FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology

Hamdard University
LAB # 01
Introduction to Web Engineering , Internet Programming

Objectives:
 Be able to learn theoretical concept related to Web Engineering & Internet programming
 Be able to understand the different web protocols and their usage in Web Architecture.

Theory:

Web Engineering
Web Engineering is the application of systematic, disciplined, and quantified approaches to development,
operation and maintenance of web based applications.

World Wide Web:

The World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3, commonly known as the Web), is a system of
interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages
that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia, and navigate between them via hyperlinks.

The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used in everyday speech without much distinction.
However, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not the same. The Internet is a global system of
interconnected computer networks. In contrast, the Web is one of the services that run on the Internet. It is
a collection of text documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs, usually accessed by
web browsers from web servers. In short, the Web can be thought of as an application "running" on the
Internet

Web Servers:
Web server can refer to either the hardware (the computer) or the software (the computer application) that
helps to deliver Web content that can be accessed through the Internet. The most common use of web
servers is to host websites.

Web Browsers:
A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting and traversing information resources on
the World Wide Web. A web browser can also be defined as an application software or program designed
to enable users to access, retrieve and view documents and other resources on the Internet. The major web
browsers are Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, Opera, and Safari.

Web Pages:
A web page or webpage is a document or information resource that is suitable for the World Wide Web
and can be accessed through a web browser and displayed on a monitor or mobile device. This
information is usually in HTML or XHTML format, and may provide navigation to other web pages via

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Sharae Madinat al-Hikmah, Hakim Mohammad Said Road, Karachi - 74600, Pakistan
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University
hypertext links. Web pages frequently subsume other resources such as style sheets, scripts and images
into their final presentation.

Web pages are requested and served from web servers using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

Webpages are of two types:

 Static Web Pages : Web pages may consist of files of static text and other content stored within
the web server's file system
 Dynamic Web Pages: Web pages which are constructed by server-side software when they are
requested

Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)

A uniform resource identifier (URI) is a string of characters used to identify a name or a resource. Such
identification enables interaction with representations of the resource over a network typically the World
Wide Web using specific protocols.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL):

A uniform resource locator, abbreviated URL, also known as web address, is a specific character string
that constitutes a reference to a resource. In most web browsers, the URL of a web page is displayed on
top inside an address bar.

Uniform Resource name (URN):

A URN (Uniform Resource Name) is an Internet resource with a name that, unlike a URL, has persistent
significance - that is, the owner of the URN can expect that someone else (or a program) will always be
able to find the resource.

Relation of URL and URN with URI

URIs can be classified as locators (URLs), as names (URNs), or as both. A uniform resource name
(URN) functions like a person's name, while a uniform resource locator (URL) resembles that person's
street address. In other words, the URN defines an item's identity, while the URL provides a method for
finding it.

Anatomy of URL:
Consider the web address http://www.googleguide.com/searchEngines/google/searchLeader.html. Here’s what it
all means:

http transfer protocol (type of information being transferred)

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University
Sharae Madinat al-Hikmah, Hakim Mohammad Said Road, Karachi - 74600, Pakistan
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University
www.googleguide.com website name, host name
googleguide second-level domain name
com top-level domain name
searchEngines directory name (major category)
google sub-directory name (sub-category)
searchLeader file name (a file within the directory)
html file format

Hyper Link:
A hyperlink (or link) is a reference to data that the reader can directly follow, or that is followed
automatically. A hyperlink points to a whole document or to a specific element within a document.
Hypertext is text with hyperlinks. A user following hyperlinks is said to navigate or browse the hypertext.

How Does WWW Work?

Viewing a web page on the World Wide Web normally begins either by typing the URL of the page into a
web browser or by following a hyperlink to that page or resource. The web browser then initiates a series
of communication messages, behind the scenes, in order to fetch and display it.

First, the browser resolves the server-name portion of the URL (example.org) into an Internet Protocol
address using the globally distributed database known as the Domain Name System (DNS); this lookup
returns an IP address such as 208.80.152.2. The browser then requests the resource by sending an HTTP
request across the Internet to the computer at that particular address. It makes the request to a particular
application port in the underlying Internet Protocol Suite so that the computer receiving the request can
distinguish an HTTP request from other network protocols it may be servicing such as e-mail delivery;
the HTTP protocol normally uses port 80.

