FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

EEB 465 ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEMS

LAB 1; LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS METHODS

STUDENT NAMES: OPELO ANDRONICA R. KGOPISI

STUDENT ID: 201801576

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENT PAGE NUMBER
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………….3
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………4
Objectives……………………………………………………………………7
APPARATUS…………………………………………………………………..7
PROCEDURE…………………………………………………………………..8
RESULTS………………………………………………………………………9
Sample problem…………………………………………………………..….9
DISCUSSION………………………………………………………………….15
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………15
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………16

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ABSTRACT
Load flow studies (power flow) form a fundamental part of power system analysis. These
studies are important for economic scheduling, planning, and control of an existing system as
well as planning its future expansion. The problem entails establishing magnitudes and phase
angle of voltages at each bus as well as active and reactive power flow in each line. The 26-
bus network is analyzed to solve for the load flow specified parameters given the Gauss-Seidel
and Newton-Raphson methods. Simulation is carried out using MATLAB on a 26-bus power
system. Results from the simulation were compared for several iterations and accuracy.

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INTRODUCTION
The objective of a power flow study is to calculate the voltages (magnitude and angle) for a
given load, generation, and network condition. Once voltages are known for all buses, line
flows and losses can be calculated. The starting point of solving power flow problems is to
identify the known and unknown variables in the system.
Based on these variables, buses are classified into three types: slack, generation, and load
buses.
- The slack bus is required to provide the mismatch between scheduled generation the
total system load including losses and total generation. The slack bus is commonly
considered as the reference bus because both voltage magnitude and angles are
specified; therefore, it is called the swing bus.
- The rest of generator buses are called regulated or PV buses because the net real power
is specified and voltage magnitude is regulated. Most of the buses in practical power
systems are load buses. Load buses are called PQ buses because both net real and
reactive power loads are specified. For PQ buses, both voltage magnitudes and angles
are unknown, whereas for PV buses, only the voltage angle is unknown. As both voltage
magnitudes and angles are specified for the Slack bus, there are no variables that must
be solved for. In a system with n buses and g generators, there are 2(n-1)-(g-1)
unknowns. To solve these unknowns, real and reactive power balance equations are
used. To write these equations, the transmission network is modelled using the
admittance matrix (Y-bus).
The power system is modelled by a simple electric circuit which consists of generators,
transmission network and distribution as shown in figure 1 below. These studies are
important for economic scheduling, planning and control of an existing system as well as
planning its future expansion.
Power flow analysis methods
Power flow equations are non- linear, thus can’t be solved analytically. A numeric iterative
algorithm is required to solve such equations. The procedures follows: a) A bus admittance
matrix Y-bus for the power system is created. b) Estimate initial voltage magnitude and
phasor angle at each bus in the system. c) Substitute in the power flow equations and
determine the deviations from the solution. d) Update the estimated voltages based on
commonly known numerical algorithms methods e) Repeat the above process until the
deviations from the solution are within accuracy. The nodal equation using Y bus can be
written as:

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Gauss-Seidel Method- This is an iterative method used to solve Equation (5) for the value of
Vi, and the iterative sequence becomes;

Where yij is actual admittance in pu. P and Q are also expressed in pu for power system analysis
[1].

Newton-Raphson Method- It is an iterative method which approximates a set of non-linear

simultaneous equations to a set of linear simultaneous equations using Taylor’s series
expansion and the terms are limited to the first approximation [2]. It is the most iterative method
used for the load flow because its convergence characteristics are relatively more powerful
compared to other alternative. Expanding equation 5 and 6 gives the following set of linear
equations.

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The slack bus variable voltage magnitude and angle are omitted because they are already
known. The difference between scheduled and calculated values is;

Fast Decoupled Method- This method is a modification of Newton-Raphson. The Jacobian

matrix of Equation (is reduced to half by ignoring the element of J2 and J3 [1]. Which then
gives;

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The successive and voltage magnitude and phase angle changes are;

IMPORTANCE
- Generation supplies demand(load) plus losses.
- Bus voltage magnitude remains close to the rated value.
- Generation operates within specified active and reactive power limits.
- Transmission line and transformer are not overloaded.

OBJECTIVES
This experiment aims to:

• Compute load flow analysis of power systems using Newton-Raphson, Gauss-Seidel, and
fast decouple method.

• Make comparisons of the accuracy and effectiveness of the above-mentioned methods of

analysis.

APPARATUS

• MATLAB

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PROCEDURE

• The power system parameters of both the 3 bus system (fiqure1) and 26 bus system (fiqure2)
were input into pre-written matlab codes.

• Results for all the methods ( newton-Raphson, Gauss-Siedel and fast decouple) from both
the systems were recorded and analyzed accordingly.

