Chapter One

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

By: Teshome M.
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 What is Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of machines to perform
tasks that are typically associated with human intelligence, such
as learning and problem-solving. AI applications include
advanced web search engines (e.g., Google Search),
recommendation systems (used by YouTube, Amazon, and
Netflix), understanding human speech (such as Siri and Alexa),
self-driving cars (e.g., Waymo), generative or creative tools
(ChatGPT and AI art), and competing at the highest level in
strategic games (such as chess and Go).
• Artificial intelligence is the capacity of a computer or robot to
accomplish operations frequently carried out by intelligent
people. As yet another instance of AI,
• The phrase "artificial intelligence" refers to the intelligence
exhibited by machines.

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 Cont…
• Artificial intelligence is now widely used in today's society. It involves artificial
intelligence being imitated by technology intended to observe and mimic human
behavior.
• Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines
that are programmed to think and learn like humans. It involves the development of
computer systems capable of performing tasks that typically require human
intelligence, such as speech recognition, decision-making, problem-solving, and
language translation.
• Artificial intelligence (AI) is a set of technologies that enable computers to
perform a variety of advanced functions, including the ability to see,
understand and translate spoken and written language, analyze data, make
recommendations, and more.
• AI is the backbone of innovation in modern computing, unlocking value for
individuals and businesses. For example, optical character recognition (OCR)
uses AI to extract text and data from images and documents, turns
unstructured content into business-ready structured data, and unlocks
valuable insights.
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 Cont…
• Artificial intelligence is a field of science concerned with building
computers and machines that can reason, learn, and act in such a way
that would normally require human intelligence or that involves data
whose scale exceeds what humans can analyze.
• AI is a broad field that encompasses many different disciplines,
including computer science, data analytics and statistics, hardware and
software engineering, linguistics, neuroscience, and even philosophy
and psychology.
• Artificial intelligence is the study and design of intelligent agents,
Intelligent agents are systems that perceive their environment and take
actions that can maximize its chance of success.
• Generally, the concern of AI is to enable computers behave like human
beings and imitate the reasoning power of human beings.

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 Characteristics of Intelligent system
 Use vast amount of knowledge.

 Learn from experience and adopt to changing

 Interact with human using language and speech.

 Respond in real time.

 Tolerate error and ambiguity in communication.

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 Objectives/Goals of AI
• Create machines that can think and reason like humans. This is the ultimate goal of
AI, and it is still a long way off. However, there have been some significant progress
in recent years, with machines now able to learn and solve problems in ways that were
previously thought to be impossible. For example, machines can now beat humans at
games like chess and Go, and they are being used to develop new medical treatments.
• Create machines that can learn and adapt to new situations. This is another important
goal of AI, as it would allow machines to be more useful and versatile. Machine
learning algorithms are already being used to train machines to learn from data and
make predictions. For example, machines can now be used to predict customer
behavior, detect fraud, and optimize traffic flow.
• Create machines that can interact with humans in a natural way. This is important for
applications such as customer service and healthcare, where machines need to be able
to communicate effectively with humans. Natural language processing algorithms are
being used to train machines to understand and respond to human language. For
example, machines can now be used to provide customer service, translate languages,
and write creative content.

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 Cont…
• Create machines that can automate tasks and improve efficiency. This is a
major goal of AI, as it could lead to significant productivity gains in many
industries. AI is already being used to automate tasks in manufacturing,
finance, and healthcare. For example, machines can now be used to assemble
products, trade stocks, and diagnose diseases.
• Create machines that can be creative and innovative. This is a more
challenging goal, but it is one that could have a major impact on our lives. AI
could be used to create new art, music, and literature, as well as new ways of
solving problems. For example, machines can now be used to generate
creative text formats, like poems, code, scripts, musical pieces, email, letters,
etc., and they can also be used to solve complex problems like protein
folding.
• Improving Problem-solving skills one of the top goals of artificial
intelligence is to create efficient problem-solving systems with the potential
to arrive at logical deductions and replicate human reasoning while tackling
complicated puzzles.
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 Cont…
• Facilitates Planning: Intelligent agents enable us to imagine the future.
Through predictive analytics, data analysis, forecasting, and
optimization models, AI-driven planning creates a procedural course
of action for a system to reach its goals and optimizes overall
performance. One of the principal goals of artificial intelligence is to
employ its prediction to anticipate the future and determine the
implications of our actions.
• Enables Continuous Learning: Learning in AI denotes the ability of
computer algorithms to optimize AI programs' knowledge via
observations and past experiences.
• Encourage human-AI collaboration: One of the most critical goals of
AI is to coordinate AI and humans to enhance each of their potentials
with their synergy, rather than relying on a single entity or system.

