TRADE PROJECT

THIKA TECHNICAL TRAINING INSTITUTE

BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

PROJECT TITLE

TRADE PROJECT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A MODERN HOSTEL AT THIKA TECHNICAL TRAINING
INSTITUTE

SUBMITTED TO

THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL (KNEC) IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
DIPLOMA IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.

STUDENT’S NAME: ISAAC GITONGA

INDEX ::

CENTER NAME: THIKA TECHNICAL TRAINING INSTITUTE

DEPARTMENT: BUIDLDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

EXAM SERIES: NOVEMBER 2023

SUPERVISOR: MR JIMSON NGUGI

COURSE CODE: 2705

DECLARATION

I declare that this project is my original work. I also affirm to the best of my knowledge that it has not
been submitted to any college for examination or any other purpose. I hereby presented as partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the diploma in building technology.

CANDIDATE: Isaac Gitonga

DATE: ……………………………………

SIGNATURE: …………………………………………….

This project has been submitted to the examination council with my approval.

LECTURE: MR JIMSON NGUGI.

DATE: ………………………………………………..

SIGNATURE: ………………………………………………
ACKNOWLEDGE
I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude and acknowledge the invaluable
contributions of several individuals and organizations that have played a significant role in the success of
this project. Firstly, I would like to extend my deepest appreciation to my project supervisor MR JIMSON
NGUGI, whose guidance, expertise, and support have been instrumental throughout this journey. Their
wisdom and insights have shaped the project's direction and enriched its outcomes.

I would also like to thank my fellow class members and my parents who have worked tirelessly alongside
me. Their dedication, collaboration, and diverse perspectives have fostered an environment of
innovation and productivity.

Additionally, I extend my thanks to THIKA TECHNICAL INSTITUTE for providing the necessary resources,
facilities, and opportunities that enabled the realization of this project. Their commitment to fostering
an environment of learning and growth has been invaluable.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION.

PROPOSED PROJECT CONSTRUCTION OF MODERN HOSTELS

The structure is to be constructed on a 60 x 70 meters plot size located at the institute near dining hall.
The structure will be of two stories where a staircase will be constructed to connect all the stories of the
structure, ramp and an elevator purposely to be designed for students living with disabilities. These
hostels will improve the living standards of students where they will have spacious rooms reducing
congestion in the other hostels.

This project will lead to creation of employment to the students of the institute and the surrounding
society where skilled and unskilled workmanship for the while construction will be required. These
hostels will generate a source of income for the institution where each student will be required to pay
kshs.10,000 per semester to the board.

The structure will be of two stories.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

The current state of hostel accommodations in the institution is inadequate and fails to meet the
growing demand of students. Existing hostels suffer from issues such as limited capacity, substandard
facilities, lack of security measures, and inefficient management systems. This creates significant
challenges for students seeking affordable and comfortable accommodations and for travelers seeking a
safe and welcoming environment.

These challenges result in overcrowding, compromised living conditions, and a negative impact on the
overall well-being and experience of individuals relying on hostel accommodations.

Therefore, the aim of the hostel project is to address these pressing issues by designing and
implementing a modern, sustainable, and technologically advanced hostel facility. Am focus on
enhancing the capacity, safety, and comfort of the hostel, while implementing streamlined management
systems to ensure a seamless experience for both guests and staff.

By providing a well-designed, secure, and efficiently managed hostel, I seek to meet the growing
demand for affordable and high-quality accommodations, improve the overall experience of students
and contribute to the development and growth of our community's hospitality infrastructure.

Through my project, I aspire to create a model hostel that sets a new standard for accommodations,
offering a welcoming, convenient, and reliable place for individuals to reside during their academic. My
goal is to address the pressing need for improved hostel facilities and contribute to the overall well-
being and satisfaction of our community members.
AIM OF THE PROJECT

The aim of the hostel construction project is to design, build, and establish a state-of-the-art hostel
facility that meets the accommodation needs of students, travelers, and other individuals in our
community. The primary objectives of this project are as follows:

Increased Capacity: The construction of the hostel aims to provide a higher number of quality
accommodation options, addressing the existing shortage and meeting the growing demand for
affordable and comfortable living spaces.

Enhanced Comfort and Amenities: The new hostel facility will be designed to prioritize the comfort and
well-being of residents. It will include modern amenities such as spacious and well-furnished rooms,
clean and hygienic common areas, recreational facilities, study areas, and access to essential services.

Improved Safety and Security: The construction project will focus on implementing robust safety
measures to ensure the well-being and security of hostel residents. This includes the installation of
secure access systems, CCTV surveillance, fire safety equipment, and other necessary precautions.

Sustainable and Eco-friendly Design: The hostel construction project will incorporate sustainable
practices and energy-efficient technologies to reduce the environmental impact. Emphasis will be placed
on using eco-friendly materials, implementing energy-saving measures, and promoting waste
management and recycling initiatives.

Modern Management Systems: Alongside the physical construction, the project will also integrate
efficient management systems. This includes implementing advanced reservation and booking systems,
automated check-in and check-out processes, as well as streamlined facility management to enhance
operational efficiency and improve the overall experience for guests.
OBJECTIVES.

To provide;

Quality and Comfort

- Provide high-quality accommodations with comfortable living spaces.

