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21 GEOMETRY
Geometry is a branch of mathematics concerned with questions Here the letter ‘n’ stands for the number of sides, or angles,
of shapes, size relative position, of figures and the properties of that the polygon has.
space some important facts :- Triangles : they are classified in two general ways: by their
Some useful formulas are used sides and by their angles. First, we’ll classify by sides:
 Some of all interior angles of a triangle = 1800 By Sides
 Sum of complementry angles = 900
 Sum of Linear angles = 1800
 Vertically opposite angles are equal P

a b R
Scalene N
Q
E
 If two lines are parallel to each other and one transversal
intersects the two lines.

l a b
f e
d c
m M
O
D Isosceles
n F
equilateral
If l ll m
a = d [Corresponding angles]
A triangle with three sides of different lengths is called a
b = c [ Corresponding angles] scalene triangle. An isosceles triangle has just two equal
e = d [Interior angles] sides, called legs. The third side is called the base. The
f + d = 1800 [Adjacent angles] angles that are opposite the equal sides are also equal. An
equilateral triangle has three equal sides. In this type of
Polygon : The word polygon is a combination of two Greek
triangle, the angles are also equal, so it can also be called an
words: “poly” means many and “gon” means angle. Along
equiangular triangle. Each angle of an equilateral triangle
with angles, a polygon also has sides and vertices. A regular
must measure 60 degrees, since the sum of the interior angles
polygon is a polygon with all angles and all sides congruent,
of any triangle must equal 180 degrees.
or equal. Here are some regular polygons.
By Angles
A

Square right

B
N C
regular P
hexagon regular
pentagon
acute obtuse
Formula to find the sum of the interior angles of any polygon

M O Q R
Sum of angles = (n – 2) 180°
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Now let’s classify by angles. An acute triangle has three Trapezoids only have one pair of parallel
acute angles, or three angles with a measure of less than 90 sides. It’s a type of quadrilateral that is not
degrees. An obtuse triangle has one angle that is greater than a parallelogram. (British name: Trapezium)
90 degrees. If one of the angles in a triangle is a right angle,
then the triangle is called a right triangle. Notice we draw a Kites have two pairs of adjacent sides that
square at vertex C to show a right angle. are equal.

We can use two labels for a triangle. For example, triangle

MNO is both an isosceles and an acute triangle. Triangle Angles:
PQR is a scalene and an obtuse triangle.
You can think of a right angle as one-fourth of a circle,
Quadrilaterals:
which is 360 º divided by 4, or 90 º.
There are many varieties of quadrilaterals, but all have
several things in common. Each of them have four sides, The right angle is the most common angle—the edges of
coplanar, have two diagonals, and the sum of their four your notebook paper, stair steps, door facings, the edges of
interior angles equals 360 degrees. This is how they are picture frames—all of these form right angles. Let’s look at
alike, but what makes them different? some other types of angles. A straight angle represents half
of a circle. 360 º divided by 2 equals 180 º —that is the
measure of a straight angle. An acute angle is any angle that
4
measures less than 90 º. An obtuse angle measures greater
than 90 º but less than 180 º.
1
3 Two angles that have the same measure are called congruent
angles.
2
Congruent Angles
We know many quadrilaterals by their special shapes and
properties, like squares. Remember, if you see the word
quadrilateral, it does not necessarily mean a figure with
special properties like a square or rectangle! In word
problems, be careful not to assume that a quadrilateral has x
parallel sides or equal sides unless that is stated. y

Special Quadrilaterals
Here are two angles that both measure 30º. We say that angle
A parallelogram has two parallel pairs of x is congruent to angle y.
opposite sides.
Now look at some angle pairs. Two angles are called
A rectangle has two pairs of opposite sides supplementary if their measures add up to 180º. These two
parallel, and four right angles. It is also a
90º angles are supplementary because 90º + 90º = 180º.
parallelogram, since it has two pairs of
parallel sides.
Supplementary Angles
A square has two pairs of parallel sides,
four right angles, and all four sides are
equal. It is also a rectangle and a
parallelogram.
A rhombus is defined as a parallelogram
with four equal sides. Is a rhombus always
a rectangle? No, because a rhombus does
not have to have 4 right angles.
 [ 99 ]
Supplementary angles do not touch, or be in the same plane, These two lines are parallel, and are cut by a transversal,
or even be in the same room. Their measurements only are which is just a name given to a line that intersects two or
the secret of their relationship. more lines at different points. Eight angles appear, in four
corresponding pairs that have the same measure, so therefore
Complementary Angles are congruent.

