Introduction to Anatomy

DR. SEPIDEH HASSANPOUR

EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF PHARMCY

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 Course Components
Reading:

• Gray’s anatomy for students” Richard L. Darke, A. Wayne vogl, Adam W. M. Mitchell.

• Atlas of human anatomy” Frank H. Netter. 6th edition

Lecture series

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 Grading
The assessment of this course is in four parts:
Midterm 40%
Final 50%
Attendance & Quizzes 10%

100 60
% %

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 What is Anatomy?
• Anatomy is an ancient human interest, undoubtedly
older than any written language we know. We can only
guess when people began deliberately cutting into
human bodies out of curiosity, simply to know what
was inside.

• Study of the STRUCTURE of the human body and

their relationships with each other.
• Closely related to PHYSIOLOGY!
• Physiology is the study of the FUNCTION of the
human body

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Anatomy is the
oldest scientific
discipline
of medicine.

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Branches of anatomy
1.Gross anatomy
2.Microscopic anatomy
-Cytology
-Histology 3.Developmental anatomy
-Embryology 4.Comparative anatomy
Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities
and differences in the anatomy of different
species.

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 Gross anatomy is the study of structure visible to the naked eye, using methods such as
surface observation, dissection, X-rays, and MRI scans.

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 Internal structures of the body
External structures of the body

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 Ways to Study Anatomy
Gross Anatomy can be studied with a regional or systemic approach.
Regional Anatomy studies structures in an area of the body, e.g., head,
neck, abdomen…..
Systemic Anatomy organized by the systems, e.g., musculoskeletal,
nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine, urinary, reproductive….

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1. Integument (Dermatology)
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Endocrine(Endocrinology)
6. Cardiovascular (Cardiology)
7. Lymphatic
8. Respiratory (Pulmonology)
9. Digestive (Gastroenterology)
10. Urinary (Urology)
11.Reproductive (Gynecology for females; andrology for males)

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 Eleven organ systems
1. Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, digestive,
respiratory, Circulatory, lymphatic, urinary, and reproductive systems .
2. The reproductive system is mainly involved in transmitting genetic
information From one generation to another, while the remaining 10
organ systems are important in maintaining homeostasis.
3. These 11 organ systems may be classified by their functions :
• Protection – integumentary system.
• Support and movement – skeletal and muscular systems .
• Integration and coordination – nervous and endocrine systems .
• Processing and transport – digestive , respiratory , circulatory ,
lymphatic , and urinary systems .
• Reproduction and development – reproductive system .

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 Anatomical language is one of the fundamental languages
of medicine.
•Ideally, these terms, which are often derived from Latin or
Greek

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 Anatomical Position
• The anatomical position is the standard reference position of
the body used to describe the location of its structures.

• Standing up right

• Looking straight towards horizon

• Upper limbs hanging by the side of body

• Palms facing forwards

• Lower limbs are parallel with toes pointing forwards

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Body Regions
Sternal region – retrosternal – parasternal
Infraclavicular fossa
Clavipectoral triangle
Deltoid region
Axillary region
Pectoral region
Inframammary region
Vertebral region
Suprascapular region
Scapular region
Interscapular region
Infrascapular region
Lumbar triangle
Sacral region
Gluteal region
Anal region

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 Anatomical Planes
Fixed lines of reference along which the body
is often divided or sectioned to facilitate
viewing of its structures

Allow one to obtain a three-dimensional

perspective by studying the body from
different views

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 Sagittal plane
• The plane that divide the body into right and left portions
• Midsagittal or median are names for the plane dividing the body into
• equal right and left halves

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 Frontal plane (coronal plane)
The plane dividing the body into front and back
portions
Also called the Coronal plane

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 • Transverse plane
The horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower
portions
Also called the Horizontal plane

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Terminology about orientation

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 Positions and Directions
Superior (cranial)
Refers to a structure being closer to head or
higher than another structure in body.

Inferior (caudal)
Refers to a structure being closer to feet or
lower than another structure in body.
caudal is most often used in embryology to
refer to the hind end of the embryo.

