11th

GRADE

NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION
 OBJECTIVES

Understand the concept of the normal

curve distribution
State the properties of a normal curve
Sketch the graph of a normal curve
distribution
Recognize the importance of the normal
curve in statistical inference
 OBJECTIVES

Relate a random variable distribution

to a normal variable distribution
Understand the concept of the z-score
Convert a random variable to a standard
normal variable and vice-versa
Solve problems involving random and
normal variables
 Entry Card
Determine whether the statement is True (T) or False (f) by checking (✓) the
appropriate box. If False, modify the statement to make it true.

STATEMENT T F
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
 Symmetry
A shape or an object has
symmetry if it can be divided into
two identical pieces. In a
symmetrical shape, one-half is the
mirror image of the other half. The
imaginary axis or line along which
the figure can be folded to obtain
the symmetrical halves is called
the line of symmetry.
 Asymptotic
approaching a value
or curve arbitrarily
closely
 Skewness
Measure of symmetry
or asymmetry of the
probability distribution
of a random variable
 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
Also known as Gaussian distribution is
represented by a symmetrical bell-shaped
curve where the mean, median, and mode are
equal; thus, they are located at the same point.
Normal distribution
When the mean is less
than the median, the
distribution is
concentrated on the
right side and the left
tail is longer.
This is negatively
skewed distribution.
 When the mean is
greater than the median,
the distribution is
concentrated on the left
side and the right tail is
longer.
This is positively
skewed distribution.
 Properties of the Normal
Probability Distribution

Are these two pictures have the same shape?

bell
1. The distribution curve is ____-shaped.
 Properties of the Normal
Probability Distribution

Which is a normal distribution?

symmetrical about its center.
2. The curve is ______________
 Properties of the Normal
Probability Distribution

A B

Which of the following illustrations shows a normal curve where

the mean, median and mode are located at the center?
3. The mean, the median, and the mode
center
coincide at the _______.
 Properties of the Normal
Probability Distribution

A B

Which of the following illustrations shows a normal curve where

the mean, median and mode are located at the center?
3. The mean, the median, and the mode are _______equal
center distribution.
and coincide at the _________of
 Properties of the Normal
Probability Distribution
𝝁 = 𝟔𝟎
𝝈=𝟓

Supply the missing terms

4. The width of the curve is determined by the
standard deviation of the distribution.
_______________________
 Properties of the Normal
Probability Distribution
Guess the word
The tail gets nearer & The tail gets nearer &
nearer to the baseline nearer to the baseline
but not touches it. but not touches it.

5. The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely along the

horizontal axis, always approaching the axis but never
asymptotic to the
touching it. That is, the curve is ________________
baseline
 Properties of the Normal
Probability Distribution
Guess the number

50% 50%
6. The area under the curve is 1______________.
or almost 100% Thus, it
represents the probability of proportion or percentage
associated with specific sets of measurement values.
The standard normal curve is a normal probability distribution
that is most commonly used as a model for inferential
statistics. The equation that describes a normal curve is

1 𝑥−𝜇 2
−2 𝜎
𝑒
𝑌=
𝜎 2𝜋
where:
𝑌 = height of the curve for particular values of X
𝑥 = any score in the distribution
𝜎 = standard deviation of the population
𝜇 = mean of the population
𝜋 = 3.1416
𝑒 = 2.7183
 Standard normal curve is a normal probability
distribution that has a mean 𝜇 = 𝟎 and a standard
deviation 𝜎 = 1.
The table of areas under the normal curve
is also known as the z-table.
the z-score is a measure of relative
standing and calculated by subtracting
ത
𝑋(𝑜𝑟𝜇) from the measurement X and then
dividing the result by s (or 𝜎).
The final result, the z-score, represents the
distance between a given measurement X
and the mean, expressed in standard
deviation.
Either the z-score locates X within a
sample or within a population.
 Table of
Areas Under
the Normal
Curve

1.Find the area that

corresponds to z = 1.
2.Find the area that

corresponds to z = 1.36
3.Find the area that

corresponds to z = -2.58.
 ACTIVITY 1
A. Determine whether the statement is True or False.