Figure 1 showing a 3-bus system.

Figure 2 showing a 26-bus system.

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RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Sample problem
MATLAB code for 3 bus system

clear all ; basemva = 100; accuracy = 0.001; accel = 1.8; maxiter = 100;

% class 3 bus system

% Bus Bus Voltage Angle ---Load---- -------Generator----- injected Mvar

% No code Mag. Degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Qmin Qmax +Qc/-

Ql
% busdata=[1 1 1.05 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
2 0 1.0 0.0 256.6 110.2 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
3 0 1.0 0.0 138.6 45.2 0.0 0.0 0 0 0];

% Line code
% Bus bus R X 1/2 B = 1 for lines
% nl nr p.u. p.u. p.u. > 1 or < 1 tr. tap at bus nl

linedata= [1 2 0.02 0.04 0.0 1

1 3 0.01 0.03 0.0 1
2 3 0.0125 0.025 0.0 1];

lfybus % form the bus admittance matrix

Lfgauss % Load flow solution by Gauss-Seidel, lfnewton and decouple for newtonrapson
and fast decouple methods respectively %
Busout % Prints the power flow solution on the screen
Lineflow % Computes and displays the line flow and losses
where code 1 = slack bus, 0 = generator bus, 2 = load bus
lfgauss – function computing Load flow solution by Gauss-Seidel
lfnewton - function computing Load flow solution by newton-raphson method
DECOUPLE - function computing Load flow solution by fast decouple

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 Power Flow Solution by Fast Decoupled Method

Maximum Power Mismatch = 0.000769519

No. of Iterations = 12
Bus Voltage Angle ------Load------ ---Generation--- Injected

No. Mag. Degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Mvar

1 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 409.505 189.042 0.000
2 0.982 -3.503 256.600 110.200 0.000 0.000 0.000
3 1.001 -2.862 138.600 45.200 0.000 0.000 0.000

Total 395.200 155.400 409.505 189.042 0.000

Fiqure 3b: powerflow solution of 3 bus sytem by newton-raphson method
The above results are the same as the ones obtained from the manual solution and therefore
this concludes that the code is effective.
26-Bus system
Sample MATLAB code

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DISCUSSION
Power flow analysis is performed by solving nodal power balance equations. Since these
equations are nonlinear, iterative techniques such as the Gauss-Seidel, the Newton-Raphson,
and the fast-decoupled power flow methods are commonly used to solve this problem. In
general, the Gauss-Seidel method is simple but converges slower than the Newton-Raphson
method, as shown from the results newton Raphson method had fewest iterations (5), followed
by fast decouple (20) then gauss with (75). However, the latter method required the Jacobian
matrix formation of at every iteration. The fast-decoupled power flow method is a simplified
version of the Newton-Raphson method. This simplification is achieved in two steps: 1)
decoupling real and reactive power calculations; 2) obtaining of the Jacobian matrix elements
directly from the Y-bus matrix. The DC power method is an extension to the fast-decoupled
power flow formulation. In DC power flow method, the voltage is assumed constant at all buses
and the problem becomes linear.
Also, the number of iterations for the Gauss Seidel and fast decouple method increases directly
as the number of buses of the network, whereas the number of iterations for the Newton
Raphson method remains practically constant, independent of system size. Newton-Raphson
method offers a lot more precision and accuracy than the Gauss-Siedel and fast decoupled
methods. Whereas the fast couple accumulate lesser losses than the other two methods with the
Gauss-Siedel leading in losses.
CONCLUSION
The distributed slack bus algorithm for ELD analysis can serve as a vital tool for reducing
generation costs. However it does not have a major impact on the total system losses. The
savings in generation cost keeps increasing with the increase in number of generators attached
to the system. Anybody modelling a power system can change the Ki suitable to that system
and have a separate ELD algorithm. The program can be implemented using standard open-
source MATLAB load flow functions by making minor changes to the NR matrix. The
distributed slack bus algorithm though can sometimes make the system ill conditioned and lead
to premature termination of iterations. This may be due to the choice of Ki or due to some other
reasons. Hence before using the algorithm, it must be checked if the system shall behave erratic
or not. A MATLAB code was formed using standard load flow functions. The three different
algorithms were implemented on two case studies and the values were tabulated and compared.

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REFERENCES
[1] A. Dubey, "LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEMS," International Journal of
Scientific & Engineering Research, vol. 7, no. 5, 2016.
[2] W. D. S. J. John J. Grainger, Power System Analysis, Mcgrill-Hill Inc, 1994.
[3] Jiang,A., Ertem,S., Polynomial loss models for economic dispatch and error estimation,
IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 10, (1995), 1546-1552.
[4] Lecture notes.

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