands of interconnected
processors in supercomputers. It is
basically used in scientific and
engineering applications such as
weather forecasting, scientific simulations, and nuclear energy research. It was first developed by
Roger Cray in 1976.

Characteristics of Supercomputers
 Supercomputers are the computers that are the fastest and they are also very expensive.
 It can calculate up to ten trillion individual calculations per second, this is also the reason which makes
it even faster.
 It is used in the stock market or big organizations for managing the online currency world such as
Bitcoin etc.
 It is used in scientific research areas for analyzing data obtained from exploring the solar system,
satellites, etc.

2. Mainframe computer
Mainframe computers are designed in such a way that they can support hundreds or thousands of users at
the same time. It also supports multiple programs simultaneously. So, they can execute different processes
simultaneously. All these features make the mainframe computer ideal for big organizations like banking,
telecom sectors, etc., which process a high volume of data in general.

Characteristics of Mainframe Computers

 It is also an expensive or costly computer.
 It has high storage capacity and great performance.
 It can process a huge amount of data (like data involved in the banking sector) very quickly.
 It runs smoothly for a long time and has a long life.
3. Minicomputer
Minicomputer is a medium size multiprocessing computer. In this type of computer, there are two or more
processors, and it supports 4 to 200 users at one time. Minicomputer is similar to Microcontroller.
Minicomputers are used in places like institutes or departments for different work like billing, accounting,
inventory management, etc. It is smaller than a mainframe computer but larger in comparison to the
microcomputer.

Characteristics of Minicomputer
 Its weight is low.
 Because of its low weight, it is easy to carry anywhere.
 Less expensive than a mainframe computer.
 It is fast.

4. Workstation Computer
A workstation computer is designed for technical or scientific applications. It consists of a fast
microprocessor, with a large amount of RAM and a high-speed graphic adapter. It is a single-user computer.
It is generally used to perform a specific task with great accuracy.
Characteristics of Workstation Computer
 It is expensive or high in cost.
 They are exclusively made for complex work purposes.
 It provides large storage capacity, better graphics, and a more powerful CPU when compared to a
PC.
 It is also used to handle animation, data analysis, CAD, audio and video creation, and editing.

5. Personal Computer (PC)

Personal Computers is also known as a
microcomputer. It is basically a general-purpose
computer designed for individual use. It consists of a
microprocessor as a central processing unit (CPU),
memory, input unit, and output unit. This kind of
computer is suitable for personal work such as
making an assignment, watching a movie, or at the
office for office work, etc. For example, Laptops and
desktop computers.
Characteristics of Personal Computer (PC)
 In this limited number of software can be used.
 It is the smallest in size.
 It is designed for personal use.
 It is easy to use.

6. Server Computer
Server Computers are computers that are combined data and programs. Electronic data and applications are
stored and shared in the server computer. The working of a server computer is that it does not solve a bigger
problem like a supercomputer but it solves many smaller similar ones. Examples of server computer are like
Wikipedia, as when users put a request for any page, it finds what the user is looking for and sends it to the
user.

7. Analog Computer
Analog Computers are particularly designed to process analog data. Continuous data that changes
continuously and cannot have discrete values are called analog data. So, an analog computer is used where
we don’t need exact values or need approximate values such as speed, temperature, pressure, etc. It can
directly accept the data from the measuring device without first converting it into numbers and codes. It
measures the continuous changes in physical quantity. It gives output as a reading on a dial or scale. For
example speedometer, mercury thermometer, etc.

8. Digital Computer
Digital computers are designed in such a way that they can easily perform calculations and logical operations
at high speed. It takes raw data as input and processes it with programs stored in its memory to produce the
final output. It only understands the binary input 0 and 1, so the raw input data is converted to 0 and 1 by the
computer and then it is processed by the computer to produce the result or final output. All modern
computers, like laptops, desktops including smartphones are digital computers.

9. Hybrid Computer
As the name suggests hybrid, which means made by combining two different things. Similarly, the hybrid
computer is a combination of both analog and digital computers. Hybrid computers are fast like analog
computers and have memory and accuracy like digital computers. So, it has the ability to process both
continuous and discrete data. For working when it accepts analog signals as input then it converts them into
digital form before processing the input data. So, it is widely used in specialized applications where both
analog and digital data are required to be processed. A processor which is used in petrol pumps that converts
the measurements of fuel flow into quantity and price is an example of a hybrid computer.