- Ensure adequate room size, furniture, bedding, ventilation, and lighting.

- Offer amenities that enhance residents' comfort and well-being.

Safety and Security

- Implement comprehensive safety and security measures.

- Install surveillance systems, access control mechanisms, and fire safety equipment.

- Establish emergency response protocols for resident safety.

Technological Integration

- Integrate modern technologies to streamline operations and enhance resident experience.

- Implement automated booking and check-in processes.

- Provide smart room controls, Wi-Fi connectivity, and other technological advancements.
PROJECT LOCATION

The structure is to be constructed opposite the dining hall and the students will easily access the hall for
their meals. This project is also near most of the classes unlike the old hostels which have 5 minutes
walking distance

FROM
THIKA MKU
PRISON

Registrar

Dean office

NTB

PROPOSED PROJECT
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

Walls will be constructed with block of 200mm thick which is of first class that is able to resist all
weather conditions. The joint size will be of 200mm mortar mixed in the ratio of 1:3cement sand
respectively. The number of courses will be 10. The floor will be designed using different tile texture
depending on the purpose of every room; corridor and washroom tiles are expected to be rough
compared to those of the rooms. The roof will be designed by hip and gable roof designs with red color
designs.
THE EXPECTED COST

MATERIALS

The cost of all the materials that will be required for the whole construction project is 60% of the funds
allocated for this project.

LABOUR

Skilled persons will be paid ksh. 1000

Unskilled persons will be paid ksh. 600

The cost of labour for the whole construction project is awarded 20% of the projects fund. The cost
needed to furnish the whole project is 10% of the projects funds.

The operation cost like excavation of trenches, hire of plants needed in the whole operation is 5% of the
projects funds. The unforeseen operation cost like drainage etc. is 5% of the projects funds

The unforeseen operation cost like drainage etc. is 5% of the projects funds.
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the proposed hostel project holds significant promise in addressing the pressing need for
quality accommodations in our community. Through the construction of a modern and sustainable
hostel facility, we aim to meet the growing demand for affordable and comfortable living spaces for
students, travelers, and individuals seeking temporary housing.

By focusing on key objectives such as increased capacity, enhanced comfort and amenities, improved
safety and security, sustainable design, technological integration, and community engagement, we
envision creating a hostel that sets new standards in terms of quality, convenience, and overall resident
satisfaction.

Through meticulous planning, efficient project management, and collaboration with stakeholders, we
are confident in our ability to deliver a hostel facility that surpasses expectations. The successful
completion of this project will not only provide a positive impact on the lives of residents but also
contribute to the overall development and growth of our community.

I recognize that the construction of a hostel is just the beginning. It is our commitment to provide
ongoing management, maintenance, and continuous improvement to ensure the longevity and success
of the hostel facility.
CHAPTER 2

2.0 SURVEYING
Conduct the necessary reconnaissance to get an overview of the scope of the
work

Collect data necessary for plotting site plan showing all critical existing
features using appropriate method

Take levels to facilitate plotting of contours using a grid of 1m

Plot a contour plan

Plot a combined plan of the main features and contours.

The main objectives of carrying out reconnaissance surveying were to

Identify natural and man mad features

Identify the type of soil

Point out drainage and sewage line

Further metrological data

Getting permission from adjoining owners

Instrument used during surveying include

Theodolite, Leveling staff, Hammer, Pegs and pangas, Steel tape, Tanging rod,
Builder line

Selection of stations

The points on the ground joining the station of the main survey line were
established

The points ABCD on the ground to cover the area proposed for the project

The stations the marked by pegs.

Methods of determining contours

Use of grid method

Procedure

Grid squares are set on site 7m by 7m

Level the taken at point of intersection of lines

The data booked on the field book

Then the data reduced in the office by height of collimation method

Contour lines are determined by interpolation method and dereating scale

Interpolation of Contours

Done through arithmetic calculations

The survey line to cover the whole area selected and compass bearing were
taken to fix direction.

Sur vey lines were drawn on the ground by obtaining one main baseline to form
a series of self-checking triangles.

Measurement of offsets

Offsets are measured along the chain line by use of tape measure

Setting out triangle

Done by use of 345 method or use of factor method

Leveling

Is the determination of relative height of different points on the area under

survey

Reasons for leveling

To determine the difference in height between two or more points

To determine the attitude of the ground at a number of points

To set out levels on horizontal surface such as plane table

Booking of levels

Is the entering of data collected in the field in the level bar

The data entered in the level book is then reduced by height of collimation
method

Contouring is an imaginary line on the ground joining the points of equal

elevations

Surveying is conducted so as to determine the relative points on or beneath the

surface of the earth by means of direct /indirect measurement of distances

Aims /objectives of carrying out survey

To determine position of relative points on the earth surface so as to prepare

plans and maps of the area on horizontal plane

To determine the nature of the ground

Ways of preliminary reconnaissance survey is to be

conducted
Walking around the field

Noting all the obstacles to the survey

Consulting the existing maps and plans of the area

Locating facilities near site

Deciding where the station will be positioned

Making a neat sketch of the site

2.1 SOIL SPECIMEN PREPARATION

2.1.1 Disturbed soil sample
Take 2.5kg soil from a thoroughly mixed air-dried or oven dried and evaluated
the moisture content

Remove the collar of mould, measure the internal dimension of the mould,
weigh the mould with dummy plate in grams
Apply a little grease on the inside of the mould

Clamp the mould between the base plate and the extension collar and place the
assembly on a solid base

Place soil specimen in the mould and compact it at the required dry density
using a suitable compacting device (hammer)

Take a small specimen of the soil in a container for the water content
determination

Remove the collar and base plate; trim the excess soil level with the top of the
mould

Clean the outside of mould and the dummy plate

Find the mass of the soil in the mould

The mould with the sample is new place over the perimeter. This will have
drainage and cup discs properly saturated.