1. The area of the normal curve is 1.

2. The normal curve is bell-shaped.
3. There is perfect symmetry about the central value of the normal curve.
4. There are three standard deviation units at the base of the standard
normal distribution.
5. The normal curve is described by the two population values: 𝜇 and 𝜎.
6. The z-score value is, in fact, a standard deviation value.
7. The area under the curve is 10%.
8. Under the curve, the area to the right of the mean is 34.13%
9. When the mean = median = mode, then a distribution is skewed.
10. The proportion 0.6826 is the same as 68.26%.
Z-SCORE
 The z -score
Is a measure of relative standing also called a standard score.
The areas under the normal curve are given in terms of z-values or scores.
The z-score locates X either within a sample or within a population.
𝑥 − 𝜇
𝑧= z-score for population data
𝜎
𝑋 − 𝑋ത
𝑧= z-score for sample data
𝑠
where: X = given measurement
𝜇 = population mean
𝜎 = population standard deviation
s = sample standard deviation
Reading Given the mean, 𝜇 = 50 and the standard deviation, 𝜎 = 4 of a population
Scores of reading scores, find the z value that corresponds to a score X = 58.

Steps Solution
1. Use the computing formula for finding 𝑥 − 𝜇
𝑧=
z-scores of population data. 𝜎
2. Check the given values. Since these 𝜇 = 50, 𝜎 = 4
are population values, the z-score locates and X = 58.
X within a population.
3. Substitute the given values in the 58 − 50
𝑧=
computing formula. 4
8
4. Compute the z-value. 𝑧= =2
4
Thus, the z-value that corresponds to the raw score 58 is 2 in the
population distribution of reading scores.
 Locate the z – value that corresponds to a PE score of 39, given
Score in
that 𝜇 = 45 and 𝜎 = 6.
PE
Steps Solution
1. Use the computing formula for finding z- 𝑥 − 𝜇
𝑧=
scores of population data. 𝜎
2. Check the given values. Since these are 𝜇 = 45, 𝜎 = 6
population values, the z-score locates X within a and X = 39
population.
3. Substitute the given values in the computing 39 − 45
𝑧=
formula. 6
4. Compute the z-value. −6
𝑧= = −1
6
Thus, the z-value that corresponds to the raw score 39 is -1 in
the population distribution of PE scores.
Scores in a Given X = 20, 𝑋ത = 26 , and s = 4, compute the
Science Test corresponding z-score.
Steps Solution
1. Use the computing formula for finding z- 𝑋 − 𝑋ത
scores of sample data. 𝑧=
𝑠
2. Check the given values. Since these are
𝑋ത = 26, s = 4
population values, the z-score locates X within
and X = 20
a population.
3. Substitute the given values in the 20 − 26
computing formula. 𝑧=
4
−6 3
4. Compute the z-value. 𝑧= = − = −1.5
4 2
Thus, the z-value that corresponds to the raw score 20 is -1.5 in
the population distribution of Science scores.
 Concept Notes
• The areas under the normal curve are given in terms of
z-values or scores The z-value leads to the ______
________________. area under the curve
found in the normal curve table, which is a probability, and that
probability gives the desired percentage for X.
• The
_____________________________________is
Table of Areas under the normal Curve known as the z-table.
• The formula for calculating z
𝒙−𝝁
𝒛=
_____________
𝝈 z-score for population data

_________
𝑿−𝑿ഥ
𝒛= z-score for sample data
𝒔
where: X = given measurement
𝜇 = population mean
𝜎 = population standard deviation
s = sample standard deviation
 OBJECTIVES

Identify the regions of areas under the

normal curve
Express the areas under the normal curve
as probabilities or percentage
Determine the areas under the normal
curve given z-values
 OBJECTIVES

Find areas between paired z-scores

Find probabilities for the standard
normal random variable z
Express areas under the normal curve
using probability notation
Apply the concept of probability in
solving word problems in business
REGIONS OF AREAS UNDER
THE NORMAL CURVE
 What is the area under the normal curve?

The area under the normal curve is 1.

Why is the area under the curve is not 100% ?

The area under the curve is not 100% because the tails of the curve
extend indefinitely without touching the base line, leaving marginal
areas at these tails.

How many standard deviation units can be found at the horizontal base of the
normal curve?
There are six (6) standard deviation units; three to the left of the
mean and another three to its right.
 What is the z score?
The z score is a representation of a standard deviation score.
What is the practical use of the z score?

The z score is a value that is used for making comparison statements.

How may the z score be calculated?

The z score is obtained by dividing the difference of the given

measurement and mean by the standard deviation.

What does the curve of a distribution represent?

The curve of the distribution represents the data in a score distribution.

Under the normal curve, what does the negative sign (-) indicate?

Under the normal curve, the negative sign (-) indicates location
to the left of the mean. However, the mathematical idea is
retained when it is used in computing values

If z = 1, is it greater than -2? If z = 0, is it greater than -1?

