The following are NOT mathematical

§1. Mathematical statements

Statements x+y
n

n Happy Birthday!
and ` n Follow me.

Logic n Can we be friends?

n Mathema(cs is interes(ng.

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1.1 Mathematical Statements OPERATIONS: Connectives

n statements that can be assigned a 1. Conjunction “p and q” : p∧q

universal truth value (TRUE or FALSE),
but not both. 2. Disjunction “ p or q” : p∨q

n Symbol: lower case lePers 3. Conditional “If p then q” : p→q

p, q, r, s, ... 4. Biconditional “p if and only if q” : p ↔ q

5. Negation “not p” : ∼p

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Examples: The Conjunction p ∧ q

n p: 1 + 1 = 2 (TRUE) n p ∧ q is true only if BOTH p and q are

n q: 2 + 3 = 6 (FALSE) true. Otherwise, it is false.

n r: All roses are red.

n Examples:

n s: Jose Rizal is our na(onal hero. 1. 1 + 1 = 2 and today is Wednesday.

2. Clouds are pink and today is Tuesday.

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The Disjunction p ∨ q The Biconditional p ↔ q

n p ∨ q is true if at least one statement

(p, q or both) is true. It is false only if
both statements are false.
The bicondi(onal means two things:
n Examples:
(p → q) and (q → p)
1. 1 + 1 = 2 or today is Friday.
2. Clouds are pink or today is Thursday.
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The Conditional p → q The Biconditional p ↔ q

n p ↔ q is true if p and q have the SAME

TRUTH VALUE.
Examples:
n p is called the premise n

1. 1 + 1 = 2 if and only if today is

n q is called the conclusion Wednesday.
2. The clouds are purple if and only if
today is Thursday.
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The Conditional p → q The Negation ∼p

n p → q is FALSE only when the premise
p is true and the conclusion q is false.
Otherwise, it is true. n If p is true, ∼p is false.
n Examples:
n If p is false, ∼p is true.
1. If 1 + 1 = 2, then today is Wednesday.
2. If today is Thursday, then clouds are
green.
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 MAG EXERCISE TAYO!
If p, q, r are true, determine the
truth value of the following:
n p ∨ (q ∧ r)
n p → ∼q
Truth Tables
n p ↔ ∼q
n (∼ p ∨ q) → ∼ r
n (∼ p ∧ q) ∨ ∼ (r → ∼q)
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The statement
“1 + 1 = 3 or 2x = 10”
p∧q
is TRUE for
A. x = 5 p q p∧q
B. x not equal to 5 T T T
C. any number x
T F F
F T F
D. no value of x
F F F

32 35

The statement
“If 1 + 1 = 3 then 2x = 10” is
p∨q
FALSE for
A. x = 5 p q p∨q
B. x not equal to 5 T T T
C. any number x
T F T
F T T
D. no value of x
F F F

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 p → q and p ↔ q Examples: (Equivalence)

p q p→q p↔q
T T T T n You will pass Math 10 if and only if you
T F F F get at least 60%.

F T T F n A polygon is a triangle if and only if it has

three sides.
F F T T

37 40

Relations
n Implica(on p q

If p is true then q must also be true.

1.2 The Negation ~p
n Equivalence p q

If p is true then q must also be true and if

q is true, p must also be true. Similarly, if

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Examples: (Implication) To negate simple

statements:
~p : 1 + 1 ≠ 2
p: 1 + 1 = 2
n If x is a cat then x is a mammal.
~q: Mathematics is NOT
q: Mathematics is
n If you get 60% in Math 10, then you will interesting.
interesting.
pass the course. ~r: The clouds are NOT
r: The clouds are pink.
pink.
s: The earth is round.
~s: The earth is NOT
round.
39 42
 Negating Compound
Statements
De Morgan’s Laws Statements with Quantifiers:
All, Some, None
~(p∧q) ~ p ∨ ~q

~ (p∨q) ~ p ∧~ q

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Examples: p: All UP students are intelligent.

1 + 1 = 2 or the earth is round
n
∼p:
1 + 1 ≠ 2 AND the earth is not round.
NOT all UP students are
n The clouds are pink and the chairs are
red. intelligent.
The clouds are not pink OR the chairs are Some UP students are NOT
not red.
intelligent.
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~(p∧q) ⇔ ~p ∨ ~q p: Some UP students are

intelligent.
p q p∧q ~(p∧q) ~p ∨ ~q
T T T F F
∼p:
T F F T T
F T F T T NO UP student is intelligent.
F F F T T
45 48
 p: No UP student is intelligent.

∼p:
Some UP students are
intelligent.