2.1.2 Undisturbed soil sample

Check for undisturbed soil sample

Trim the specimen in a form of cylinder not larger than 85cm in diameter and
having a height equal to that of the mould

Place the specimen over porous disc of the drainage base fixed to the mould

Use impervious material like cement slurry to fill the space between mould and
the specimen

Fix the drainage cap over the top of the mould

2.2 PROCEDURE
Connect the specimen to the selected stand-pipe through the top inlet

Open the bottom outlet and record the time interval required for the water level
to tell from a known initial head to a known final head as measured above the
Centre of the outlet

Refill the stand-pipe with water and repeat the test till three successive
observations give nearly same time interval; the time intervals being recorded
for the drop in head from the same initial to final values as in the first
determination
Alternatively, after selecting the suitable initial and final head h1 and h2
respectively, observe the time intervals for the head to fall from h1 to (h1*h2)
^0.5 and similarly from (h1*h2) ^0.5 to h2

The time intervals should be the same otherwise the observation shall be
repeated after refilling the pipe

2.3 CONCERETE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

2.3.1 Compressive strength test of concrete cubes.

Following the procedure for testing the compressive strength of concrete cubes

2.3.2 Apparatus for concrete cube test

I will need a compression testing machine and concrete cube mould

2.3.3 Preparation of concrete cube specimen

The proportion and material for making these test specimen are from the same
concrete used in the field

2.3.4 Specimen

6 cubes of 15cm*15cm*15cm size mix m15 or above

2.3.5 Mixing of concrete for cube test

I will mix the concrete by a laboratory batch mixer

2.3.6 Curing of cubes

The test specimens will be started in moist air for 24hours and after this period
the specimens

Will be marked and remove from the mould and kept submerged in clear
freshwater until taken out prior to test for preferred number of days i.e. 7, 14,
28days

2.3.7 Precautions for test

The water for curing will be tested every 7days and the temperatures of the
water must be at 27± 2c

2.3.8 Procedure for concrete cube test

Remove the specimen from the water after specified curing time and wipe out
excess water from the surface.

Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m

Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine

Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be
applied to the opposite sides of the cube cast

Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine

Rotate the movable portion generally by hand so that it touches the top surface
of the specimen

Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of
140kg/cm2 minute till the specimen fails

Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure

2. 4 CONCRETE SLUMP TEST

2. 4.1 equipment required for concrete slump test

Mould for slump test i.e. slump cone non-porous base plate measuring scale,
tamping rod.

The mould for the test is in the form of the frustum of a cone having height
30cm bottom 20cm and top diameter 10cm

The taping rod is of steel 16mm diameter and 60cm long and rounded at one
end
2. 4.2 sampling of materials for slump test

Concrete mix by weight with suitable water /cement ratio is prepared in the
laboratory and will be required for casting 6 cubes after conducting slump test.

2. 4.3 Procedure for concrete slump cone test

Clean the internal surface of the mould and apply oil

Place the mould on smooth horizontal non-porus base plate

Fill the mould with the prepared concrete mix in 4 approximately equal layers

Tamp each layer with 25strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod in a
uniform manner over the cross section of the mould

For the subsequent layers, tamping should penetrate into the underlying

Remove the excess concrete and level the surface with a towel

Clean away the mortar or water leaked out between the mould and base

Raise the mould from the concrete immediately and slowly in vertical direction

Measure the slump as the difference between the height of the mould and that
of height point of height point of the specimen being tested

Concrete slump test procedure

Note

The above operation will be carried out in a place free from vibration or shock
and within a period of 2 minutes after sampling

The slump will be carried out as per procedure mentioned in ASTM C143 in the
United States, 15:1199-1959 in India and EN123502 in Europe.

2. 5 SOIL SIEVE ANALYSIS TEST

2. 5.1 Apparatus

Stack of test sieves

Balance (with accuracy to 0.01g)

Rubber pestle and mortar (for crushing test)

Sieve shakes
Oven

The balance used should be sensitive to 0.1% of fatal weight of sample taken

2. 5.2 Procedure

Take a representative oven-dried sample that weighs approximately 500g

If particles are lumped or conglomerated, crush the slump but not the particles
using the pestle and mortar

Determine the mass of sample accurately-weigh (g)

Prepare a stack of test sieves. The sieves are stacked in order, with the largest
aperture size at the top and the smallest at the bottom. A receiver is placed
under all of the sieves to collect samples

Weigh all the sieves and the pan separately

Pour the sample from step 3 into top of the stuck of sieves and put the lid on
place the stack in the sieve shorter and fix the clamps ,adjust the timer to
between 10 and 15 minutes and switch on the shaker

Stop the sieve shaker and measure the mass of each sieve and retained
soil/material
2.6 DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