10. Tablet and Smartphones

Tablets and Smartphones are the types of computers that are pocket friendly
and easy to carry is these are handy. This is one of the best use of modern
technology. These devices have better hardware capabilities, extensive
operating systems, and better multimedia functionality. Smartphones and
tablets contain a number of sensors and are also able to provide wireless
communication protocols.
 Learning Outcome 1.2. Parts of Computer

Input Devices of Computer | Output Devices of Computer

Input and Output devices are a major part of the computer. They
are a type of hardware device that makes up the computer system.
These allow the system to function properly with external help.
They both deal with data but in different ways.

The input allows the user to send data while the output completes
the task related to the data. These all are auxiliary devices that
connect to the device and complete all the tasks accordingly.
Keyboards, mouse, scanners, etc are some of the input devices
while printers, monitors, headphones, etc are some of the output
devices.

Input Devices of Computer

-Keyboard Devices -Game controller -Pointing Devices -Visual Devices
-Audio Input Devices -Bar Code Readers

Output Devices of Computer

-Monitors -Printers -Speakers -Projector
-Video Card -Headphones -

Both Input and Output Devices of Computer

There are many devices that have characteristics of both input and output devices. They can receive data as
well as give out a result becoming useful for both purposes.
Some of them are –

1. USB Drive – It is a detachable device which can receive data from any computer as well as send out data to
other devices.
2. Modems – It is responsible for transmitting data from one device to another using telephonic lines.
3. CD and DVD Drives – Saves data from the computer in the given format and can also send out data to other
devices with disk space.
4. Headset – It has a speaker which is an output device and a microphone which is an input device.
5. Facsimile – This is a fax machine with scanner being an input device and printer being the output device.

Difference between Input Devices and Output Devices

Basic parts of a Computer

Computer case is the metal and plastic box that contains the main components of the computer, including the
motherboard, central processing unit (CPU), and power supply. The front of the case usually has an On/Off
button and one or more optical drives.

Computer cases come in different shapes and sizes. A desktop case lies flat on a desk, and the monitor usually
sits on top of it. A tower case is tall and sits next to the monitor or on the floor. All-in-one computers come
with the internal components built into the monitor, which eliminates the need for a separate case.

The monitor works with a video card, located inside the computer case, to display images and text on the
screen. Most monitors have control buttons that allow you to change your monitor's display settings, and
some monitors also have built-in speakers.

Newer monitors usually have LCD (liquid crystal display) or LED (light-emitting diode) displays. These can be
made very thin, and they are often called flat-panel displays. Older monitors use CRT (cathode ray tube)
displays. CRT monitors are much larger and heavier, and they take up more desk space.

Keyboard
The keyboard is one of the main ways to communicate with a computer. There are many different types of
keyboards, but most are very similar and allow you to accomplish the same basic tasks.

The mouse is another important tool for communicating with computers. Commonly known as a pointing
device, it lets you point to objects on the screen, click on them, and move them.

There are two main mouse types: optical and mechanical. The optical mouse uses an electronic eye to detect
movement and is easier to clean. The mechanical mouse uses a rolling ball to detect movement and requires
regular cleaning to work properly.

Mouse alternatives
There are other devices that can do the same thing as a mouse. Many people find them easier to use, and
they also require less desk space than a traditional mouse. The most common mouse alternatives are below.

A trackball has a ball that can rotate freely. Instead of moving the device like a mouse, you can roll the ball
with your thumb to move the pointer.

A touchpad—also called a track pad—is a touch-sensitive pad that lets you control the pointer by making a
drawing motion with your finger. Touchpads are common on laptop computers.

The Computers Back Connector Panel

The computer's the back panel may appear to be a tangled
mess, but the connectors on the back panel actually conform
to a standard layout. The current standard is called the "ATX
form factor". Looking at the back of your computer, you can see
that it's divided into three sections. The power supply is at the
top, the I/O port connectors are in the middle, and the
expansion board slots are at the bottom.
The Front of a computer case
1. Optical Disc Drive often called a CD-ROM
or DVD-ROM drive, this lets your
computer read CDs and DVDs.
2. The power button is used to power the
computer on and off.
3. Audio In/Audio out many computers
include audio ports on the front of the
computer case that allow you to easily
connect speakers, microphones,
and headsets without fumbling with the
back of the computer.
4. USB (Universal Serial Bus) Port Most
desktop computers have several USB
ports. These can be used to connect
almost any type of device, including
mice, keyboards, printers, and digital cameras. They will often appear on the front and back of the
computer.
5. The reset button is used to restart the computer, resetting it to its initial state.