YES YES
Using the z Table in Determining Areas
Under The Normal Curve when z is Given
Find the area that is located between z = 0
and each of the following z –values:
1. z = 0.3
2. z = 1.96
3. z = -1.15
Solution: 1. If z = 0.3
Steps Solution
1. Write the given z-
value as a three digit
number.
z = 0.30
2. Find the first two
digits in row 0.3. Table of Areas
Locate the third digit Under the Normal
in column 0.00. Curve
3. Take the area
value at the
intersection of row
0.3 and column 0.00. This area is 0.1179
Sketch the graph.
Solution: 2. If z = 1.96
Steps Solution
1. Write the given z-
value as a three digit
number.
z = 1.96
2. Find the first two
digits in row 1.9. Table of Areas
Locate the third digit Under the Normal
in column 0.06. Curve
3. Take the area
value at the
intersection of row
1.9 and column 0.06. This area is 0.4750.
Sketch the graph.
Solution: 3. If z = -1.15
Steps Solution
1. Write the given z-
value as a three digit
number.
z = 1.15
2. Find the first two
digits in row 1.1. Table of Areas
Locate the third digit Under the Normal
in column 0.05. Curve
3. Take the area
value at the
intersection of row
1.1 and column 0.05. This area is 0.3749.
Sketch the graph.
 Concept Notes
• The Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve is known as the ________
z-table.
• The z-table provides the ___________________(or
proportion of the area probability or
percentage) between any two specific values under the curve, regions
under the curve can be described in terms of area.
• The area in any specified region under the normal curve and associate
it with probability, proportion, or percentage.
• When z is negative, we simply ignore the negative sign (-) and proceed
as before. The negative sign informs us that the region we are interested
in is found on the left side of the mean. Areas are positive values.
DETERMINING PROBABILITIES
 True or False
1.Probability is a statement of chance.
2. A maximum probability value is 1.
3. A probability value ranges from -1 to 1.
4. The maximum probability value is 100.
5. The standard normal curve is a probability distribution.
6. The mean of a standard probability distribution splits the distribution
into halves.
7. Under the normal curve, area refers to a graphic representation of
proportion.
8. The areas at the tails of a normal curve are large values.
9. It is not possible to obtain a probability of 0.000009 under the
normal curve.
10. An area under the curve may the be stated as a proportion or
probability or percentage.
A standard normal distribution is
a probability distribution with
𝜇=0 and 𝜎=1.
Standard normal random variable
is a random variable with a
standard normal distribution,
denoted by X.
 Learning the Probability
Notations Under the Normal
Curve
P X = 𝑎 < 𝑧 < 𝑏 denotes the probability that the z-score is between a and b.
P X = 𝑧 > 𝑎 denotes the probability that the z-score is greater than a.
P X = 𝑧 < 𝑎 denotes the probability that the z-score is less than a.
where a and b are z-score values.
For example, to denote the area between z = 1 and z =2, we use the notation:
P X = 1 < 𝑧 < 2 = 0.1359
which we read as “The probability that the z-score falls between
z = 1 and z = 2 is 0.1359.”
Case 1. The required area, as depicted by the shaded regions
under the curve in FIGURE 2.10 and FIGURE 2.11, are:
‘greater than z’
‘at least z’
‘more than z’
‘to the right of z’
‘above’
Case 2. The required are is:
‘less than z’
‘at most z’
‘no more than z’
‘not greater than z’
‘to the left of z’
Example 1: Find the area greater than z = 1.
Steps Solution
1. Draw a normal curve.
2. Locate the z-value.
3. Draw a line through the z-value.
4. Shade the required region.
5. Consult the z Table and find the area that
corresponds to z = 1.
6. Examine the graph and use probability
notation to form an equation showing the
appropriate operation to get the required area.
7. Make a statement indicating the
required area.
Example 2: Find the proportion of the area above z = –1.
Steps Solution
1. Draw a normal curve.
2. Locate the z-value.
3. Draw a line through the z-value.
4. Shade the required region.
5. Consult the z Table and find the area that
corresponds to z = 1.
6. Examine the graph and use probability
notation to form an equation showing the
appropriate operation to get the required area.
7. Make a statement indicating the
required area.
Case 2. The required are is:
‘less than z’
‘at most z’
‘no more than z’
‘not greater than z’
‘to the left of z’
Example 3: Find the area to the left of z = –1.5.
Steps Solution
1. Draw a normal curve.
2. Locate the z-value.
3. Draw a line through the z-value.
4. Shade the required region.
5. Consult the z Table and find the area that
corresponds to z = –1.5.
6. Examine the graph and use probability
notation to form an equation showing the
appropriate operation to get the required area.
7. Make a statement indicating the
required area.
Example 4: Find the area below z = 1.5.
Steps Solution
1. Draw a normal curve.
2. Locate the z-value.
3. Draw a line through the z-value.
4. Shade the required region.
5. Consult the z Table and find the area that
corresponds to z = 1.5.
6. Examine the graph and use probability
notation to form an equation showing the
appropriate operation to get the required area.
7. Make a statement indicating the
required area.
Case 3: Models to be used when the required area is between 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 .