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 Types of AI(General and Specific AI)
The two main types of AI are general AI and specific AI.
• General AI is the goal of AI to create machines that can think
and reason like humans. This includes the ability to learn,
understand, and solve problems in a wide range of domains.
General AI is still a long way off, but there has been some
progress in recent years, with machines now able to learn and
solve problems in ways that were previously thought to be
impossible.
• Specific AI is a type of AI that is designed to solve a specific
problem or task. For example, there are AI systems that can play
chess, translate languages, or diagnose diseases. Specific AI is
already being used in many industries, and it is becoming
increasingly sophisticated.
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There are four main Approaches of
Defining Artificial intelligence

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 Cont..
• Acting Humanly: The Turing Test approach – Acting
like a human.
• Thinking Humanly: The cognitive modeling approach
– Thinking like a person.
• Thinking Rationally: The laws of thought approach –
Thinking rationally is a logical process and it concludes
based on symbolic logic. The famous syllogisms,
“Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore,
Socrates is mortal.”
• Acting Rationally: The rational agent approach –
Rational agent acts to achieve high value and brings the
best possible outcome for any given task.
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Acting Humanly (Act like a human: The Turing Test)
• An intelligent machine should act like human then it is called as
acting humanly.
• Acting humanly in artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of
an AI system to behave in a way that is indistinguishable from a
human. This can include things like being able to hold a
conversation, understand and respond to emotions, and exhibit
commonsense reasoning.

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 Cont..
• There are many different ways to define and measure acting humanly
in AI. One common approach is to use the Turing Test, which is a test
of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or
indistinguishable from, that of a human.
• In the Turing Test, a human interrogator engages in a natural language
conversation with two other parties, one of whom is a human and the
other an AI system. If the interrogator cannot reliably tell which is
which, then the AI system is said to have passed the Turing Test.
• However, the Turing Test has been criticized for being too
anthropocentric, meaning that it is biased towards human
behavior. There are many other ways to define and measure
machine intelligence, and there is no single agreed-upon
definition.
• There are many other ways to define and measure machine
intelligence, and there is no single agreed-upon definition.

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 What do you mean by tuning test ?
How it can be performed ?
• Turing test was designed by Alan Turing in 1950 to provide a
satisfactory operational definition of intelligence.
• Turing test is used to determine whether or not machine can
think intelligently like human ?
Basic configuration:
• There will be a human interrogator on one side of the wall and
other side a machine and human.
• When human interrogator can’t distinguished response given by
machine and human we can say that machine has passed the
Turing test and its intelligence .
To pass the test machine requires:
• natural language processing
• knowledge representation
• automated reasoning
• machine learning

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 Example of AI Acting humanly
• Chatbots: Chatbots are computer programs that can simulate
conversation with humans. They are often used in customer service
applications, where they can answer questions and provide support to
customers. Some examples of chatbots include Amazon's Alexa, Apple's
Siri, and Google Assistant.
• Virtual assistants: Virtual assistants are AI systems that can perform tasks
on demand, such as setting alarms, playing music, or making
reservations. They are often used in smart homes and other devices..
• Self-driving cars: Self-driving cars are AI systems that can navigate roads
and avoid obstacles without human input. They are still under
development, but they have the potential to revolutionize
transportation. Some examples of self-driving cars include Waymo's self-
driving taxi service and Uber's self-driving car program.
• AI-powered medical devices: AI-powered medical devices are used to
diagnose and treat diseases. They are still under development, but they
have the potential to revolutionize healthcare. Some examples of AI-
powered medical devices include IBM's Watson for Oncology and
Google DeepMind's DeepMind Health.

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2. Thinking Humanly(The Cognitive Modeling)
• Thinking humanly in an artificial intelligence (AI) refers to
the ability of an AI system to think in a way that is similar
to how humans think. This includes the ability to reason,
learn, solve problems, and make decisions.
• There are many different ways to think humanly. Some
people think in a more linear and logical way, while others
think in a more creative and intuitive way. There is no right
or wrong way to think humanly, as long as it allows you to
effectively solve problems and make decisions.
• In the context of AI, thinking humanly is a challenging goal,
as human thinking is complex and often subconscious.
However, there has been significant progress in AI research
in recent years, and it is likely that AI systems will
eventually be able to think humanly to a certain extent.