These four corresponding pairs are:

angles a and e
60° angles c and g
angles b and f
angles d and h
The angles that lie in the interior area, or the area between
30°
the two lines that are cut by the transversal, are called
interior angles. Angles c, d, e and f are interior angles.
A pair of angles is called complementary if their Angles a, b, g, and h lie in the exterior area, and they are
measurements add up to 90º. These two angles are called “exterior angles.”
complementary, because 60 º + 30 º = 90 º.
a  h
Adjacent means “next to.” But we use this word in a very
specific way when we refer to adjacent angles. Study these b  g
two figures. Only the pair on the right is considered to be c  f
adjacent, angles c and d. Adjacent angles must share a d  e
common side and a common vertex, and they must not
overlap each other. We call angles on opposite sides of the transversal alternate
angles. Angles c and f, and d and e, are alternate interior
angles. Angles a and h, and b and g, are alternate exterior
angles. Note that these alternate pairs are also congruent.
x
c
y d
not adjacent adjacent 1 2
Vertical angles are pair of angles formed by two intersecting 3 4
lines. Vertical angles are not adjacent angles—they are
opposite to each other. In this diagram, angles a and c are 5 6
vertical angles, and angles b and d are vertical angles. 7 8
Vertical angles are congruent.

When a transversal cuts two lines that are not parallel, as

b
a c  b  d shown here, it still forms eight angles—four corresponding
d  a  c pairs. However, the corresponding pairs are not congruent as
occurs with parallel lines.

SOLVED EXAMPLES
a b
c d 1. How many degree are their in an angle which equals one
fourth of its complement ?
e f (a) 12° (b) 15° (c) 18° (d) 36°
g h
 (c) Let the angle be x°
transversal
Its complement will be 90°- x
[ 100 ]

According to ques.  (c) Extend the line PQ further to intersect RM

1
x= (90 - x)  4x = 90 – x PQR = 115° (given)
4
 5x =90  x = 18°
cd
2. In the figure below, the value of
cd

d° d°
d° d°
d° d°
c° c°
c° c° c°

PQR and OQR form a pair of supplementary angles

(a) 16° (b) 6° (c) 11° (d) 32°

 (c)There are 6 equal angles & above the line  PQR + OQR = 180°
then, 6d = 180°  115 + OQR = 180°
 d = 30°
and there are five equal angle C below the line  OQR = 65°
5C = 180° Now, ΔOQR consists of
 C = 36°

Now,
c  d 36   30  66 
   11 
 OQR + QRO + ROQ = 180°
c  d 36   30  6
 65 + 15 + ROQ = 180°
3. If PQ | | MN in the shown fig. then x = ?
 ROQ = 100°

Now, PQ || MN then PO || MN

ROQ and NMR form pair of corresponding angles

ROQ = NMR
(a) 65° (b) 85° (c) 100° (d) 110°
 100° = x

E XE RCIS E

1. In the figure given below, what is the value of x ? 2. In the figure below, lines ‘a’ and ‘b’ are parallel to each
other. What is the value of  x +  y ?

a
3(x+10) x
0

650 O
5(x+4)
0
y
b
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7 (a) 130° (b) 32.5° (c) 115° (d) 65°
 [ 101 ]

3. In the figure below  POR +  QOS = 90° then find

the value of  ROS. 8.

R S

P O Q
(a) 30° (b) 60° (c) 120° (d) 90° (a) 20° (b) 40° (c) 60° (d) 90°

4. In the figure below find the value of  POS,  SOR, 9.

Z
 ROQ.
5x° 4x°
S X O Y
R
x+15
x+30 (a) 10° (b) 20° (c) 30° (d) 45°
x
P O Q 10.