2.6.1 Concrete slump test

Reason why concrete slump test is important is that it will help measure the
consistency of fresh concrete before it sets and check workability

Table 1 Actual slump ranges obtained on site for different grades of concrete
and specified work abilities

Concrete grade Specified slump Minimum slump Maximum slump

at site (mm) at site (mm)
C25 180 190 200
C30 125 130 140
C40 200 200 220
C50 200 180 210
C50 220 220 240
C60 (slump flow) 650-800 650 750

Results

Slumps for the given sample is 50mm and the shape of the concrete sump is
true shape

Discussion

From the performed experiment we came to know that our mean sumo value
was 50mm which describes that it is a true slump and workability is medium

The slumped concrete takes various shapes and according to the profiles of the
slumped concrete, the slump is termed as true slump, shear slump or collapse
slump

If a shear or collapse slump is achieved a fresh sample should be taken and test
repeated

A collapse test indicates that the mix is too wet.

Change in slump height would demonstrated an undesired change in the region

of the concrete ingredients.
Very dry mixer having slump 0.25mm are typically used in road making, slump
10-40mm are typically used for foundation with light reinforcement,50-90mm
are used for normal reinforced concrete placed with vibration and high
workability concrete with slump >100mm

Limitations for slump test

Its suitable for slump of medium to high workability, the slumps in the range of
5-260mm the test fails to determine the workability in stiff mixes which have
zero slump

Conclusion

The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it
sets and checks the workability of freshly made concrete and the ease at which
it flows

It is also used as an indicator of improperly mixed batch

2.6.2 Dry soil grain size analysis

This was done to determine the grain size distribution of soil sample by which
the soil will be classified and their engineering properties assessed.

Sieve analysis is done to assess the particles size distribution where the
granular materials is allowed to pass through a series of sieves of progressively
smaller mesh size and weighing the amount of material that is stopped by each
sieve as a fraction of the whole mass.
CHAPTER 3

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

Table 1; laboratory data for compaction test

Analysis

ASTM D 698
In oven @ 110°C for 24 hrs.
Tin +
Tin Wet Mold Mold +Wet
Test # Tin + Dry Soil (g) Empty Tin (g)
Label Wt. Wt. (g) Soil Wt. (g)
(g)
PL 1-3 124.58 16.7 131.36
1 LL 1-2 213.54 30.6 245.36 2045.1 3941.9
1-3 232.22 30.6 245.36
LL 2-1 84.54 21.97 94.71
2 PL 2-3 101.98 30.39 111.98 2075 4037.8
LL 2-3 108.40 16.69 121.12
LL 3-1 144.96 22.03 157.7
3 LL 3-2 164.66 21.59 179.93 4167.2 6106
LL 3-3 148.54 17.3 161.7
5-1 79.83 17.82 85.1
4 5-2 156.18 30.44 166.9 2050.2 3922.8
5-3 95.83 21.68 102.2
10-1 123.51 30.49 142.5
5 10-2 57.56 17.23 65.8 2077.3 4005.5
10-3 81.61 30.25 91.9
PL 5-1 82.46 30.4 83.5
6 PL 5-2 110.22 30.3 111.9 2046 3620
PL 5-3 105.25 30.5 107
LL 6-1 52.47 10.9 55.83
7 LL 6-2 49.44 11.4 52.18 2080 3894
6 88.07 16.8 92.72
 Moisture Average
wet mass of Moist density dry density
content moisture
soil (g) ( )
(W %) content
6%
17% 10% 1896.8 2.009 1.826
7%
16%
14% 15% 1962.8 2.079 1.813
14%
10%
11% 10% 1938.8 2.054 1.861
10%
8%
9% 9% 1872.6 1.984 1.828
9%
20%
20% 20% 1928.2 2.043 1.698
20%
2%
2% 2% 1574 1.667 1.632
2%
8%
7% 7% 1814 1.922 1.791
7%
Table 2. Analyzed data for proctor test.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Sieve analysis
Initial wt. 83.04
empty sieve weight, wt. retained +sieve,
AOS (mm) Sieve MI(g) MT(g)
0.841 20 623.3 623.41
0.25 60 551.33 564.33
0.177 80 556.79 566.7
0.125 120 520.31 535.21
0.105 140 519.11 527.32
0.074 200 523.86 535.43
Pan 377.91 403.32
Table 2. Data from sieve analysis

Sieve analysis
Initial
wt. 83.04 `
empty
sieve wt. retained wt.
AOS weight, +sieve, retained, Retained, cumulative, percent finer
(mm) Sieve Mi(g) MT(g) WR (g) R% C% (P)%
0.841 20 623.3 623.41 0.11 0.132354711 0.132355 99.8676453
0.25 60 551.33 564.33 13 15.64192035 15.77428 84.2257249
0.177 80 556.79 566.7 9.91 11.9239562 27.69823 72.3017687
0.125 120 520.31 535.21 14.9 17.92804717 45.62628 54.3737216
0.105 140 519.11 527.32 8.21 9.878474311 55.50475 44.4952473
0.074 200 523.86 535.43 11.57 13.92130911 69.42606 30.5739382
Pan 377.91 403.32 25.41 30.57393815 100 0
83.11
Table 3. Data analyzed from sieve analysis experiment