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To summarize:
n p: All A are B. If p then q.
∼p: Not all A are B.
n q, if p. np is sufficient for q.
∼p: Some A are NOT B.
nq is necessary for p.
n q: Some A are B.
n p only if q.
n p implies q. n ∼p or q.
∼q: No A is B.
n r: No A is B. n All p are q.
∼r: Some A are B.
50 53

Example: If you are a UP

student then you are intelligent.

1.3 The Conditional Premise : You are a UP student (p)

Conclusion : You are intelligent (q)
If p then q.
Write the given statement in symbols.
p→ q

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If you are a UP student then you are
intelligent. (p → q)
n All p are q.
The conditional and its
n All UP students are intelligent
contrapositive are equivalent:
n q, if p.
p→q ⇔∼q → ∼p
n You are
You are intelligent
a UP student if you
if you are aare
UPintelligent.
student

n p only if q.
The converse and the inverse
n You are a UP student only if you are intelligent.
are equivalent:
n ∼p or q.
q→p ∼p → ∼q
n Either you are NOT a UP student or you are intelligent .
55 58

Which are NOT equivalent to

Show: (p➝q)⇔(∼p∨q) All UP students are intelligent.
A. If you are a UP student then you are intelligent.
p q p➝q ∼p∨q B. If you are not a UP student then you are not
intelligent.
T T T T
C. If you are not intelligent then you are not a UP
T F F F student.

F T T T D. If you are intelligent then you are a UP student.

E. You are intelligent if you are a UP student.

F F T T
F. You are a UP student only if you are intelligent.
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Definition: Given the conditional Which are NOT equivalent to

p→q All UP students are intelligent.
A. If you are a UP student then you are intelligent.

B. If you are not a UP student then you are not

nConverse: q→p intelligent.

nInverse: C. If you are not intelligent then you are not a UP

∼p → ∼q student.

nContraposi(ve: ∼q → ∼p D. If you are intelligent then you are a UP student.

E. You are intelligent if you are a UP student.

F. You are a UP student only if you are intelligent.

57 60
 Which are equivalent to
All UP students are intelligent.
No gorilla is playful.
intelligent
A. If you are playful, then you are a gorilla. beings
B. If you are a gorilla then you are playful.
C. If you are a gorilla, then you are NOT playful. UP
students
D. Either you are playful or you are a gorilla.
E. If you are not a gorilla, then you are playful
F. If you are playful then you are not a gorilla.

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Which are equivalent to

No gorilla is playful. Some UP students are intelligent.

A. If you are playful, then you are a gorilla.

B. If you are a gorilla then you are playful.
intelligent
C. If you are a gorilla, then you are not playful. UP beings
D. Either you are playful or you are a gorilla. students
E. If you are not a gorilla, then you are playful
F. If you are playful then you are not a gorilla.

62 65

No UP student is intelligent.

Euler Diagrams intelligent

beings
UP
students

63 66
 All A are B.
VALID
B and
A INVALID
ARGUMENTS
67 70

Some A are B.
Argument
n Premises: p1, p2, p3, …, pn

n Conclusion: q

Argument: (p1 ∧p2 ∧ p3 ∧ …∧ pn) q

B
n

A n We assume all premises are true and verify if q

will follow.
n If the argument is valid, the conclusion is also
represented by the Euler diagram represen(ng
the premises.
68 71

No A is B. Valid Argument
All UP students are intelligent
beings
intelligent.
B Juan is a UP
UP

A student.
Students

Juan
∴Juan is intelligent.

69 72
 Invalid Argument Invalid Argument
All UP students are
All UP students are intelligent intelligent
beings intelligent. beings
intelligent.
UP UP
Juan is NOT a UP
Juan is intelligent. Students Students
student.
Juan
∴Juan is a UP
∴Juan is NOT
student. Juan intelligent. Juan

73 76

To show an argument is invalid Invalid Argument

n Find an Euler diagram which satisfies the premises n Some UP students
but not the conclusion. are intelligent.
Or find two Euler diagrams which both satisfy the intelligent
n
premises but give different conclusions.
n Bantay is
beings
intelligent.
Bantay
∴ Bantay is a UP UP
Note : If the argument is valid, the Euler diagram for students
the premises satisfy the conclusion automatically. student

74 77

Valid Argument Valid Argument

All UP students are intelligent
ANIMALS
intelligent. beings All dogs are animals.
UP
Juan is NOT Some dogs are hairy. DOGS
Students
intelligent.
∴Some animals are
∴Juan is NOT a UP hairy.
student.
Juan hairy
75 78
 Invalid Argument Seatwork: Valid or Invalid?
ANIMALS
All dogs are animals. n All eklavus are jejebelles.
Some animals are DOGS n All (tserakas are chakas.
hairy.
n No (tseraka is an eklavu.
∴Some dogs are hairy.
Therefore, no jejebelle is chaka.

hairy
79 82

Valid or Invalid? Invalid

If you like zombies, If Math 10 were
then you like Train fun, then I’d get Jejebelles Chakas
to Busan. 1.0.
Titserakas
Eklavus v
You don’t like Train Math 10 is not v

to Busan. fun.