Computer System Unit

The system unit, also known as a "tower" or "chassis," is the main part of a desktop computer. It includes the
motherboard, CPU, RAM, and other components. The system unit also includes the case that houses the
internal components of the computer.

The term "system unit" is often used to differentiate between the computer and peripheral devices, such as
the monitor, keyboard, and mouse. For example, if a repair shop asks you to bring in your computer, it may
be unclear whether you need to bring your monitor and peripheral devices as well. If you are told to just bring
your system unit, it is clear you only need to bring the computer itself.

Some modern computers, such as the iMac, combine the system unit and monitor into a single device. In this
case, the monitor is part of the system unit. While laptops also have built-in displays, they are not called
system units, since the term only refers to desktop computers.
1. Motherboard:-The motherboard is the main circuit board of microcomputer. It is also known as main
board or system board.

2. CPU:-The CPU is the central electronic chip that determines the processing power of the computer.
Central Processing Unit
The speed of CPU's measured in hertz’s. MHZ stands for megahertz’s.
A hertz is on cycle per second. A MHZ is 1,000,000 cycles per second.
Need to measure time determine cycles Computer will soon be at speeds over
per second. gigahertz 1, 0000,000,000 hertz
All computers have a clock built into them
of timing the cycles.
The clock is usually located in a small
metal box on the Motherboard.
Today, many CPU's can complete over six
(6) instructions per second.
Speed or modern CPU’s
Most computers have a CPU than do more
than 400 MHZ.
3. Memory:-Memory is the part of computer that temporarily store application documents, and system
operating information.
 Store data and instruction that are used by the CPU to perform some task.
 These instructions are usually loaded into RAM from secondary storage device.
 RAM is also used to store instructions that tell the CPU how to work with its parts. These
instructions are usually called drivers.
 The intrusions in RAM constantly changing. Depending on the needs of the CPU.
 The instruction in RAM is volatile.
 When the computer turned off the information in RAM disappears.
 The information in RAM needs to be saved to secondary storage before the computer turned
off.
 Access to information is random access.

How a store computer information

The computer store information as a string of zero (0) and ones (1)
The standard string length is eight 0’s or 1’s in an arrow
The standard length is called byte
A byte equals one chartered
A character is a letter, number or symbol – it is about anything that can be type on keyboard.
There is 1156 standard character use by almost all computers.
Information size measurement

Kilo byte (KB)

One kilobyte equal about 1024 bytes
1 KB is about 140 words, about a half page typed double-spaced text words only)

Megabyte (MB)
One megabyte equals about 1000 KB
One megabyte equals about 1,000,000 bytes
One megabyte equal about 500 text pages or one large book

Gigabyte (GB)
One gigabyte equals about 1000 MB
One gigabyte equals about 1,000,000 KB
One gigabyte equals about 1,000,000,000 bytes
One gigabytes equals over 1, 00 books of text

4. Bus:-A bus is an electronic line that allows is and OS to move from one place to another.
5. Expansion Slot:-expansion slot appear on the motherboard. They are sockets into which adapters are
connected
6. Ports and connectors: -A port is connector located on the motherboard or on a separate.
7. Bays:-a bay is a space inside the computer case where a hard drive, floppy drive or CD- ROM drive sits.
8. Power supply:-A power supply changes normal house hold electricity into electricity that a computer
can use.
9. Sound components: - A sound card lets a computer play and record high quality sound.
10. RAM: -aims to store and quickly access data. All information on it is lost after the power is turned off.
Hard Drive is designed to store music, videos, photos, documents, and other files in the computer’s
permanent memory.

11. Video Card: - converts the image in the computer’s memory into a video signal for the monitor.
 LO 1.3. Disassemble & Rebuild a Desktop PC

Computer disassembly
Whether you’re taking apart your
computer to scrap it, install new
components, clean it, or just to see how it
works, our guide shows you how to take it
all apart, then put it back together.

1 – Unplug your computer and peripheral items

Turn off the computer, unplug the power cord and unplug any peripheral items attached to the computer,
such as the keyboard, mouse, monitor, headphones, and any external drives.

