Illumination Technology

Artificial Light Sources – Part C

 7-Feb-25
Illumination Technology
Artificial Light Sources

LIGHT EMITTING DIODES 2

Evolution of LED’s

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• First report - 1907 - by the British experimenter H.
J. Round.
• First practical LED - Nick Holonyak Jr., in 1962 -

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General Electric Company.
• Commercially available in late 1960s, was red in
color.
• Used as replacements for incandescent indicators

Mr. Nick Holonyak Jr. General Electric Company

3 Nov. 1928 (Age 81) 3
Evolution of LED’s

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• Revolution in LED material started in mid 1990’s
• AlGaA - high-brightness red.
• InGaAlP - high-brightness red, orange and

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yellow (ROY)
• InGaN - high brightness blue, green and white
(using blue+Phosphor)

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Construction

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• Materials have very high refractive indices
• Usually built on an n-type substrate, with an electrode attached
to the p-type layer deposited on its surface

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• Substrates that are transparent to the emitted wavelength, and
backed by a reflective layer, increase the LED efficiency
Typical LED

Arrangement of Semiconductor layers

Principle of Operation

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• Under forward bias condition, majority carriers from both sides of
the junction cross the depletion region and enter the material at
the other side.
• Minority carriers will diffuse and recombine with the majority

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carriers.
• The recombination causes light to be emitted.

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Types of LEDs

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There are 3 main types of LEDs,
• Miniature LEDs
• Alphanumeric LEDs

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• Lighting LEDs.

 Miniature LEDs
• These are mostly single die LEDs used as indicators, and come in
various size packages
• Round, dome top
• Round, flat top
• Rectangular, flat top (often seen in LED bargraph displays)
• Triangular or square, flat top
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Types of LEDs

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 Properties of Miniature LEDs
• Low current - typically rated for 2mA at around 2V
(approximately 4mW consumption).

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• Standard - 20mA LEDs at around 2V (approximately
40mW) for red, orange, yellow & green, and 20mA at 4-
5V (approximately 0.1W) for blue, violet and white.

• Ultra high output - 20mA at approximately 2V or 4-5V,

designed for viewing in direct sunlight.
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Types of LEDs

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Other Types
• Bicolor LEDs
• Tricolor LEDs

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• Flashing LEDs
• Alphanumeric LEDs

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Luminous Efficacy

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• In September 2003 a new type of blue LED which provided 24mW
at 20mA was demonstrated.
• This produced a commercially packaged white light giving 65

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lumens per watt at 20mA with became the brightest white LED
commercially available at the time.
• This new LED was more than four times as efficient as standard
incandescents.
• In 2006 a prototype of a LED with a record breaking efficacy of
131 lm/W at 20mA was demonstrated.
• Seoul Semiconductor has plans for a LED with 135 lm/W by 2007
and 145 lm/W by 2008, Nichia Corporation has already developed
a white light LED with luminous efficacy of 150 lm/W at a forward 10
current of 20 mA.
Life Span

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• If a LED fixture is illuminated an average of 8 hours per day it will
last over 20 years before needing to be replaced.
• A high-pressure sodium luminaire needs to be relamped every

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20,000 - 24,000 hours and a metal halide luminaire every 10,000 -
16,000 hours.
• LEDs have been found to have a useful life of around 35,000-
50,000 hours (that's between four and six years of continuous
operation).
• LED lifetime depends greatly on operating temperature. An
increase in operating temperature of 10 °C can cut the useful life
of an LED in half.
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Beam Angle

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• Total light output of an LED needs both the luminous intensity
and the spatial radiation pattern (viewing angle) under
consideration
• If two LEDs have the same luminous intensity value, the lamp

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with the larger viewing angle will have the higher total light
output.

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Advantages of LED

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• Efficiency
• Color
• Size

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• On/Off time
• Cycling
• Dimming
• Slow failure
• Lifetime
• Shock resistance 13

• Low toxicity
 Comparison

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Power Conversion for "White" Light Sources
Fluorescent†
Incandescent† Metal
(Typical linear LED*
(60W) Halide‡
CW)

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Visible Light 8% 21% 27% 15-25%

IR 73% 37% 17% ~0%

UV 0% 0% 19% 0%

Total Radiant Energy 81% 58% 63% 15-25%

Heat (Conduction +
19% 42% 37% 75-85%
Convection)

Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 14

† IESNA Handbook ‡ Osram Sylvania

Comparison

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Improvement in efficacy of different luminaires with time