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 Anterior
Refers to a structure being more in front than another
structure in body

Posterior
Refers to a structure being more in back than another
structure in the body

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Medial
Refers to a structure being closer to the midline
or median plane of the body than another
structure of the body

Lateral
Refers to a structure being farther
away from the midline than another structure
of the body

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• Distal
• Refers to a structure being further away from the root
of the limb than another structure in the limb
• Proximal
• Refers to a structure being closer to the root of the
limb than another structure in that limb

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 Superficial
Refers to a structure being closer to the
surface of the body than another
structure

Deep
Refers to a structure being closer to the
core of the body than another structure

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If the body is lying face up,
it is in the supine position.

If the body is lying face

down, it is in the prone
position.

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• Ipsilateral: the same side (the spleen and descending colon are ipsilateral ).

• Contralateral : Refers to the opposite side (the spleen and gallbladder are contralateral ).

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 Terminology related to MOVEMENT
•Flexion
•Extention
•Adduction
•Abduction
•Circumduction
•Rotation
•Medial Rotation (Pronation)
•Lateral Rotation (Supination)
•Elevation
•Depression

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• Flexion
• Bending a joint or decreasing the angle
between two bones

• Extension
• Straightening a joint or increasing the angle
between two bones

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• Adduction
• Moving a body part towards the midline of the body
• Abduction
• Moving a body part away from the midline of the
body

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 Retraction
Moving a part backward
Protraction
Moving a part forward
Elevation Raising a
part Depression
Lowering a part

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Are names given to specific regions of the body for reference.
Examples: include cranial (skull), thoracic (chest), brachial
(arm), patellar (knee), cephalic (head), and gluteal (buttock)

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Body
Regions

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• Body Cavities - Body cavities are
spaces within the body that help protect,
separate, and support internal organs.
– Dorsal Body Cavity: The dorsal body cavity
is located near the dorsal (back) surface of
the body and has two subdivisions, the
cranial cavity and the vertebral canal.
– Ventral Body Cavity: The ventral body
cavity is subdivided by the diaphragm into
an upper thoracic cavity and a lower
abdominopelvic cavity.

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• BODY CAVİTİES
Cranial cavity–Brain-Meninges Vertebral canal -
Spinal cord -Meninges
Thoracic cavity-Pleural cavities-Lungs-Pleura
Pericardial cavity-Heart-Pericardium

Abdominal pelvic cavity:

Abdominal cavity Digestive organs, spleen, kidneys
ureters-Peritoneum
Pelvic cavity Bladder, rectum, reproductive organs-
Peritoneum

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 Body regions
• The abdominal area is subdivided into 9 regions.

Right Epigastric Left

Hypochondriac Hypochondriac

Right Umbilical Left

Lumbar Lumba
r
Right Hypogastric Left
Iliac Ilia
c
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 The nine abdominopelvic regions

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1. Which statement is false regarding the anatomical position?
a. The palms face the front.
b. The thumbs point away from the body.
c. The head is turned to the left side.
d. The posture is standing erect.
2. The nose is superior to the navel.
a. True
b. False
3. What’s another name for anterior:
a. Dorsal
b. Ventral
c. Cranial
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d. Caudal
6- What’s another word for “superior?”
a. Internal
b. Caudal
c. External
d. Cranial
7- The skin is _________ to the skeletal bones.
a. Superior
b. Proximal
c. Superficial
d. Inferior
8- The heart is _______ to the shoulder.
a. Medial
b. Saturday,
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c. Distal
10- What is the term for the backside in the anatomical position:
a. Anterior
b. Ventral
c. Caudal
d. Posterior
11- The radius (forearm bone) is ________ to the humerus (upper arm
bone).
a. Intermediate
b. Proximal
c. Distal
d. Anterior
12- Mrs. Smith has poison ivy on her shoulder, the poor thing. She reaches
her right hand over to her left shoulder to "scratch that itch." Which 53
movement is occurring at her ELBOW joint?
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