Results and data analysis

Results
chang
Lo Associate Vertic
Axial e in Uavg
ad d Time of S100 Uavg al
Stress P height (%) Δe er
Ste Deformat (in.) (%) Strain
(psf) (inche Total
p ion (ε)
s)
1 100.000 5.500 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.440 0.000
2 235.000 485.633 0.003 0.003 65.606 1.914 0.004 0.436 0.003
3 468.000 965.863 0.003 0.005 89.306 5.551 0.004 0.433 0.003
4 937.000 1446.143 0.005 0.010 74.315 10.184 0.007 0.426 0.005
5 1875.000 1626.357 0.008 0.018 81.567 19.086 0.011 0.415 0.008
6 3750.000 2106.627 0.012 0.029 83.992 32.335 0.017 0.398 0.012
7 7500.000 2586.830 0.015 0.044 84.540 49.203 0.021 0.377 0.015
8 10000.00 3066.930 0.006 0.050 75.333 57.410 0.009 0.368 0.006
9 7500.000 3546.997 -0.002 0.048 92.431 57.132 -0.003 0.370 -0.002
10 10000.000 4027.200 0.002 0.051 86.428 59.287 0.003 0.367 0.002
11 12500.000 4507.167 0.005 0.056 71.028 63.915 0.007 0.360 0.005
12 15000.000 4987.900 0.005 0.061 70.247 69.792 0.007 0.353 0.005
13 18000.000 5467.967 0.006 0.067 73.139 76.563 0.008 0.344 0.006
14 24000.000 5948.353 0.010 0.077 79.772 87.827 0.014 0.330 0.010
15 30000.000 6428.350 0.008 0.085 74.666 97.521 0.012 0.318 0.008
16 0.000 6488.450 -0.033 0.052 88.970 65.216 -0.048 0.366 -0.033
Table 1A: analyzed data from the consolidation test

e Total
H100 H50
Consolidation t50 (min) T50 cv (in^2/min)
(in.) (in)
(%)
44.000 1.000 0.500 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.0070005
43.996 0.998 0.499 7.000 0.197
80
0.0000996
43.993 0.993 0.496 486.680 0.197
84
0.0000492
43.986 0.983 0.491 966.080 0.197
21
0.0000400
43.975 0.965 0.483 1146.240 0.197
12
0.0000265
43.958 0.936 0.468 1626.390 0.197
13
0.0000185
43.937 0.892 0.446 2106.730 0.197
88
0.0000134
43.928 0.842 0.421 2587.250 0.197
80
0.0000101
43.930 0.793 0.397 3066.950 0.197
03
0.0000075
43.927 0.743 0.371 3578.517 0.197
89
0.0000057
43.920 0.687 0.343 4027.920 0.197
69
0.0000042
43.913 0.626 0.313 4508.870 0.197
83
0.0000030
43.904 0.560 0.280 4988.320 0.197
93
0.0000021
43.890 0.483 0.242 5468.070 0.197
03
0.0000013
43.878 0.398 0.199 5948.650 0.197
14
0.0000009
43.926 0.347 0.173 6428.380 0.197
21
Table 1B: analyzed data from the consolidation test
Soil Sieve Analysis
REFERENCES

Mahajan, L., Mahadik, S., & Bhagat, S. R. (2020, November). Investigation of Fly Ash
Concrete by Slump Cone and Compaction Factor Test. In IOP Conference Series: Materials
Science and Engineering (Vol. 970, No. 1, p. 012011). IOP Publishing.
Júlio, E. N., Branco, F. A., Silva, V. D., & Lourenço, J. F. (2006). Influence of added concrete
compressive strength on adhesion to an existing concrete substrate. Building and
Environment, 41(12), 1934-1939.

Lunne, T., Berre, T., & Strandvik, S. (1998, January). Sample disturbance effects in deep water
soil investigations. In Offshore Site Investigation and Foundation Behavior: New
Frontiers-Proceedings of an International Conference. Society of Underwater
Technology.

Miksa, F. (1996). The cultural legacy of the" modern library" for the future. Journal of education
for library and information science, 37(2), 100-119.

Abbreviations and formulas

For every abbreviations used formulas in the upcoming chapters, they will be written at the
beginning of the respective chapters
FINISHES AND SERVICES
Walls

The walls will be plastered both internally and externally and they will be painted white in the
inside and glossy brown with stripes of black vertically and horizontally to emphasize the color

Roof

There will be use of a trussed roof since it’s readily available and easy to construct

Slab

The slab will be tiled with white tiles and terrazzo may be applicable where necessary

Stairways

Stairways will have metallic and stylish railing for safety and aesthecity

The staircase will be painted and tiled apart from the rump

Doors

Modern double doors will be used in the entrance and generic doors for the rooms allocated

Windows

Very long windows will be used that my act as curtain walls

CONSTUCTION MANAGEMENT
It entails the planning and management of available construction resources. The main functions of the
management will be;

 planning and schedule of activities

 organizing human resource and plan

 staffing management and operatives

 directing human resources

 controlling the construction resources

 Coordinating construction activities.

It will entail organizing, planning and scheduling of the project activities based on modern construction
principles and analysis method executing work. The project tool and techniques will be employed in
order to achieve efficient utilization of the project resources.