(a) 45°, 60°, 90° (b) 45°, 60°, 75° P

(c) 30°, 60°, 90° (d) 50°, 40°, 90°

5.  MOP and  NOP form a straight line angle. Find

the value of x and y if x – 2y = 30° N O M

P (a) 24° (b) 30° (c) 45° (d) 34°

x° y° 11.
M O N

(a) 100°, 80° (b) 130°, 50°

(a) 20° (b) 40° (c) 60° (d) 15°
(c) 120°, 60° (d) 120°, 50°
12. Find the value of a and b in figure given below if a is
6. Find the value of a in the given figure
one third of right angle more than the value of b.

a b
A B
(a) 30° (b) 60° (c) 90° (d) 120°
(a) 105°, 65° (b) 105°, 75°
Directions (7 - 11) : Find the value of ‘x’ in following figures. (c) 110°, 70° (d) 120°, 60°

13. What is the value of x ?

A
Q
70° 45°
P x 5
7. 2x°
O
C B
R
(a) 30 (b) 45 (c) 55 (d) 75 (a) 5 (b) 5 2 (c) 10 (d) 25
[ 102 ]
14. The sides of a triangle are 20m, 21m and 29m. The
18. In the shown figure, find the value of x
length of the perpendicular from the opposite angle on
the greatest side is Q
B
x°
- 21
m m
20 h
138° 142°
C S T
A D P R
29 m
(a) 90° (b) 100° (c) 110° (d) 120°
210 420 19. The value of a + b + c is
(a) m. (b) m.
29 29
(c) 20 m. (d) 21 m.
a
15. The sum of base angles is 130° and these difference is
20°. The angles of triangle are x
y
z b
B
c
x

(a) 140° (b) 160° (c) 180° (d) 200°

y z
A C 20. In the figure given below find the value of ‘t’

(a) 70°, 60°, 50°

(b) 75°, 55°, 50° 75°
(c) 60°, 80°, 40°
(d) 80°, 50°, 50° 3t 2t
16. In the equilateral ΔPQR, y = ?
(a) 19° (b) 21° (c) 23° (d) 25°
P
21. The sides of a triangle are 12 cm, 15 cm and 10 cm
x 2x x respectively. The triangle is
(a) Acute (b) Obtuse
(c) Right angled (d) Equilateral
y
Q M N R 22. If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 3 : 5 : 7. Then
the greatest angle of triangle is
(a) 40° (b) 60° (c) 70° (d) 75° (a) 50° (b) 60° (c) 75° (d) 84°
17. In the above triangle, the value of x is 23. In the figure below the perimeter of ΔXYZ is :

A X

3x 60°
m

20
20

60° x
B C Y Z

(a) 10° (b) 20° (c) 30° (d) 45° (a) 20 m (b) 25 m (c) 60 m (d) 30 m
 [ 103 ]

24. The area of triangle ΔBCD is 29. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. Find the measure of

A
3 cm-
cm D C
17 D x
5 cm-
50°
B C A 25° B
2 2
(a) 75 cm- (b) 75/2 cm-
(c) 60 cm2 (d) 45 cm2

25. In an equilateral triangle PQR if PS  QR, then (a) 100° (b) 110° (c) 105° (d) 95°

P 30. In the figure below, b = 2a, a = 2d and d = c/3. The

value of c is :

Q S R
d a
(a) 2PQ² = 3PS² (b) 4PQ² = 3PS²
c b
(c) 3PQ²=4PS² (d) 3PQ² = 2PS²
O
26. The ratio of the length of a side of an equilateral
triangle and its height is : (a) 18 (b) 36° (c) 45° (d) 54°

A 31. There is an equilateral triangle with its vertex at the

origin and one median along the y-axis. Which of the
1 1 following may be true?
I. One side has an equation x = y.
II. One vertex has coordinates (2, 2 3 ).
B 1/2 D 1/2 C
III. One side has an equation x = 3.
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 3: 2 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 2 IV. The bisector of one angle has an equation y = 0.
(a) I and II only (b) III only
27. The value of x in the figure below is :
(c) II only (d) I only
R
x
32. ABCD is a rectangle, I is the mid –point of DC. AE
17 90°  BE and l (BC) = l (BE) = x units = l (AE). N is the
S
point of intersection of AC and BI. Then, A( AEBN)
P 10
15 Q (in sq. units) is

