Foundation Physics 1

Topic 2: Motion Along A straight line

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Kinematics

• Describes motion while ignoring the agents that caused the motion

• For now, will consider motion in one dimension Along a straight line

• Will use the particle model A particle is a point-like object, has mass but
infinitesimal size

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2-3 Position and Displacement:
• The position is relative to some reference point, often the origin (or zero point).

• The distance :is the physical length, from point to point

• The displacement (Δx) : is the A change from position x1 to position x2

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2-3 Position and Displacement:

𝑣𝑒 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥2 𝑥1
• 𝚫𝒙 – 𝑣𝑒 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥2 𝑥1
𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥2 𝑥1

• The displacement is vector quantity (we need both magnitude and direction

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2-3 Position and Displacement:

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 2-4Average Velocity and Average Speed

• Average velocity (𝒗avg): is the ratio of the displacement (Δ𝑥) that occurs during
a particular time interval (Δ𝑡) to that interval

• SI-Units for the average velocity is: m/s

• The average velocity is vector quantity (we need both magnitude and direction)
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 2-4Average Velocity and Average Speed

• On a graph of 𝒙 𝒗𝒔. 𝒕, 𝒂𝒗𝒈 is: the slope the secant line between the points 1 and 2

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 2-4Average Velocity and Average Speed

• Average speed (savg ) is The total distance covered during a particular time
interval (Δt) to that interval

• SI-Units for the average speed is: m/s

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Sample problem 2.01, Average velocity, beat‐up pickup truck

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Sample problem 2.01, Average velocity, beat‐up pickup truck

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 2-5 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

• Instantaneous velocity(or simply velocity) 𝒗: is the velocity at a given instant

• The velocity at any instant is obtained from the average velocity by shrinking
the time interval Δt closer and closer to 0, so :

• where, : is the first derivative of the position with respect to time

• v is the slope of the tangent line at time t for c vs. t curve

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2-5 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

• Instantaneous speed(or simply speed):it is the magnitude of the

Speed= 𝑣⃗

Speed describes only how fast an object is moving,

velocity gives both how fast and in what direction the object is moving

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2-5 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

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 2-6 The Acceleration

• Average acceleration (𝒂𝒂𝒗𝒈): the change in the velocity Δv on time interval Δt

• Instantaneous acceleration (or simply acceleration (a)) is: the acceleration

• SI-unit of 𝒂 is 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
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Sample Problem 2.02
A particle’s position on the x axis of Fig. 2-1 is given by
𝑥 4 27𝑡 𝑡
with x in meters and t in seconds.
(a) Find the particle’s velocity function 𝑣 𝑡 and acceleration function 𝑎 𝑡 .
(b) Is there ever a time when 𝑣 0?
(c) Find the speed at t=1.5s
(d) Find the displacement ,the average velocity and the average acceleration in time period (3s,5s)?

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Problem 17. The position of a particle moving along the x axis is given in centimeters by 𝑥 9.75 1.50𝑡 ,
where t is in seconds. Calculate (a) the average velocity during the time interval t = 2.00 s to t = 3.00 s; (b) the
instantaneous velocity at t =2.00 s; (c) the instantaneous velocity at t =3.00 s; (d) the instantaneous velocity at
t =2.50 s; and (e) the instantaneous velocity when the particle is midway between its positions at t =2.00 s and
t = 3.00 s.

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Constant Acceleration: A Special Case

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Constant Acceleration: A Special Case

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Example 2.4 A race car starting from rest accelerates at a constant rate of 5.00 𝑚/𝑠 .
(a) What is the velocity of the car after it has traveled 30.5 m ? (b) How much time has elapsed? (c) Calculate the
average velocity two different ways.?

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Example 2.5 A car traveling at a constant speed of 24.0 m/s passes a trooper hidden behind a billboard, as in
Figure 2.17. One second after the speeding car passes the billboard, the trooper sets off in chase with a constant
acceleration of 3.00 𝑚/𝑠 . (a) How long does it take the trooper to overtake the speeding car? (b) How fast is the
trooper going at that time?

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Problem 28:On a dry road, a car with good tires may be able to brake with a constant deceleration of 4.92 𝑚/𝑠 .
(a) How long does such a car, initially traveling at 24.6 m/s, take to stop? (b) How far does it travel in this time?

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Problem 25:An electric vehicle starts from rest and accelerates at a rate of 2.0 𝑚/𝑠 in a
straight line until it reaches a speed of 20 m/s. The vehicle then slows at a constant rate of
1.0 𝑚/𝑠 until it stops. (a) How much time elapses from star t to stop? (b) How far does
the vehicle travel from start to stop?

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2.4 Freely Falling Objects
• When air resistance is negligible, all objects dropped under the influence of gravity near Earth’s
surface fall toward Earth with the same constant acceleration
• A freely falling object is any object moving freely under the influence of gravity alone, regardless
of its initial motion
• We denote the magnitude of the free-fall acceleration by the symbol g.
• The value of g decreases with increasing altitude, and varies slightly with latitude as well. At
Earth’s surface, the value of g is approximately 𝟗. 𝟖𝟎 𝒎/𝒔𝟐 .

• With the positive direction being upward, the kinematic equations will be:

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Example 2.8 : A ball is thrown from the top of a building with an initial velocity of 20.0 m/s
straight upward, at an initial height of 50.0 m above the ground. The ball just misses the
edge of the roof on its way down, as shown in Figure 2.20. Determine
(a) the time needed for the ball to reach its maximum height
(b) the maximum height.
(c) the time needed for the ball to return to the height from which it was thrown and the
velocity of the ball at that instant.
(d) the time needed for the ball to reach the ground.
(e) The velocity and position of the ball at t=5.00 s.

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Choose the correct answer
1. An object is thrown straight up from ground level with a speed of 50 m/s.
If g = 10 m/𝑠 its distance above ground level 1.0 s later is:
A. 40 m
B. 45 m
C. 50 m
D. 55 m
E. 60 m

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Choose the correct answer
2. At a location where g = 9.80 m/s2, an object is thrown vertically down with
an initial speed of 1.00 m/s. After 5.00 s the object will have traveled:
A. 125 m
B. 127.5 m
C. 245 m
D. 250 m
E. 255 m

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Choose the correct answer
3. An object is thrown vertically upward at 35 m/s. Taking g = 10 m/s2,
the velocity of the object 5 s later is:
A. 7.0 m/s up
B. 15 m/s down
C. 15 m/s up
D. 85 m/s down
E. 85 m/s up

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Choose the correct answer
4. An object is released from rest. How far does it fall during the second second of its
fall?
A. 4.9m
B. 9.8m
C. 15m
D. 20m
E. 25m

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Choose the correct answer
6. As a rocket is accelerating vertically upward at 9.8 m/s2 near Earth’s surface, it releases a
projectile. Immediately after release the acceleration (in m/s2) of the projectile is:
A. 9.8 down
B. 0
C. 9.8 up
D. 19.6 up
E. none of the above

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Choose the correct answer
7. A stone is released from a balloon that is descending at a constant speed of 10 m/s.
Neglecting air resistance, after 20 s the speed of the stone is:
A. 2160 m/s
B. 1760 m/s
C. 206 m/s
D. 196 m/s
E. 186 m/s

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Choose the correct answer
8. An object dropped from the window of a tall building hits the ground in 12.0 s. If its
acceleration is 9.80 𝑚/𝑠 , the height of the window above the ground is:
A. 29.4 m
B. 58.8 m
C. 118 m
D. 353 m
E. 706 m

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