3.2.2 CONTRACT SCHEDULING

It would involve arranging construction activities according to order of their priority. Scheduling would
be done by use of;

I. Bar chart for construction work

II. Labor schedule

III. Finance schedule

3.3 Project input and activities

The development of the proposed design of a modern hostels project. But not be limited to the
following inputs:

a) Land - Land is necessary for sitting the petrol station. The proponent has acquired land for the facility.

b) Water - The project area is well served by water from nearby river source.

c) Labour - during the construction and operation of the project. It is the intention of the

Proponent that this labour is sourced from within the local community. This will be a direct

Economic benefit to them and will go far in creating a friendly relationship between the projects and the
neighboring community.

d) Input during construction - The materials that shall be used include building sand,
Aggregates, natural stones; hand cut construction stones, repainted LT5 sheets. Others include

Concrete block for constructing selected internal and external pavements, precast units for drains,

PVC pipes for sewer and water reticulation, cabro works, wire mesh, water tanks and steel

Gutters. Window casement and glasses, spades, pick axes, and jembes and a host of other tools will also
be needed.

Inputs during operation - Materials used for building works will be procured from the

Suppliers during the operation phase of the project. These include building materials and other facilities
associated with fuel station operations.

3.4 Project Implementation Sequencing)

Pre-construction stage

This involved the following:

Plan preparation and seeking of the appropriate approvals from the relevant

Authorities.

Appraisal of baseline condition to determine supply and demand for required

Infrastructural services. Project report preparation.

ii) Construction stage

This will involve the following:

Establishment of related works and all support infrastructures that are

Significant for the construction work: This would involve the transportation of

Machinery and deployment of the workers to the construction site. The machinery

Would be used for ground breaking and for transportation of materials from the

Sources to the site. It is important to note that light machinery will be used at this

Stage. The major machineries that would be used include: Mixers, Welding machines

And transmission machines. The contractor would also mobilize human workforce to

The site. Both casual (unskilled) and permanent (skilled) would be hired.

Site Clearance:

This will involve clearing of the site of any debris and foreign materials.

Acquisition and transportation of building materials

The contractor shall source for materials for construction from the various available suppliers. Supply of
Materials would be a continuous activity throughout the project life since different Materials will be
needed at different phases of the construction. The materials that

Shall be used in the construction include among others building stones, sand, ballast,

Cement, timber, reinforced concrete frame, steel, bars, G.I pipes, PVC pipes,

Pavement blocks, concrete slabs, murram, hardcore, insulated electrical cables and timber among
others.

Construction of modern hostels

The engineering designs and site layout plans that have been approved shall be implemented. The
setting would comply with the specifications set out by the client to the contractor under the
supervision of qualified engineers. In accordance with the designs and the layout plans, the construction
of the proposed project and associated infrastructure will begin immediately NEMA approves the
project report. The contractor will then be supplied with all the approved documents.

Excavation and land filling works

This is part of normal construction works

Transportation of the construction wastes from the site for landscaping

Solid and liquid waste management - Waste management infrastructure shall be set thus dustbin
cubicles and shall be protected from rain and animals. These will be used both during construction and
occupation stages.

iii) Occupation stage - This stage shall involve running and managing the facility as per the laid down
rules and procedures.

iv) Decommissioning Phase - Decommissioning refers to the final disposal of the project and associated
materials at the expiry of the project life span. This is dealt with in chapter ten of this project report.

3.5 Wastes
There will be liquid, solid and gaseous wastes from the project site. These will be from project activities
during construction operation and decommissioning. There shall be effluents from building works,
workers and the storm water. It is envisaged that at the construction stage, effluent that shall be
discharged will also be sprinkled on area of working to reduce dust generation by construction
machinery. Other wastes from construction site will be mainly material residues of the construction
material. These include pieces of concrete, heaps of sand and aggregates, bits and pieces of various pipe
types, cans of paint, polythene sheets, paper packing materials, pieces of timber, pieces of iron (metals)
among others scattered within the project site.

Wastes during operation will include used papers and effluent from toilet flushing. It is expected that
the effluent shall be managed through connection to a conservancy tank.
Wastes from decommissioning of the project will include salvaged equipment; water tanks, windows,
doors and demolished stone blocks among others.

3.6 Air Emissions

Relative air emission is expected during construction when dust from construction activities and
construction machinery will be emitted. It is recommended that watering be enforced to keep dust at
minimal levels. The employees at the site shall also be provided with face masks to protect them from
dust emissions.

3.7 Waste Management

The principle objective of waste management program is to minimize the pollution of the

Environment as well as to utilize the waste as a resource. This goal should be achieved in a way that is
environmentally and financially sustainable.

3.8 Solid Waste Management

The technologies for the management of the solid wastes will incorporate the collection of the waste
from the source, transportation of the waste to the place of processing, treatment and final disposal.
The following waste management techniques shall be used in the different stages of the Project.

i) During construction - Wastes at this stage shall be managed as follows:

The express condition shall be put in the contract that before the contractor is issued with

a completion certificate; he will clear the site of all debris and restore it to a state acceptable by the
supervising architect and environmental consultant.

Materials from excavation of the ground and foundation works shall be reused for earthworks and
landscaping.

ii) During operation - The following methods will be used to manage wastes:

Used Paper- Used paper shall be thrown in designated dustbins labeled ‘paper only’.