Wear a grounding strap or touch an unpainted metal part of the computer to discharge any static electricity.
If you walk across a carpet at any point, touch an unpainted metal part of the computer again to discharge
the built up static electricity.

2 – Remove side covers

Remove at least one of the side covers, usually the right side as you face the front of the computer. You might
find it easier to access all the parts if you remove both side covers; there are sometimes thumb screws on the
covers to make access easier.

3 – Disconnect connectors
Disconnect all the connectors, then remove any card readers and internal DVD players. These are usually
screwed into place.

4 – Remove standalone fans

Remove any standalone fans. This is a good time to remove any dust, lint, and pet hair from the fans if you’re
planning on reusing them.

5 – Remove the storage drive

Disconnect the cables and remove the storage drive. Generally, storage drives are held in place by multiple
screws. If you have a hard drive, be gentle when moving the drive as hard bumps can damage the internal
parts.

6 – Remove memory (RAM) modules

Remove the memory (RAM) modules by pushing the clips on both ends of the module down. This will cause
the module to pop up for easy removal. Do not touch the gold connectors on the chips if you’re reusing the
modules.

7 – Remove power supply unit

Remove the power supply unit by unplugging the remaining connectors, then unscrewing the unit from the
frame.

8 – Remove motherboard adapter or expansion cards

Remove any adapter or expansion cards from the motherboard. Although these cards usually slide into
preconfigured slots, there can be screws. Do not touch the gold connectors on the cards if you’re reinstalling
the cards.
9 – Remove the motherboard
Disconnect all the cables from the motherboard, then unscrew it from the frame by loosening each screw a
little bit before going around again to loosen each screw properly. This prevents any potential warping of the
motherboard by gradually releasing the tension on it.
All the components should now be out of the computer case. If you’re reusing the case, this is a good time to
get rid of all the dust and lint that might have collected.

Computer reassembly
If you are rebuilding the computer, insert the components in the opposite order you removed them, starting
with the motherboard. Plug in all the cables as you insert the component; most items will plug into the
motherboard and the power supply unit.
 LO 1.4. Install operating system and drivers/peripheral
Installation work

The two main categories of software are application software and system software. An application is software
that fulfills a specific need or performs tasks. System software is designed to run a computer's hardware and
provides a platform for applications to run on top of.

Application Software
Application Software is the type of software that runs as per user request. It runs on the platform which is
provided by system software. High-level languages are used to write the application software. It’s a specific
purpose software. The main difference between System Software and Application Software is that without
system software, the system cannot run on the other hand without application software, the Low -level
maintenance system always runs.

Functions of Application Software

 Information and data management
 Management of documents (document exchange systems)
 Development of visuals and video
 Emails, text messaging, audio, and video conferencing, and cooperation are all options.
 Management of accounting, finance, and payroll
 Management of resources (ERP and CRM systems)

Features of Application Software

 Application software is written in a high-level language.
 Application software requires more storage space than system software.
 Only a single task is performed by each application software.
 Application Software is easy to build in comparison to system software.

Types of Application Software

 General Purpose Software: This Application Software is used to perform tasks that are used for a
variety of tasks, just not limited to a specific task only. For Example, MS Word, MS Excel, etc.
 Customized Software: It is used to perform tasks that are designed for specific organizations. For
Example, Railway Reservation System, Airline Reservation System, etc.
 Utility Software: It is used to support the architecture of the Computer. It is designed for optimizing
and maintaining the system and also taking care of its requirements. (ex. Winrar, VLC, Chrome)
System Software
System Software is the type of software that is the interface between application software and the system.
Low-level languages are used to write the system software. System Software maintains the system resources
and gives the path for application software to run. An important thing is that without system software, the
system cannot run. It is general-purpose software.

Functions of System Software

 Memory Management
 Processor Management
 File Management
 Security
 Error-detecting Aids
 Scheduling

Features of System Software

 System software is written in a low-level language.
 The size of the system Software is smaller.
 System software is complex to understand.
 System software is present near hardware components.

What is an operating system?

An operating system (OS) is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program,
manages all of the other application programs in a computer. The application programs make use of the
operating system by making requests for services through a defined application program interface (API). In
addition, users can interact directly with the operating system through a user interface, such as a command-
line interface (CLI) or a graphical UI (GUI).
Why use an operating system?
An operating system brings powerful benefits to
computer software and software development.
Without an operating system, every application
would need to include its own UI, as well as the
comprehensive code needed to handle all low-
level functionality of the underlying computer,
such as disk storage, network interfaces and so on.
Considering the vast array of underlying hardware
available, this would vastly bloat the size of every
application and make software development
impractical.
 ALL ABOUT WINDOWS

Windows is an operating system designed by Microsoft. The operating system is what allows you to use a
computer. Windows comes preloaded on most new personal computers (PCs), which helps to make it the
most popular operating system in the world.

