Illumination Technology

Artificial Light Sources – Part C

LIGHT EMITTING DIODES 2

2-Feb-25
• Materials have very high refractive indices
• Usually built on an n-type substrate, with an electrode attached
to the p-type layer deposited on its surface

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• Substrates that are transparent to the emitted wavelength, and
backed by a reflective layer, increase the LED efficiency
Typical LED

Arrangement of Semiconductor layers

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• Under forward bias condition, majority carriers from both sides of
the junction cross the depletion region and enter the material at
the other side.
• Minority carriers will diffuse and recombine with the majority

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carriers.
• The recombination causes light to be emitted.

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Principle of Operation

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• Check the animation

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Luminous Efficacy

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• In September 2003 a new type of blue LED which provided 24mW
at 20mA was demonstrated.
• This produced a commercially packaged white light giving 65

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lumens per watt at 20mA with became the brightest white LED
commercially available at the time.
• This new LED was more than four times as efficient as standard
incandescents.
• In 2006 a prototype of a LED with a record breaking efficacy of
131 lm/W at 20mA was demonstrated.
• Seoul Semiconductor has plans for a LED with 135 lm/W by 2007
and 145 lm/W by 2008, Nichia Corporation has already developed
a white light LED with luminous efficacy of 150 lm/W at a forward 6
current of 20 mA.
Life Span

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• If a LED fixture is illuminated an average of 8 hours per day it will
last over 20 years before needing to be replaced.
• A high-pressure sodium luminaire needs to be relamped every

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20,000 - 24,000 hours and a metal halide luminaire every 10,000 -
16,000 hours.
• LEDs have been found to have a useful life of around 35,000-
50,000 hours (that's between four and six years of continuous
operation).
• LED lifetime depends greatly on operating temperature. An
increase in operating temperature of 10 °C can cut the useful life
of an LED in half.
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Beam Angle

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• Total light output of an LED needs both the luminous intensity
and the spatial radiation pattern (viewing angle) under
consideration
• If two LEDs have the same luminous intensity value, the lamp

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with the larger viewing angle will have the higher total light
output.

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Advantages of LED

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• Efficiency
• Color
• Size

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• On/Off time
• Cycling
• Dimming
• Slow failure
• Lifetime
• Shock resistance 9

• Low toxicity
 Comparison

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Power Conversion for "White" Light Sources
Fluorescent†
Incandescent† Metal
(Typical linear LED*
(60W) Halide‡
CW)

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Visible Light 8% 21% 27% 15-25%

IR 73% 37% 17% ~0%

UV 0% 0% 19% 0%

Total Radiant Energy 81% 58% 63% 15-25%

Heat (Conduction +
19% 42% 37% 75-85%
Convection)

Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 10

† IESNA Handbook ‡ Osram Sylvania

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Improvement in efficacy of different luminaires with time

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KWh comparison after 30 days of Comparison of Lifespan of
Halogen lamp and LED different Luminaires
Comparison

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Cost trend of different luminaires

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Continued…
 Color Characteristics

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 Creating White Light with LED’s

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RGB LEDs UV LED + RGB Phosphor Blue LED + Yellow Phosphor
Color Characteristics

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 Creating White Light with LED’s
• Yellow Phosphor – Cerium doped with yitrium
aluminum garnet (Ce3+YAG) crystals.

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 Latest Technology
• Homoepitaxially grown zinc selenide (ZnSe) on a
ZnSe substrate.
• Coating a blue LED with quatum dots
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Color Characteristics

2-Feb-25
 White Balance
• Adjustment of luminous intensity of Red, Green
and Blue is very necessary.

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• The luminous intensity ratio of R:G:B must be
3:7:1.

Spectral Efficiency
Curve of White LED
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Applications

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 LED Illumination advantages
• Safe and UV free

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• Greater visual appeal
• Reduced energy costs and very long life
• Increased attention capture
• Less Maintenance and Repair
• Durable and thermally efficient
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Applications

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We classified them as
• Sensor Applications
• Medical Applications
•

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Electronic gadget Applications
• Automative Applications
• Indoor/Outdoor Applications
• Street Lighting
• Architectural Lighting
• Industrial Lighting
• Signs and displays
• Signal Light
• Digital Imaging 20
• Portable Lighting
Conclusion

2-Feb-25
• Holds the promise of huge energy savings and longlasting light
sources.
• But before it comes to market, LED lights, have to get better,

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cheaper and easier to make.

Lighting with LED’s saves energy

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