The paper waste shall then be collected and kept in a central place pending disposal through a
contractor.

Empty Cans and Plastic Containers - These will be collected and stored in a designated area pending
disposal to interested parties for recycling.

iii) Decommissioning - During this stage, the following shall be observed:

Wastes generated as a result of facility decommissioning activities will be characterized in compliance

with standard waste management procedures.

Disposal locations will be selected by the contractor and City Council of kiambu based on the properties
of the particular waste generated.

All buildings, machinery, equipment, structures and partitions that will not be used for other purposes
shall be removed and reused or rather sold/given to scrap material dealers.
3.9 Effluent treatment
There shall be effluents from the building works, workers and storm water drainage. It is envisaged that
during construction stage, effluents that shall be discharged shall be sprinkled on the working areas to
reduce dust generation by the construction machinery. Wastewater from the toilets together with the
solids will be collected into a conservancy tank, which shall be constructed for this purpose. The
following measures will be put in place to ensure that the conservancy system operates optimally:

It will be inspected for scum and sludge depth once each year so that scum or sludge cannot escape
from the conservancy tank into the drain field.

The tank will be pumped once every three years.

Water entering the tank will be minimized by using water wastage reduction means such as press only
taps for taps and washbasins.
4.1 CIVIL WORKS
The civil works will largely involve the excavation of the site to formation level

4.2 SUBSTRUCTURES
Strip foundation will be required to form the basis of the building In advance of these works taking
place, external surveys will be complemented on adjacent properties and vibration monitoring will be
used when working close to the properties.

Once the foundation is complete, the ground slab will be formed, in co-ordination with under slab
service and drainage

4.3 SUPERSTRUCTURE
When the substructure is suitably advanced, the construction of the reinforced concrete frame will
commence. Early focus will be applied to the stairs core to release these earlier to provide safe access to
upper levels

Columns will be formed concurrently and in coordination with the shear walls allowing the first-floor
slab to be formed. as the first slab is formed and cured, columns and walls to roof slab level will be
completed

Throughout the construction of reinforced concrete frames, a member of the site team will be
designated as the coordinator of the temporary work responsible for managing the design and
construction of all temporary works elements such as formwork, scaffolding, a permit system will be
implemented aimed at ensuring thorough checks are carried out throughout the construction of the
reinforced concrete frame i.e permit to pour, permit to strike, permit to remove back propping.

A luffing type tower crane will be erected on-site at this stage, to assist with the material distribution
during the concrete frame construction.

4.4 BUILDING ENVELOPE

As the superstructure and the floor slab are completed on a section basis, the traders associated with
the completion of the building envelope will follow.

External insulated render, installation of the doors and windows will be coordinated with the installation
of the roof structure and covering to ensure that overhead working is avoided and that a Weathertight
structure is achieved promptly with no adverse impact on health and safety standards, on the program.

4.5 SERVICES INSTALLATION

A designated mechanical and electrical coordinator D&K mechanical and electrical subcontractors will
be responsible for managing the design and installation of building services
The service installation will generally follow the works sequence such that the services can be installed,
tested and commissioned.

The mechanical and electrical coordinator will be responsible for adopting and managing a sign off
process aimed at identifying and dealing with defects throughout the construction period.

This process will commence at the first fix stage with a permit system being operated to log inspections
and sign off to allow next stage of works to progress.

4.6 INTERNAL FIT-OUT

The internal fit-out will commence as soon as the building are made watertight. Wet trades such as floor
screed and plastering will be completed for applied finishes.

Maintaining the phased sequence outlined previously, the fit-out will progress through 5 key phases as
follows:

FIRST FIX

Coordinated closely with the mechanical and electrical installation, the fixing stage of the fit will mainly
be focused on installing floor screed and constructing partition walls

Thorough check procedures will be implemented to ensure that the required quality levels are achieved.
Any defect identified will be logged and attracted to ensure they have been rectified before advancing
to the next stage

At the first fix elements are completed, we will implement our permit close system.

This system will operate on a room-by-room basis checking of installation against construction issues
drawings and specifications. Although driven by the mechanical & and electrical coordinator, input will
be necessary from the package managers and independent testers to ensure that the anomalies are
identified and dealt with.

When all parties are satisfied and the first fix element is complete, the permits will be signed off to
provide clearance to progress to the next stage.

SECOND FIX

Maintaining strong links with the mechanical and electrical installation team, the second fix stage will
pre-dominantly entail the completion of partition walls, fire stopping, Installation of ceilings, first fix
joinery and general preparation for applied finishes.

The aim will be to activate the building heating system as early as possible during this stage of the works
to assist with drying out to create a suitable environment for the final finishing stage.
The permit system will again be implemented to ensure that checks are completed in areas that are to
be closed with the maintenance access remaining i.e ceilings. Our continuous snagging process will
become more focused on the standard of the finish and ensuring areas are suitably prepared for applied
finishes.

FINISHES

At this stage, the mechanical and electrical installation will be substantially complete and progress into
the pre-commissioning stage

This stage of the works will be focused on 2nd fix joinery e.g door sets, fitted furniture, wall protection,
wall and floor finishes. Having activated the building heating system during the previous stage, the aim
is to maintain a consistent environment to allow natural materials to acclimatize and avoid stressing due
to sudden changes.