∴You don’t like ∴I will not get a 1.0

zombies.
80 83

Give a valid conclusion. Is this valid or invalid?

n No ducks waltz. All mudrakels are bekimons.
All eklavus are jejemons.
n All my poultry are
ducks. No bekimon is a jejemon.
----------------------------------------------
n No officers ever decline
Therefore, no mudrakels is an eklavu.
to waltz.
81 84
 Syllogism
Valid Arguments p→q All poodles are dogs
Forms q→ r All dogs go to heaven.

∴p→r ∴All poodles go to

heaven.

85 88

Modus ponens

p→q
All UP students are
intelligent.
Some Fallacies
p Juan is a UP student.

∴q ∴Juan is intelligent.

86 89

Modus tollens Fallacy of the Converse

All UP students are
All UP students are
p→q intelligent. p→q intelligent.
Juan is not intelligent.
∼q q Juan is intelligent.
∴Juan is not a UP
∴∼p ∴p ∴Juan is a UP student.
student.

87 90
Fallacy of the Inverse Other Fallacies
n Fallacy of false cause
All UP students are n Fallacy of ques(ons
p→q intelligent.
n Fallacy of equivoca(on
Juan is not a UP
∼p student. n Fallacy of composi(on

∴∼q ∴Juan is not intelligent. n Fallacy of hasty generaliza(on

n at marami pang iba (Ad hominem, ad
populum…)
91 94

Assignment: Give a valid

Modus ponens
conclusion:
Babies are If you are a baby then
p q p→q (p→q)∧p [(p→q)∧p]→q illogical. you are illogical.

T T T T T Nobody is If you can manage a

despised who can crocodile then you are
T F F F T manage a not despised.
crocodile.
F T T F T If you are illogical then
you are despised.
Illogical persons
F F T F T are despised.
92
*Lewis Caroll 95

Fallacy of the Converse If you are a baby then

you are illogical.

If you can manage a

Babies
p q p→q (p→q)∧q [(p→q)∧q]→p crocodile then you are
not despised.
T T T T T Illogical
If you are illogical
Despised
T F F F T then you are despised.