FIGURE 2.14 Area Under the Normal Curve for Case 3 Where the z-values are both
Negative

FIGURE 2.15 Area Under the Normal Curve for Case 3 Where the z-values are both Positive
Example 5: Find the area between z = –2 and z = –1.5.
Steps Solution
1. Draw a normal curve.
2. Locate the z-value.
3. Draw a line through the z-value.
4. Shade the required region.
5. Consult the z Table and find the area that
corresponds to z = –2 and z = –1.5.
6. Examine the graph and use probability
notation to form an equation showing the
appropriate operation to get the required area.
7. Make a statement indicating the
required area.
Example 6: Find the area between z = 0.98 and z = 2.58.
Steps Solution
1. Draw a normal curve.
2. Locate the z-value.
3. Draw a line through the z-value.
4. Shade the required region.
5. Consult the z Table and find the area that
corresponds to z = 0.98 and z = 2.58.
6. Examine the graph and use probability
notation to form an equation showing the
appropriate operation to get the required area.

7. Make a statement indicating the

required area.
 OBJECTIVES

Find z-scores when probabilities are

given
Locate percentiles under the normal
curve
Apply the normal curve in solving word
problems
Develop habits of reasoning using the
normal curve concepts
LOCATING PERCENTILES
UNDER THE NORMAL
CURVE
 First honor
Top ten in a board
examination
A raw score of 90%
 Percentile
A point in the distribution such that a
given percent of the cases is below it.
A measure of relative standing. It is a
descriptive measure of the
relationship of a measurement to the
rest of the data.
 3 Important things to remember when we
are given probabilities and we want to know
their corresponding z-scores.
1.A probability value corresponds to an area under the
normal curve.
2.In the Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve, the
numbers in the extreme left and across the top are z-
scores, which are distances along the horizontal scale. The
numbers in the body of the table are areas or
probabilities.
3.The z-scores to the left of the mean are negative values.
When we are given the area and we wish to find the corresponding z-value, we locate
the given area at the body of the table. If the exact area is not available, we take the
nearest area. Then, we look up the corresponding z-value in the Table of Area Under the
Normal Curve or z-table.
 Example 1 Find the 95th percentile of a normal curve
Steps Solution Steps Solution

1. Draw the 7. Find the z-value

that corresponds to 0.4505 ↔ z = 1.65
appropriate normal
curve. 0.4505.

2. Express the given 8. Find the z-value

95% is the same that corresponds to 0.4495 ↔ z = 1.64
percentage as
as 0.9500 0.4495.
probability

3. Split 0.9500 into 9. Find the average 1.65 + 1.64

0.9500=0.5000+0.4500 of the two z-values. 𝑧= = 1.645
0.5000 and 0.4500 2
10. Locate z=1.645 The 95th percentile
4. Shade 0.5000 of the sketch of the normal
curve. under the curve in is z=1.645
Step 1 and make a
This area is not found statement.
5. Refer to the z-table. in the table. It is
Locate the area 0.4500
between the values of 11. Draw a line through z=1.645 under the curve in Step 1.
in the body of the table.
0.4495 and 0.4505 12. Shade the region to the left of z = 1.645.
6. Find the z-score that 13. Describe the The shaded region is
corresponds to 0.4500 Find z by interpolation. shaded region. 95% of the distribution.
on the leftmost column
 Example 2 Find the 10% of the normal curve.
Steps Solution Steps Solution

6. Find the z-score

1. Draw the
that corresponds to
appropriate normal z = 1.28
0.3997 on the
curve.
leftmost column.
2. Express the given 7. Locate z=1.28
10% is the same
percentage as as 0.1000 under the sketch of
probability the curve in Step 1 That is, the upper 10%
and make a is above z = 1.28.
3. With respect to the This is located to the right
statement.
mean, locate the upper of the mean.
10% 8. Draw a line through z=1.28 under the curve in Step 1.