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 Cont…
• There are two main approaches to thinking humanly in AI:
• Cognitive modeling: This approach attempts to understand how
the human mind works and then to replicate this process in an AI
system. This can be done by studying the brain, observing
human behavior, or using introspection.
• Data-driven learning: This approach does not attempt to
understand how the human mind works, but instead simply
learns to solve problems by being trained on a large dataset of
human-generated data. This can be done using machine learning
techniques such as deep learning.
• The best approach to thinking humanly in AI is likely to involve
a combination of both cognitive modeling and data-driven
learning. By understanding how the human mind works and by
learning from human-generated data, AI systems can be
developed that can think more like humans.

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3. Thinking Rationally (The Laws of Thought)
• Thinking rationally in the area of artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of
an AI system to make decisions and solve problems based on logic and reason.
This means that the AI system would need to be able to understand the problem,
identify the relevant information, and then apply logical rules to reach a
conclusion.
• There are many different ways to implement rational thinking in AI. One
common approach is to use rule-based systems. In a rule-based system, the AI
system is given a set of rules that define how it should make decisions. For
example, a rule-based system for playing chess might have a rule that says "If
your opponent's king is in check, you must move your king to safety.“
• There are many different ways to think rationally, and there is no single agreed-
upon definition. However, some of the key features of rational thinking include:
• Logic: The ability to use logical rules to reach conclusions.
• Reasoning: The ability to think about a problem and identify the best solution.
• Evidence: The ability to base decisions on facts and evidence, rather than on
emotions or personal biases.
• Open-mindedness: The willingness to consider all sides of an issue and to change
one's mind if presented with new evidence.

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 How can machine think rationally
• If the machine is able to develop right logic , then
machine can be able to think rationally.
• Example:
• Socrates is a man , All men are mortal, therefore
Socrates is mortal.
• These laws of thought were supposed to govern
the operation of the mind their study initiated the
field called Logic.

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4. Acting Rationally: The rational agent approach
• Acting rationally in artificial intelligence (AI) refers to
the ability of an AI system to behave in a way that is
consistent with logic and reason. This means that the
AI system would need to be able to understand the
situation, identify the relevant information, and then
take the action that is most likely to achieve its goals.
• Acting rationally means taking actions that are most
likely to achieve a desired outcome, given the agent's
knowledge and beliefs.
• Acting rationally means acting so as to achieve one's
goals, given one's beliefs. An agent is just something
that perceives and acts.
• Doing the right thing: so as to achieve one’s goal,
given one’s beliefs.

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 Application of Artificial intelligence
• Virtual assistants: Virtual assistants like Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant
are powered by AI. They can understand natural language and respond
to a variety of commands, such as setting alarms, playing music, and
getting directions.
• Recommendation systems: Recommendation systems are used to
suggest products, movies, and other items to users based on their past
behavior. For example, Netflix uses AI to recommend movies to its
users based on the movies they have watched in the past.
• Fraud detection: AI is used to detect fraud in a variety of industries,
such as banking, insurance, and healthcare. AI can be used to identify
patterns of suspicious activity and flag potential fraud cases for further
investigation.
• Self-driving cars: Self-driving cars are powered by AI. They use sensors
and cameras to navigate the road and avoid obstacles. AI is also used
to control the car's speed and braking.
• Medical diagnosis: AI is being used to develop new diagnostic tools
that can help doctors to identify diseases more accurately. For example,
AI can be used to analyze medical images, such as X-rays and MRI
scans, to detect abnormalities.

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 Cont.
• Education: AI is being used to personalize learning and improve
student outcomes. For example, AI can be used to identify
students who are struggling and provide them with additional
support.
• Agriculture: AI is being used to improve crop yields and reduce
food waste. For example, AI can be used to analyze weather data
and optimize crop planting and harvesting schedules.
• Manufacturing: AI is being used to automate tasks and improve
efficiency in manufacturing. For example, AI can be used to
control robots and optimize production lines.
• Customer service: AI is being used to provide customer service
chatbots that can answer questions and resolve issues. For
example, many banks and airlines now use AI-powered chatbots
to answer customer questions about their accounts and flights.

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 Foundation of Artificial Intelligence
• AI takes ideas, concepts, views and techniques from
many field of studies.
1. Philosophy:
• Forma rules which are used to draw valid conclusion
• Where does knowledge come from
• Example: Aristotle had argued that actions are justified
by logical connection between goals and knowledge.
2. Mathematics:
 How are the formal rules used to draw conclusion
 How do we reason with uncertainties
• Using probabilities

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 Cont…
3. Economics:
 How should we decide?
Decision theory (probability + Utility)
 How should we do things when others do not involve in it?
By game theory
 How should we do tasks when the payoff is far in the future ?
• By prediction of payoffs
4. Neuroscience
• How do the brain processes information
• This deals with the study of nervous system

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 Cont..