F T T T F Manage
F F T F T Crocs

93 96
 MATH 1 FIRST LONG EXAM REVIEWER 9. If I whistle, then it rains. If it rains, then flowers bloom. It does not rain.
I. Choose the letter corresponding to the best answer. (26 pts) Therefore A. I do not whistle C. Flowers don’t bloom.
B. I whistle. D. Flowers bloom.
1. Which of the following is NOT a mathematical statement?
A. Today is Monday. C. 1 + 1 = 3 10. If set X has 4 elements and set Y has 6 elements, which of the following is
B. Use ballpen only. D. All ducks waltz. ALWAYS true?
! A. n( X " Y) = 10 C. n( X " Y) # 10
2. The statement “ 2 is an even number or 2x = 10. ” is TRUE B. n( X " Y) < 10 D. n( X " Y) ! 10
A. for any number x C. only if x ! 5
B. only if x = 5 D. for no value of x. 11. Which of the following sets is NOT equivalent to the set of Natural Numbers?
A. Integers C. Prime Numbers
3. The statement “ If 3x = 12 then 1 is a prime number. ” is FALSE
B. Rational Numbers D. Real Numbers
A. for any number x C. if x ! 4 12. Which of the following is TRUE for any two sets X and Y?
B. only if x = 4 D. for no value of x. A. X – Y = Y – X C. (X $ Y )’ = X’ $ Y’
B. (X $ Y )’ = X’ " Y’ D. X $ % = X
(For numbers 4 –MATH
6) Let1p,FIRST
q, r LONG
represent
EXAMthe REVIEWER
following statements: 9. If I whistle, then it rains. If it rains, then flowers bloom. It does not rain.
p : 2 is the only even prime number. 13. Which of the following is a rational number? C. Flowers don’t bloom.
Therefore A. I do not whistle
I. Choose the letter corresponding to the best answer. (26 pts)
q : Jose Rizal is our national hero.
A. 3.1416B. I whistle.
B. 3 & C. '3 D. Flowers bloom.
D. 1.101100111000…
1. Which ofr :theAllfollowing
violets are blue.a mathematical statement?
is NOT
4. Which
A. Today of the is following
Monday. statements C.is true?
1+1=3 10.
14.If Which
set X fraction
has 4 elements
is equal toand set Y has 6 elements, which of the following is
.454545…..
B. A.
Usepballpen and r.only. D. C.All Ifducks
q then r.
waltz. ALWAYS true?
A. 45/100 C. 45/99
! B. Not p or q. D. q if and only if r. B. 9/20A. n( X " Y) = 10 D. 45/90C. n( X " Y) # 10
2. 5.
TheWhich
statement “ 2 is an even number
of the following statements is false?or 2x = 10. ” is TRUE B. n( X " Y) < 10 D. n( X " Y) ! 10
A. A.
for (pany 15. Which of the following is equal to 123 (base 5)?
andnumber
q) or r x C. C.onlyp ifif and
x !only
5 if (q or r)
B. B. onlyIf qif thenx = 5(p or r). D. D.for Ifno(p value of then
and q) x. r. 11. Which A. of35
the followingB. sets
36 is NOT equivalent
C. 38 to theD.
set63of Natural Numbers?
A. Integers C. Prime Numbers
3. The statement “ If 3x = 12 then 1 is97 a prime number. ” is FALSE
6. What is the negation of the statement “q or r”? 16. Which of the B. following
Rationalis Numbers D. Real
NOT equal to 23 (base 10) Numbers
A.A.for
Jose
anyRizal is not xour nationalC.
number hero
if and
x ! some4 violets are not blue. 12. Which of the following is TRUE for any two sets X and Y?
B.B. only
Jose ifRizal
x =is4not our nationalD. hero
forand all violets
no value of x.are not blue. A. 43(base 5) B. 113(base 4) C. 212(base 3) C. 10101(base2)
A. X – Y = Y – X C. (X $ Y )’ = X’ $ Y’
C. Jose Rizal is not our national hero or some violets are not blue.
B. (X $ Y )’ = X’ " Y’ D. X $ % = X
D. Jose
(For numbers Rizal
4 – 6) Letisp,notq,our r national
represent herotheorfollowing
all violetsstatements:
are not blue. 17. What is -4 in (5 ?
p : 2 of
7. Which is the following
only evenisprime number. to statement r ?
NOT equivalent 13. WhichA.of1the following
B.is2 a rational number?
C. 3 D. 4
q : Jose Rizal A. is our
If it national
is a violethero.
then it is blue.
r : All violets B.areIf blue. A. 3.1416 B. 3 & C. '3 D. 1.101100111000…
it is not blue then it is not a violet. 18. Which of the following is congruent to 5(mod 3)?
4. Which of the following C. Ifstatements is true?
it is blue then it is a violet. 14. Which fraction is equal to .454545…..
A. p and r. D. If it is not a violet C. then
If qit is
then
not rblue.
. A. 3
A. 45/100 B. 8 C.
C. 12
45/99 D. 15
B. Not p or q. D. q if and only if r.
8. Which of the following is equivalent to the statement : B. 9/20 D. 45/90
19. In (4 , 2 ) 3 * 1
No monkeyisisfalse?
5. Which of the following statements hairless.
15. WhichA.of0the following
B.is1 equal to 123C.(base
2 5)? D. 3
A. A.
(p Ifand
youq)are
ora rmonkey, then youC. are
p ifhairless.
and only if (q or r)
B. B.
If Ifq you are(pnot
then or hairless,
r). then you’re
D. If (pa monkey.
and q) then r. A. 35 B. 36 C. 38 D. 63
C. If you are not a monkey, then you’re hairless. 20. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
6. What isD.
theIfnegation
you are hairless then you are
of the statement “q not a monkey.
or r”? A. All natural numbers are integers.
16. Which of the following is NOT equal to 23 (base 10)
A. Jose Rizal is not our national hero and some violets are not blue. B. No rational number is irrational.
B. Jose Rizal is not our national hero and all violets are not blue. C. 43(base
A. Some rational
5) B.numbers
113(baseare4) integers.
C. 212(base 3) C. 10101(base2)
C. Jose Rizal is not our national hero or some violets are not blue. D. All rational numbers are terminating decimals.
D. Jose Rizal is not our national hero or all violets are not blue. 17. What is -4 in (5 ?
7. Which of the following is NOT equivalent to statement r ? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
A. If it is a violet then it is blue.
B. If it is not blue then it is not a violet. 18. Which of the following is congruent to 5(mod 3)?
C. If it is blue then it is a violet.
D. If it is not a violet then it is not blue. A. 3 B. 8 C. 12 D. 15

8. Which of the following is equivalent to the statement : 19. In (4 , 2 ) 3 * 1

No monkey is hairless.
A. If you are a monkey, then you are hairless. A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3
B. If you are not hairless, then you’re a monkey.
C. If you are not a monkey, then you’re hairless. 20. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
D. If you are hairless then you are not a monkey. A. All natural numbers are integers.
B. No rational number is irrational.
C. Some rational numbers are integers.
D. All rational numbers are terminating decimals.

98