Windows makes it possible to complete all types of everyday tasks on your computer. For example, you can
use Windows to browse the Internet, check your email, edit digital photos, listen to music, play games, and
do much more.

Windows is also used in many offices because it gives you access to productivity tools such as calendars, word
processors, and spreadsheets.
 CLASSIFICATION OF WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM
A command-line interface (CLI) is a text-based user interface (UI) used to run programs, manage computer
files and interact with the computer.

A graphics-based operating system interface that uses icons, menus and a mouse (to click on the icon or pull
down the menus) to manage interaction with the system. Developed by Xerox, the Graphical User Interface
(GUI) was popularized by the Apple Macintosh in the 1980s.

WINDOWS 7 WINDOWS 8

WINDOWS 10 WINDOWS SERVER 2012

 WINDOWS INSTALLATION SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

Windows 7 system requirements

 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor*
 1 gigabyte (GB) RAM (32-bit) or 2 GB RAM (64-bit)
 16 GB available hard disk space (32-bit) or 20 GB (64-bit)
 DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM 1.0 or higher driver.

Windows 8
 Processor. 1 gigahertz (GHz)* or faster with support for PAE, NX, and SSE2 (more info)
 RAM. 1 gigabyte (GB) (32-bit) or 2 GB (64-bit)
 Hard disk space. 16 GB (32-bit) or 20 GB (64-bit)
 Graphics card. Microsoft DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM driver.

Windows 8.1
 Processor. 1 gigahertz (GHz)* or faster with support for PAE, NX, and SSE2.
 RAM. 1 gigabyte (GB) (32-bit) or 2 GB (64-bit)
 Hard disk space. 16 GB (32-bit) or 20 GB (64-bit)
 Graphics card. Microsoft DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM driver.

Windows 10 system requirements

 Latest OS: Make sure you're running the latest version—either Windows 7 SP1 or Windows 8.1
Update. ...
 Processor: 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster processor or SoC.
 RAM: 1 gigabyte (GB) for 32-bit or 2 GB for 64-bit.
 Hard disk space: 16 GB for 32-bit OS or 20 GB for 64-bit OS.

Windows 11 Hardware requirements

 Processor: 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster with two or more cores on a compatible 64-bit processor or
system on a chip (SoC).
 Memory: 4 gigabytes (GB) or greater.
 Storage: 64 GB or greater available disk space. ...
 Graphics card: Compatible with DirectX 12 or later, with a WDDM 2.0 driver.

Windows Server 2012 Hardware requirements

 A 1.4 GHz 64 bit processor, 512 MB of RAM, 32 GB of disk space, Super VGA monitor. Keyboard or
mouse, Internet access, and a DVD for purposes of installation. These are the minimum
requirements to run Server 2012.
WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEMS LIST OF ERRORS
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLIENT AND SERVER

Both of these are types of OS, but there is a fundamental difference between Server OS and Client OS. In this
article, we will discuss the same in a tabular form. But before we do that, let us know a bit more about an OS.
The term OS is an abbreviation for the operating system. The OS is basically system software. It performs the
management of software resources and computer hardware. It also provides some common services for
various computer programs. Now let us take a look at the difference between client and server.

What is a Client OS?

A client OS is a type of OS that operates with the desktop
(available device). We use it to obtain various services
from a server, and it runs on various client devices, such
as computers, laptops, etc., and it is a fairly simple type
of operating system.

What is a Server OS?

A server OS is a type of OS that is designed in a way that we
can use it on an available server. We use a server OS to
provide a variety of services to many of the clients. It is
capable of serving multiple numbers of clients at any given
time, and it is a comparatively much more advanced type of
operating system.

STRUCTURE OF
SERVER OS AND
NETWORK OS
 UC1: INSTALL AND CONFIGURE COMPUTER SYSTEM AND NETWORK
LO 1.4. Prepare Installer

An INSTALLER is a piece of software used to install software programs on a system. Installers simplify software
installation by providing the user a step-by-step process with the ability to select the desired options.

