MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING

between the Government of the Republic of South Africa

and the Government of the Russian Federation
on Cooperation in Antarctica

The Government of the Republic of South Africa and the Government of the Russian
Federation (hereinafter "the Participants"),

Being original Parties to the Antarctic Treaty of I December 1959 (hereinafter "the
Treaty"),

Being amongst the founding members of the Commission for the Conservation of
Antarctic Marine Living Resources of 20 May 1980, (hereinafter "the Convention"),

Being among the founding members of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to

the Antarctic Treaty of 4 October 1991 (hereinafter "the Protocol"),

Noting the importance of developing and strengthening capacity in the Antarctic

Treaty System,

Recognising the valuable contribution of explorers and scientists of the two countries
in Antarctica and the importance of these achievements,

Considering the extensive and diverse activities carried out by the Participants in the
Treaty and Convention Area,

Taking into account the experience of their long-term and multi-dimensional

cooperation in the sphere of scientific exploration in Antarctica,

Guided by the provisions of the Treaty, Convention and Protocol,

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Noting the importance of bilateral collaboration with respect to the protection of

Antarctic marine and terrestrial environments, including their resources,

Determined to enhance their bilateral cooperation in Antarctica in furtherance of their

global collaboration,

have reached the following understandings:

1. The Participants intend to consult regularly through their respective Foreign

.Mmistries on issues of common interest concerning the implementation of the
Treaty and other elements of the Antarctic Treaty System, including preparation
for Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings ("ATCM"), meetings of the
Commission for the Conservation of the Antarctic Marine Living Resources
("CCAMLR"), and sessions of the Committee for Environmental Protection
("CEP"), and, where possible, to coordinate their positions on these issues.

2. The Participants intend to cooperate in the organisation and conduct of joint

inspections in the Treaty area under Article VII of the Treaty and Article 14 of the
Protocol.

3. The Participants intend to encourage the:

a) Organisation and implementation of joint projects and programmes for research
and exploration of Antarctica;
b) Participation of scientists and technical experts III each other's national
Antarctic programmes; and
c) Exchange of scientific and technical personnel.
 3

4. The Participants intend to coordinate cooperation in scientific research as well as

logistical and support activities between their respective national Antarctic
programmes as set forth in this Memorandum: the South African National
Antarctic Programme (SANAP) on the South African side and the Arctic and
Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) of the Russian Federal Service For
Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring on the Russian side
("Managers"). Cooperation regarding logistical and support activities may also be
carried out through additional arrangements, as appropriate.

5. The Participants intend to develop associated implementation plans, which may

include establishing a Working Group, comprising representatives from all
interested governmental agencies and governmental institutions.

6. The Participants intend to facilitate scientific cooperation in the Treaty Area and
Convention Area, through the exchange of relevant data in the following areas of
research, including but not limited to:
a) Climate change in Antarctica and its role in understanding global processes;
b) Processes leading to changes in the mass of the Antarctic ice sheet;
c) Monitoring the Antarctic environment, including the exchange of associated
data acquired by South African and Russian Antarctic programmes and
environmental monitoring satellites;
d) Space weather, including the impact of solar wind on the processes in the
Antarctic atmosphere, and related space science research;
e) Modelling of the interactions among components of Antarctic physical and
biological systems;
f) Seismological investigations of the sub-glacial lithosphere and upper mantle;
g) Research on the human impacts and changing environments on micro-
organisms in the Antarctica;
 4

h) Research on micro-organisms in the Antarctica permafrost;

i) Oceanography of marine areas contiguous to the Antarctic Continent; and
j) Comprehensive research of Antarctic sub-glacial environments, aquatic and
sedimentary, as unique isolated ecosystems.

7. The Participants, through the Managers, intend to enhance collaboration in the

field of national expedition logistic support in the Treaty Area, particularly by
providing ship and aviation support in delivering their personnel and cargo to
different areas of Antarctica and exchanging best practices in this field.

8. The Participants, through the Managers, intend to enhance collaboration in the

field of training scientific and technical personnel for participation in expedition
and exploration activities in Antarctica.

9. The Participants intend to enhance collaboration in organising, coordinating and

conducting search and rescue operations in the Treaty area.

IO.The Participants intend to encourage the exchange of experience in developing

educational and cultural projects and programmes that inform the public of the
results of their Antarctic research.

11.The Participants, through the Managers, intend to exchange their best practices in
the field of environmental protection and management of waste disposal from
Antarctica.

12.The Participants will discuss the results of joint projects at bilateral workshops,
symposia and conferences.
 5

13. Unless otherwise mutually decided, each Participant will bear the costs of its
participation in the activities conducted under this Memorandum. Cooperative
activities are to be conducted in accordance with the applicable laws and
regulations of each country and subject to the availability of funds.

14. This Memorandum does not constitute an international treaty or give rise to any
rights or obligations under International law.

15. The Memorandum will come into effect upon signature by the Participants. This
Memorandum may be discontinued at any time by either Participant by providing
12 months' written notice to the other.

Signed at~n ~ 20;1.\ in two originals, each in the English and

Russian languages.

Signed at)/CJSr3IllV on ~3kij 20J.{ in two originals, each in the English and
Russian languages.

For the Government

of the Republic of South Africa
FortheG~
of the Russian Federation
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