Comparison

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KWh comparison after 30 days of Comparison of Lifespan of
Halogen lamp and LED different Luminaires
Comparison

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Cost trend of different luminaires

LED fittings

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5 WATT

9 WATT 27 WATT
5 WATT LIVE

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LED fittings

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FLOOD LIGHTS

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20 WATTS

3 WATTS 9- 27 WATTS

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LED fittings

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3 W LED FITTING 1W * 3 12 V
9 W LED FITTING 1W*9 SUPPLY 350 MA

6W DOWNLIGHT 1W * 6 9 W LED FITTING 3W * 3 20

LED fittings

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DOUBLE SIDED TWO COLOUR FITTING
LED fittings

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RGB LIGHT
REMOTE
CONTROLLED 22
3W
LED fittings

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LED STRIP 12V SUPPLY 2A

Color Characteristics

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Continued…
 Color Characteristics

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Color Characteristics

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 Creating White Light with LED’s

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RGB LEDs UV LED + RGB Phosphor Blue LED + Yellow Phosphor
Color Characteristics

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 Creating White Light with LED’s
• Yellow Phosphor – Cerium doped with yitrium
aluminum garnet (Ce3+YAG) crystals.

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 Latest Technology
• Homoepitaxially grown zinc selenide (ZnSe) on a
ZnSe substrate.
• Coating a blue LED with quatum dots
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Color Characteristics

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 White Balance
• Adjustment of luminous intensity of Red, Green
and Blue is very necessary.

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• The luminous intensity ratio of R:G:B must be
3:7:1.

Spectral Efficiency
Curve of White LED
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Operational Issues

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• LED derating

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• Semiconductor issues

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Operational Issues

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 LED derating
• LED forward current is strongly related to the LED forward
voltage

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If= (V-Vf)/R
• If is a function of ambient temperature Ta

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Current Voltage characteristics Fwd current decreases with increase of ambient temp.
Operational Issues

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• LED is a low voltage device
• Very low current
• Ambient temp. directly effecting forward voltage,

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thus reducing life n efficacy
• DRIVER circuit ESSENTIAL

Simple Driver Circuit

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Operational Issues

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• LEDs are current-driven devices, not voltage driven
• Although drive current and light output are directly

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related, exceeding the maximum current rating will
produce excessive heat within the LED chip due to
excessive power dissipation. The result will be
DROOP.
• Resistor in series = Additional losses.
• Constant current source = LED with less effects of
droop 32
• Efficacy and life increases.
Operational Issues

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Relative brightness vs If Beware of DROOP!!

Operational Issues

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 Semiconductor Issues
• ηphoton - dependent on 6 individual η
• ηdelivery - electrons n holes delivered to semi conductor

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• ηinjection - injection of electrons and holes in
semiconductor
• ηtransport - transportation or trapping on electrons n holes
• ηintegration - integration of electrons n holes to release
monochromatic photon
• ηextraction - extraction of photon from chip
• ηconversion - conversion to light energy 34
• ηillumination - light illuminated environment n human eye
Operational Issues

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• Semiconductor research work still on to improve performance
• Explore new semiconductor materials
• Improve photon conversion efficiency

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Problems faced by LEDs

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 Droop effect – The DARK secret of LED
• The loss of efficiency at high power
• Predominant in nitride based semiconductors

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It is said, Solid-state lighting won't
replace the lightbulb until it can
overcome the mysterious malady known
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as "droop"
Problems faced by LEDs

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 Thermal Problems
• High-power LEDs do not
radiate heat, instead conduct

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heat.
• Junction-Slug-Board-Heat sink-
Atmosphere.
• Multicolor LEDs are used to
create a white light with a
color temperature of 6,500K.
• The LED’s light intensity
degrades significantly over
increase in temperature.
light intensity vs. junction temperature • Radiated color of the LED will 37
of Lumileds Luxeon K2 LEDs. drift slightly with temperature.
Problems faced by LEDs

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 Thermal Problems (Contd…)
• Compensating methods are,
1. Junction temperature feedback - simple method

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• Determines the LED junction temperature by measuring the
board temperature and the LED forward voltage and
current.
• Using straight-line approximations of the vendor’s
temperature characteristic plots, the color and brightness
properties of the LEDs are approximated and refreshed.

2. Color sensor feedback - complex method

• Photo detectors tuned to wavelengths of Red, Blue & Green
are used.
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• Greater color accuracy is achievable.
Problems faced by LEDs

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 Reliability
• LED luminaire life is not identical to estimated LED
life.