The snagging process during the phase will become very focused on the standards of finishes and quality
of workmanship in driving towards a defect free facility. Where possible a lockdown procedure will be
implemented to minimize and control access through permits to substantially completed areas.

During this stage of project the aim is to complete the construction works and achieve a dust free
environment to enable us to move into the final testing and commissioning of the building services.

Snagging/de-snagging stage

This stage of the process will run parallel with the testing and commissioning process

A final detailed snagging procedure will be implemented in conjunction with the independent inspector

Utilizing a ‘snagging database’ all snags identified will be logged and action list issued to relevant sub-
contractors with programs allocated for completion of snagging

The snagging works will be inspected and signed off the database being updated regularly until all items
are closed out.

At the appropriate stage a final builders clean will be carried out to prepare the building for completion.

Testing and commissioning

The commissioning of the new facility will be carried out in four distinct phases and all individual
activities within these phases will be fully detailed on the commissioning program prior to
commencement of the commissioning exercise. The four phases of commissioning are as follows;

• Pre commissioning - after all services have been installed the individual system will be
energized to ensure all component parts are working and that no faulty piece of equipment,
 needs to be replaced. In addition to checking that all equipment is working, check will be made
to ensure that the items of plant are capable of achieving the outputs as specified. Each service
will be ‘signed off’ as having passed each stage of commission process
• Main commissioning - this will be done after the construction activities have been
completed and the building has a good standard of builders clean so that the dust etc has been
removed from the building. Each service, in turn, will be run at all operational levels as specified
in output specification. This will include the need to accommodate the various conditions, not
only variable daily conditions but also seasonal variations. When individual system have been
checked, it will be necessary to run all systems simultaneously to ensure that the operation of
one system does not affect the correct operation of another system
• Witness testing -a series of the demonstration will be arranged with relevant individuals
and/organizations in attendance for satisfactory
• Client demonstration and operation training - this important stage will be timetabled
and the scope proposed to ensure the correct personnel are available and the travel at which
the training is given is relevant and worthwhile.

4.7 EXTERNAL WORKS

To maintain as much space as possible on-site, the majority of the utility connections and site
drainage will be completed during the initial civil works package.

Around the perimeter of the building, the hard landscaping works will follow the dismantling of the
external access scaffolds during the last week of the contract, the site office accommodation will be
relocated to a suitable location to facilitate the completion of the car parking. Following hand over
of the building, all site accommodation will be removed and the areas used for the purpose will be
cleaned, inspected and accepted along with the rest of the building.
SURVEYING
WORK
 SURVEYING WORKING SHEET
PROJECT:PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF A MORDERN INDEX NUMBER:
HOSTEL
DESIGNED BY: NICHOLAS MALONZA DATE SHEET NO
 SITE LAYOUT

DRAINAGE TO PUBLIC SEWER LINE

FIRE PLATE POINT FORMWORK AND

SCOFFOLDING

MATERIALS
WATER
ON SITE PROPOSED SITE

STORE Clerks of
works
CHANGE ROOM

office
Contrac-
tors
office

Engineer
T
Office
O
Quantity
I
surveyor
L
Architect
E
Office
T

S PARKING AREA
GATE
SECURITY
OFFICE
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

METHOD STATEMENT

ACTIVITY METHOD PLANT NO. OF DURATION REMARKS

MEN
SITE Manually 10 2 days Clear all existing tree and
CLEARANCE grasses grubbing out root and
remove them away from site
HOARDING Manually 8 3 days Use iron sheet and poles
frame for hoarding and also
for site huts
STRIPPING Manually 8 Excavate top soil average
150MM TOP 150mm deep to remove
SOIL vegetable soil and deposit in
heap near site
EXCAVATION Manually 12 days Excavation trench
SND commencing from stripped
TIMBERING level and provide timbering to
sides of excavation
BLINDING Manually 6 2 days Insitu concrete (1;3;6) 50mm
thick
STEEL CUTTING Manually 8 2 days Cut steel bars into required
BENDING AND shape
TYING
STEEL FIXING Manually 5 2 days Fixing the steel into position
FOUNDATION Plant/ Mixer 15 2 days Lay V.R.C (1;2;4) into
CONCRETING Manually 10m3 /Hr foundation bed

JOINING AND Manually 5 3 days prepare formwork to

PREPARING required dimensions oil to
FORMWORK give better finish
FOR COLUMS
FORMWORK Manually 3 2 days V.R.C (1;2;4) in column J.C.B
FIXING AND o.25m3 bucket and direct
CHECKING into barrow
VERTICAL
PLUMB
FOUNDATION Manually 10 3 days 200mm thick masonry wall
WALLING 1;3c/s mortar
HARDCORE Manually 5 1 day Hard core filling up to
FILLING 300mm deep
ACTIVITY METHOD PLANT NO. OF DURATION REMARKS
MEN
MURRAM Manually 5 1 day Murram to level and fill in the
BLINDING space between the hardcore
SURFACE Manually 1 1 day Treat the surface with
TREATMENT approved anttermite
FORMWORK Manually 3 2 days Fixing of formwork leaving no
TO EDGE OF gap and holes
SLAB
B.R.C/D.P.M Manually 5 1 day Lay the D.P.M and B.R.C
specified