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Chapter 2 focuses on kinematics, exploring concepts such as displacement, average and instantaneous velocity, and acceleration. It covers the equations of motion for straight-line motion with constant acceleration and the dynamics of freely falling objects. The chapter emphasizes the differences between velocity and speed, and how to analyze motion under various conditions.

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9 views

02_lecture

Chapter 2 focuses on kinematics, exploring concepts such as displacement, average and instantaneous velocity, and acceleration. It covers the equations of motion for straight-line motion with constant acceleration and the dynamics of freely falling objects. The chapter emphasizes the differences between velocity and speed, and how to analyze motion under various conditions.

Uploaded by

rsaed8874
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Learning Goals for Chapter 2

Looking forward at …
• how the ideas of displacement and average velocity help us
describe straight-line motion.
• the meaning of instantaneous velocity; the difference between
velocity and speed.
• how to use average acceleration and instantaneous
acceleration to describe changes in velocity.
• how to solve problems in which an object is falling freely
under the influence of gravity alone.
• how to analyze straight-line motion when the acceleration is
not constant.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Introduction
• Kinematics is the study of motion.
• Velocity and acceleration are important physical quantities.
• A typical runner gains speed gradually during the course of a
sprinting foot race and then slows down after crossing the
finish line.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Displacement, time, and average velocity
• A particle moving along the x-axis has a coordinate x.
• The change in the particle’s coordinate is
• The average x-velocity of the particle is

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Rules for the sign of x-velocity

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Average velocity
• The winner of a 50-m swimming race is the swimmer whose
average velocity has the greatest magnitude.
• That is, the swimmer who traverses a displacement Δx of
50 m in the shortest elapsed time Δt.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


A position-time graph

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Instantaneous velocity
• The instantaneous velocity is the velocity at a specific
instant of time or specific point along the path and is given by
vx = dx/dt.
• The average speed is not the magnitude of the average
velocity!

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


2.1

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Finding velocity on an x-t graph

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Finding velocity on an x-t graph

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Finding velocity on an x-t graph

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


x-t graphs

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Average acceleration
• Acceleration describes the rate of change of velocity with
time.
• The average x-acceleration is

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Instantaneous acceleration
• The instantaneous acceleration is ax = dvx/dt.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Finding acceleration on a vx-t graph

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


2.3

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Rules for the sign of x-acceleration

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


A vx-t graph

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


A vx-t graph

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Example 2.2

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Motion with constant acceleration

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Motion with constant acceleration

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


A position-time graph

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


The equations of motion with constant
acceleration
• The four equations below apply to any straight-line motion
with constant acceleration ax.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


2.4

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2.5

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Freely falling bodies
• Free fall is the motion of an
object under the influence of only
gravity.
• In the figure, a strobe light
flashes with equal time intervals
between flashes.
• The velocity change is the same
in each time interval, so the
acceleration is constant.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


A freely falling coin 2.6
• If there is no air resistance, the downward acceleration of any
freely falling object is g = 9.8 m/s2 = 32 ft/s2.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


2.7

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Up-and-down motion in free fall
• Position as a function of time for a ball thrown upward with
an initial speed of 15.0 m/s.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Up-and-down motion in free fall
• Velocity as a function of
time for a ball thrown
upward with an initial
speed of 15.0 m/s.
• The vertical velocity, but
not the acceleration, is
zero at the highest point.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.


Velocity and position by integration
• The acceleration of a car is not always constant.
• The motion may be integrated over many small time intervals
to give and

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

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