5. Computer Engineering
• How can we build an efficient computers for AI to
succeed, intelligence and artifact of choice.
6. Linguistics
 How does language relates to thought
 How can we represent knowledge
• Natural language

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 History of AI
• Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)
➢ The year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as
AI was done by Warren McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943.
They proposed a model of artificial neurons.
➢ The year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating
rule for modifying the connection strength between neurons.
His rule is now called Hebbian learning.
➢ The year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English
mathematician and pioneered Machine learning in 1950.
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 Cont..
• The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)
➢ The year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created
the "first artificial intelligence program" Which was named "Logic
Theorist".
This program had proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems.
 The year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted
by American Computer scientist John McCarthy at the
Dartmouth Conference.
• At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN,
LISP, or COBOL were invented
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 Cont.
• The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)
 The year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms that can
solve mathematical problems.
 The year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which
was named WABOT-1
• The first AI winter (1974-1980)
• The duration between the years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration.
• AI winter refers to the time period where computer scientists dealt with a
severe shortage of funding from the government for AI researches.
• During AI winters, an interest in publicity on artificial intelligence was
decreased.

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 Cont..
• A boom of AI (1980-1987)
 The year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System".
 Expert systems were programmed that emulate the decision-making ability of
a human expert.
 In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of
Artificial Intelligence was held at Stanford University.
• The second AI winter (1987-1993)
 Again, Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research due to
high cost but not efficient results.
 The expert system such as XCON was very cost-effective.

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 Cont…
• The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)
• The year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world
chess champion, Gary Kasparov, and became the first computer
to beat a world chess champion.
• The year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the
form of Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.
• The year 2006: AI came into the Business world until the year
2006.
• Companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started
using AI.
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 Cont..
• Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence
(2011-present)
• The year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz
show, where it had to solve complex questions as well as riddles.
• Watson had proved that it could understand natural language and can
solve tricky questions quickly.
• The year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google
now", which was able to provide information to the user as a
prediction.
• The year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a
competition in the infamous "Turing test."

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 Cont…
• The year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex
topics with two master debaters and also performed extremely well.
• Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual
assistant and which had taken hairdresser appointment on call, and the
lady on the other side didn't notice that she was talking with the
machine.
• Now AI has developed to a remarkable level. The concept of Deep
learning, big data, and data science are now trending like a boom.
• Nowadays companies like Google, Facebook, IBM, and Amazon are
working with AI and creating amazing devices.

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 Cont…
• 2000s: The field of AI experiences another period of
rapid growth, with the development of new
applications such as self-driving cars and virtual
assistants.
• 2023: Bard is released by Google AI.
• ChatGPT and Bard are both large language models
(LLMs) that are powered by deep learning. They are
trained on massive datasets of text and code, and they
can generate text, translate languages, write different
kinds of creative content, and answer your questions in
an informative way.
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 Cont..
• ChatGPT was developed by OpenAI, and it was released in
2022. Bard was developed by Google AI, and it was released in
2023.
• Both ChatGPT and Bard are still under development, but they
have the potential to revolutionize the way we interact with
computers. They could be used to create new forms of
communication, education, and entertainment. They could also
be used to develop new applications for self-driving cars,
healthcare, and customer service.

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 AI in Ethiopia
• What if, 20 years from now, robots walked the streets
alongside humans, doing many of the same jobs that you and
I do today.
• There is no question for Ethiopian developer, Getnet Assefa
that Artificial Intelligence (AI) makes this a reality.
• Getnet Assefa is a scientist and co-founder of iCog Labs, an
AI research space in Addis Ababa.
• iCog was part of a team of scientists that developed the
software for Sophia – the world’s first humanoid robot.
• Sophia has even learnt some Amharic, the developers say.
can display 60 types of facial expressions and carry a
conversation.

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 Cont..
• iCog has customers in USA, Canada, Hong Kong and China and at home,
works with the government on software and hardware development.

• D.r Timnit Gebru is an Eritrean American computer scientist and the

• She works on algorithmic bias and data mining. She is an advocate for
diversity in technology and is the cofounder of Black in AI, a community
of black researchers working in artificial intelligence.

• Timnit is an Eritrean origin born and raised in Ethiopia.

• Timnit Gebru is the founder and executive director of the Distributed

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Thank You

?
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