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• Depends upon power supply, operating
temperatures, thermal management, materials, and
electrical and material interfaces.
• LEDs are often integrated permanently into the
fixture.
• LEDs usually do not fail abruptly. 39
Applications

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 LED Illumination advantages
• Safe and UV free

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• Greater visual appeal
• Reduced energy costs and very long life
• Increased attention capture
• Less Maintenance and Repair
• Durable and thermally efficient
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Applications

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We classified them as
• Sensor Applications
• Medical Applications
•

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Electronic gadget Applications
• Automative Applications
• Indoor/Outdoor Applications
• Street Lighting
• Architectural Lighting
• Industrial Lighting
• Signs and displays
• Signal Light
• Digital Imaging 41
• Portable Lighting
Applications

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 Sensor Applications
• Bar Code Readers
•

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Color & Money Sensors
• Encoders
• Optical Switches
• Fiber Optic Communication

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Applications

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 Medical Application
• LED bandage
• Enables outpatient skin cancer treatment

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• A plastic strip embedded with Polymertronics LEDs
can reportedly destroy skin cancer cells by bathing
cream-applied skin with red light.
• LED solution-killed 100% head & neck cancer cells in
half hr.
• FDA approved
• Production from May, 2011.
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Applications

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 Electronic Gadget Applications
• Mobile Phone
• Digital Cameras

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• Laptops

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Applications

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 Automotive applications
• Primarily used in CHMSL's (Center High Mount Stop
Lamps) and rear signal lamps

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• LEDs gaining ground in exterior application as the lumen
output (brightness) and thermal management properties
continue to improve.
• Faster turn-on times than incandescent bulbs.
• Increased efficiency and less power consumption than
incandescent bulbs.
• Vibration and shock resistant unlike incandescent with
glass and filaments that break. 45
Applications

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• Interior Lighting - Instrument Panels & Switches,
Lighting
• Exterior Lighting - CHMSL, Rear top/ Turn/ Tail/

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headlamps/spoilers
• 1W, 3W, 5W

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Applications

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Outdoor Illumination
Applications

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Indoor
Illumination

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Applications

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 Street Lighting
• Hi power LED used.
• Wattage- 28, 56, 112, 120W, 224

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• Col. Temp- 2.7k to 6.7k
• Lumens- 2,100 lm – 16800 lumens

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Applications

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 Architectural Lighting
• Standard 12V systems
• The fixtures are available in 3000K, 4300K, or 6300K color temperatures
in 7, 20, or 25 degree optical throws.

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• Incorporates thermal control circuit to optimize performance and
operating life.
• Up to three lenses, louvers, and filters can be combined for lighting
effects

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Applications

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 Industrial Lighting
• Compared to HPS or Mercury high bay lights, LED high
bay lights save 50% - 65% electricity cost.

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• 100 lm/w. Comparing with halogen lamps, LED high bay
lights save over 85% electricity cost.
• Lifespan is 3 - 5 times than lifespan of HPS, metal halide
and halogen high bay and low bay lights.
• No maintenance cost.
• Eco-friendly - no lead, mercury or air pollution
• Special surface-handling technology to make it more
eligible to the colors
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• High bay and low bay lights are both available.
Applications

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Industrial Lighting

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30-100W, 100 Km/watt,
Beam = 70 degrees
Color: White, warm white,
Green blue or red Ra=70 52
(CCT): 2700-7000K
Applications

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 Signs and Displays
• Full Color Video/Monochrome Message boards/
Transportation - Passenger Information

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• Energy efficient.
• Wide array of colors.
• Aesthetic

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Applications

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 Signal Lights
• Used in traffic/rail/aviation/tower lights/Runway
Lights/Emergency/Police Vehicle Lighting

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• LEDs – choice for road n rail signals now
• 100s put together to fill the circle.
• LEDs are brighter.
• LED bulbs last for years
• LED bulbs save a lot of energy.
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Applications

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 Digital Imaging
• Combining high lumen output with a small form

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factor, LUXEON Flash gives digital imaging device
makers a way to increase the quality of images.

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Applications

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 Portable Lighting
• No fragile components to break
• Solid-state device that contains no moving parts,

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no toxic gases, and no filament.
• Need to replace a bulb is eliminated.
• Flashlights
• Head Lamps
• Task Lamps
• Bicycle Lights
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• Diving Lights
Conclusion

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• Holds the promise of huge energy savings and longlasting light
sources.
• But before it comes to market, LED lights, have to get better,

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cheaper and easier to make.

Lighting with LED’s saves energy

and thus saves the environment.

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