4. Using the upper side 9. Shade the region to the right of z = 1.28.
of the mean, find the 0.5000 – 0.1000 = 0.4000 The shaded region is
remaining area. 10. Describe the
the upper 10% of the
This area is not found shaded region.
normal curve.
5. Refer to the z-table. in the body of the
Locate the area 0.4000.
table, so we take
0.3997. which is the
closest value.
 The results of a nationwide aptitude test
Example 3 in mathematics are normally distributed
Steps Solution with 𝝁 = 𝟖𝟎 and 𝝈 = 𝟏𝟓. What is the
𝑥−𝜇 percentile rank of a score of 84?
1. Convert the raw 𝑧=
score of 84 to z- 𝜎
84 − 80 Steps Solution
score form. 𝑧= = 0.27
15
5. Shade the required region in the sketch
2. Find the area that z = 0.27 of the normal curve in Step 3.
corresponds to z = corresponds to the
0.27 area 0.1604
6. Examine the First get the total area
3. Draw the normal shaded region and below z = 0.27.
curve showing the That is, 0.5000 +
decide what
z-score. 0.1064 = 0.6064
operation to apply.

7. Compute the Percentile rank of 84

4. Draw a line through z = 0.27 in the sketch of percentile rank of the = 0.6064 x 100
the normal curve in Step 3. score 84. = 60.64
The percentile rank of
8. Make a concluding
the score 84 in the test
statement.
is 60.64.
APPLYING THE NORMAL
CURVE CONCEPTS IN
PROBLEM SOLVING
 Derivation Time!
𝑿−𝝁
𝒛=
𝝈
1. Find the value of 𝑿 given its 𝒛, 𝝁, and 𝝈.
2. Find the value of 𝝁 given its 𝒛, 𝑿, and 𝝈.
3. Find the value of𝝈 given its 𝒛, 𝑿, and 𝝁.
 Analysis Questions
1.What are the given?
2.What are you going to find?
3.What is suggested by given to help you
solve the problem?
4.How can the application of the normal
curve concepts be useful?
 Example 1
The results of a nationwide aptitude test in mathematics
are normally distributed with 𝝁 = 𝟖𝟎 and 𝛔 = 𝟏𝟓. Find the
raw score such that 70% of the cases are below it.
Steps Solution

1. Sketch the diagram of a normal curve.

2. Selecting 30%, express this as area. This is 30% is the same as 0.3000
the area to the right of the z-value we want to
locate.

3. Find the difference of the areas between 0.5000 – 0.3000 = 0.2000

0.5000 and 0.3000.
4. Find the area 0.2000 or the value nearest
The nearest area is 0.1985.
to it in the Table of Areas Under the Normal
Curve.
 Example 1
The results of a nationwide aptitude test in mathematics
are normally distributed with 𝝁 = 𝟖𝟎 and 𝛔 = 𝟏𝟓. Find the
raw score such that 70% of the cases are below it.
Steps Solution

5. Find the z-value that corresponds to z = 0.52 ↔ the area 0.1985

0.1985.
𝑿−𝝁
6. Find a computing formula for determining 𝒛=
raw scores. 𝝈
7. Modify the formula to solve for X. 𝑿 = 𝝁 + 𝒛𝝈
𝑿 = 𝝁 + 𝒛𝝈
8. Substitute the given values in the modified
𝑿 = 𝟖𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐 𝟏𝟓
formula to solve for X.
𝑿 = 𝟖𝟕. 𝟖 ≈ 𝟖𝟖
9. Make a concluding statement. In the distribution, 70% of the scores are
below the score of 88.
 Example 2
In the same problem, what is the score that divides the
distribution such that 99% of the cases is below it.

Steps Solution

1. Sketch the diagram of a normal curve.

2. Selecting 1%, express this as area. This is 1% is the same as 0.0100

the area to the right of the z-value we want to
locate.

3. Find the difference of the areas between 0.5000 – 0.0100 = 0.4900

0.5000 and 0.1000.
4. Find the area 0.4900 or the value nearest
The nearest area is 0.4901.
to it in the Table of Areas Under the Normal
Curve.
 Example 2
In the same problem, what is the score that divides the
distribution such that 99% of the cases is below it.

Steps Solution

5. Find the z-value that corresponds to z = 2.33 ↔ the area 0.4901

0.4901.
𝑿−𝝁
6. Find a computing formula for determining 𝒛=
raw scores. 𝝈
7. Modify the formula to solve for X. 𝑿 = 𝝁 + 𝒛𝝈
𝑿 = 𝝁 + 𝒛𝝈
8. Substitute the given values in the modified
𝑿 = 𝟖𝟎 + 𝟐. 𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟓
formula to solve for X.
𝑿 = 𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟗𝟓 ≈ 𝟏𝟏𝟓
9. Make a concluding statement. In the distribution, 99% of the scores are
below the score of 115.
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