(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 14

E
28. In  ABC below A =

4P°

A B
B 3P° P/2
C

N
(a) 90° (b) 96° (c) 100° (d) 104°
D C
I
[ 104 ]
A
32 2 
2
 33 2 
2
(a) x   (b) x 
6   6 
   
P

21 3 2  22 3
2
(c) x  (d) x 
 6  
 6 
 N
O
Q

B C
33. The perimeter of a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD is 44 D

units. Two sides AD and BC are extended to meet at (a) 5 : 2 (b) 3 : 2 (c) 4 : 3 (d) 2 : 1
point Q [Q-A-D and Q-B-C]. l (QD) = 30 units and l 38. In the given circle, with centre O an radius ‘r’ cm, AB
(QC) = 24 units. A tangent drawn at a point A, meets and CD, two parallel chords each of length ‘2y’ cm,
BQ at point P and l (AP) = 6 units and l (PB) = 3 units. are at a distance ‘y’ cm from each other. If the tangent
Find the area of ABCD if l (DC) = 10 units. at C meets AB extended at P, find the perimeter of
ΔBCP.
(a) 132 sq. units (b) 98 sq. units
(c) 97 sq. units (d) 120 sq. units
34.  ABC is right angled triangle at B. EF  CA. Find m A B
P
 AEC, if m  ADB = 55o.
O
E D C

D  3 5 5  3 5 5
(a)  r cm

(b)   r cm

5  5 
 
C A
F
(c)  3  5  r cm (d)  3  5 r cm
 5   5 
(a) 180o (b) 35o (c) 125o (d) 55o    

35. If Δ ABC is an isosceles right – angled triangle with 39. In the given figure, the length of tangent PT = 6 cm
and TM is the angle bisector of BTA. If PB = 12 cm,
area 144 cm2 and the unequal side of Δ ABC lies on
find the length of AM.
the line y = 4, which of the following cannot be a
vertex of Δ ABC? T

(a) (1, 16) (b) (-16, -8)

(c) (16, 4) (d) (-16, 1)
B M A P
36. Δ ABC and Δ ADC are right-angled at B and D
respectively such that B and D lie on the same side (a) 1 cm (b) 3 cm
(c) 2 cm (d) 4 cm
2 1
of AC.If m  BAC = m BCA and m DCA = m
7 2 40.
DAC, which of the following is the measure of the
angle formed at the point of intersection of line AD l1
yo
and line BC?
(a) 70o (b) 130o (c) 25o (d) 180o l2
40o

37. In the figure, Δ ABC is right – angled at B and PD ||

AB, NQ || BC such that PD and NQ intersect at O. A
circle with center O passes through P, Q and D such l1 || l2. Find y.
that chord PQ is at 1 cm from O. If A (Δ ABC) = 36
cm2, find AQ : PC. (a) 140 (b) 150 (c) 160 (d) 80
 [ 105 ]

41. AB = BC. Find r. What is the ratio of the perimeter of the triangle ADC
to that of the triangle BDC?
C
4 7 5 6
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 9 9 9

44. On a semicircle with diameter AD, chord BC is parallel

o o to the diameter. Further, each of the chords AB and
130 r
B CD has length 2, while AD has length 8. What is the
A
length of BC?
(a) 85o (b) 80o (c) 65o (d) 40o

42. In the figure given below, AB is the chord of a circle B C

with centre O. AB is extended to C such that BC = OB.
The straight line CO is produced to meet the circle at A D
D. If ACD = y degrees and AOD = x degrees such
(a) 7.5 units (b) 7 units
that x = ky, then the value of k is: (c) 7.75 units (d) None
A B 45. In the figure (not drawn to scale) given below, P is a
D C point on AB such that AP : PB 4 : 3. PQ is parallel to
O
AC and QD is parallel to CP. In Ä ARC, mARC = 90o,
and in Δ PQS, mPSQ = 90o. The length of QS is 6 cm.
What is ratio AP : PD ?
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) None C
43. Consider the triangle ABC shown in the following
figure where l(BC) = 12 cm, l(DB) = 9 cm, l(CD) = 6 R
cm and BCD = BAC. Q
S
A
A P D B
D
(a) 10 : 3 (b) 2 : 1
9
6 (c) 7 : 3 (d) 8 : 3

B C
12

NOTES :
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