Internet Protocols:
The Internet uses different standards to transfer information to and from remote computers and networks.
These standards, known as protocols, allow computers to communicate with one another in a structured
method. Internet protocols are at work when a user visits his favorite video site or signs into a social
network as well as when a user checks her new mail messages or composes a message to her boss.

Here is the list of the common Internet Protocols:

1) HTTP
2) HTTPS
3) FTP
4) TCP/IP

HTTP
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University
Sharae Madinat al-Hikmah, Hakim Mohammad Said Road, Karachi - 74600, Pakistan
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University
The protocol commonly known as HTTP is an acronym for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. These
four letters are likely to appear in lowercase in the address bar of a web browser while viewing
this article. They are located at the beginning of the address and are used to tell the browser how
to properly process the data on the page and display the data to a computer user. The word hyper
in the acronym is used to specify that the text is not linear and can actually be linked in many
ways. HTTP was originally used as a way to display text, but browsers have evolved to be able
to display much more using the protocol.

HTTPS

Occasionally, you might notice that a website URL starts with https:. This indicates that the
document is using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer or Hypertext
Transfer Protocol Secure. Online banking websites may use this protocol to protect sensitive
information such as account and routing numbers.

In addition to the https; at the front of the webpage address, the browser may display a small
padlock icon to illustrate to the user that the webpage is using this protocol. Firefox 3.0 and
Internet Explorer 7.0 and later also show that this protocol is active by altering the address bar
when the website relies on a Secure Sockets Layer to encrypt data. In Internet Explorer, the
address bar will appear green while Firefox will show the name of the institution--such as a
bank--on the left side of the address bar.

FTP

The primary protocol used to transfer large amounts of data from place to place across the
Internet is known as FTP. FTP is an acronym that appropriately stands for File Transfer Protocol.
Computers known as FTP servers are places on the Internet where files can be stored and
accessed via File Transfer Protocol. A computer user may access an FTP server using FTP client
software. Popular web browsers are also able to access files that are located on an FTP server.
An FTP server basically appears to a computer user as a remote hard drive and browsing the files
on an FTP server is similar to browsing a computer's hard drive with a file manager.

TCP/IP

The network protocol suite that is primarily responsible for the transfer of raw data across the
Internet is known as TCP/IP. The acronym stands for a combination of Transfer Control Protocol
and Internet Protocol. The TCP side primarily describes how computers connect and how data is
to be transmitted across the Internet properly. Internet network addressing concepts such as an IP
address are part of the IP side of the TCP/IP protocol suite. Each connection to the Internet has a
unique numeric address known as an IP address. Alphanumeric web addresses such as Google's
web address are actually translated into a numeric IP address and a computer known as a web
server is contacted at the remote IP address to provide the page seen in a browser where the
alphanumeric address was typed.

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Sharae Madinat al-Hikmah, Hakim Mohammad Said Road, Karachi - 74600, Pakistan
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University
Internet Programming:

Internet programming is defined as the client server communication established with the help of scripting
and markup languages following all the communication protocols and transmission protocols.

Client Side Internet Programming:

 Supports the interaction within a webpage.

 The code required to process user-input is downloaded and compiled by the browser or plug-in.
 Example: Html, CSS, JavaScript etc.

Server Side Internet Programming:

 With server-side scripting, completing an activity involves sending information to another

computer (server) across the internet. The server then runs programs that process the information
and returns the results, typically a webpage.
 Search engines use server-side processing. When a keyword is sent, a program on a server
matches the word or phrase entered against an index of website content.
 Server-side scripting languages include ASP and PHP.

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Sharae Madinat al-Hikmah, Hakim Mohammad Said Road, Karachi - 74600, Pakistan
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University

Tasks:

Q1. What is server client architecture?

Q2. What is internet?

Q3. What is a protocol? And how many types of internet protocols are there?

Q4. What is difference between HTTP and HTTPS?

Q5. Difference between Static and Dynamic web pages.

Q6. Discuss the anatomy of following Web URL?

Q7. Search for the name of Five FTP sites. Also gives short definition of them.

Q8. How do you connect to FTP server? Attach snapshot of every step.

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Sharae Madinat al-Hikmah, Hakim Mohammad Said Road, Karachi - 74600, Pakistan