PowerISO is a powerful CD / DVD / BD image file processing tool, which allows you to open, extract, burn,
create, edit, compress, encrypt, split and convert ISO files, and mount ISO files with internal virtual drive. It
can process almost all CD / DVD / BD image files including ISO and BIN files. PowerISO provides an all-in-one
solution. You can do everything with your ISO files and disc image files.

PowerISO Icon
PowerISO Interface

Rufus is a utility that helps format and create bootable USB flash drives, such as USB keys/pendrives,
memory sticks, etc.

It can be especially useful for cases where:

 You need to create USB installation media from bootable ISOs

(Windows, Linux, UEFI, etc.)
 you need to work on a system that doesn't have an OS installed
 you need to flash a BIOS or other firmware from DOS
 you want to run a low-level utility
 REQUIREMENTS IN MAKING A BOOTABLE DEVICE

To create a bootable disk, you’ll need the following:

1. Your computer must have an optical read/write drive

2. A blank DVD or CD that will become your boot disk
3. A software utility that will create the boot media (ex. Acronis Disk Director, CDBurner, PowerISO)
4. An ISO file of the OS you want to install or use to repair

To create a bootable USB flash drive, you’ll need the following:

1. Access to Windows DiskPart or a third-party equivalent (ex. Rufus, Windows

USB/DVD Tool)
2. USB flash drive with at least 8GB of storage
3. An ISO file of the OS you want to install or use to repair

To create a bootable USB flash drive, you’ll need the following:

 Insert a USB flash drive into a running computer.

 Open a Command Prompt window as an administrator.

 Type diskpart.

 In the new command line window that opens, to determine the USB flash drive number or drive letter,
at the command prompt, type list disk, and then click ENTER. The list disk command displays all the
disks on the computer. Note the drive number or drive letter of the USB flash drive.

 At the command prompt, type select disk <X>, where X is the drive number or drive letter of the USB
flash drive, and then click ENTER.

 Type clean, and the click ENTER. This command deletes all data from the USB flash drive.

 To create a new primary partition on the USB flash drive, type create partition primary, and then click
ENTER.

 To select the partition that you just created, type select partition 1, and then click ENTER.

 To format the partition, type format fs=ntfs quick, and then click ENTER.

 Important

 If your server platform supports Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI), you should format the
USB flash drive as FAT32 rather than as NTFS. To format the partition as FAT32, type format fs=fat32
quick, and then click ENTER.

 Type active, and then click ENTER.

 Type exit, and then click ENTER.

 When you finish preparing your custom image, save it to the root of the USB flash drive.
 INSTALLATION DRIVERS

What is a device driver?

A device driver is a special kind of software program that controls a specific hardware device attached to a
computer. Device drivers are essential for a computer to work properly.
These programs may be compact, but they provide the all-important means for a computer to interact with
hardware, for everything from mouse, keyboard and display -- user input/output -- to working with networks,
storage and graphics.

How do device drivers work?

Device drivers generally run at a high level of privilege within the operating system (OS) runtime environment.
Some device drivers, in fact, may be linked directly to the operating system kernel, a portion of an OS such
as Windows, Linux or macOS, that remains memory resident and handles execution for all other code,
including device drivers. Device drivers relay requests for device access and actions from the operating system
and its active applications to their respective hardware devices. They also deliver outputs or status/messages
from the hardware devices to the operating system and thus to applications.

Purpose of device drivers

Device drivers are necessary to permit a computer to interface and interact with specific devices. They define
the messages and mechanisms whereby the computer -- the OS and applications -- can access the device or
make requests for the device to fulfill. They also handle device responses and messages for delivery to the
computer.

List of device drivers need to install

LIST OF DRIVER SOFTWARE
1. IObit Driver Booster

2. DriverPack Solution 17
 BIOS (basic input/output system)

BIOS (basic input/output system) is the program a computer's microprocessor uses to start the computer
system after...

The 4 functions of BIOS

 Power-on self-test (POST). This tests the hardware of the computer before loading the OS.
 Bootstrap loader. This locates the OS.
 Software/drivers. This locates the software and drivers that interface with the OS once running.
 Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) setup.

TYPES OF BIOS
Some of the most common keys are F2, F10, F12, Del, or Esc, but you may also need to press other keys, such
as Tab, Shift, or Ctrl. You may also see a message on the screen that tells you which key to press to enter BIOS
setup.