Unit 5: Application of Computer Science

What is Artificial Intelligence (Al):

Artificial Intelligence (Al) is a branch of computer science to make computer-controlled machines that can
perform human-like tasks with decision-making capabilities, and solving complex problems efficiently.

Discuss Machine learning? Discuss its different types.

Machine learning is a branch of AI that enables computers to learn from data and improve their
performance without explicit programming. It recognizes patterns to automate decision-making in various
applications. It's widely used in diverse fields like image recognition, fraud detection, and self-driving cars.

Supervised learning: Supervised learning uses labeled data to train algorithms, enabling them to predict
outcomes for new data based on historical patterns.

Unsupervised learning: Unsupervised learning works with unlabeled data to uncover hidden patterns and
relationships without specific guidance.

Identify some of the harms or disadvantages of AI Algorithms.

The following are some harms or disadvantages of Al algorithms

• Human-developed AI algorithms can introduce intentional or unintentional biases, leading to

discriminatory outcomes based on ethnicity, gender, age, etc.

• AI systems, such as driverless cars, can malfunction, potentially causing accidents or even death.

• Inaccurate AI algorithms in healthcare may recommend harmful treatments, posing serious risks
to patients.

• Hackers can develop powerful Al algorithms to bypass cybersecurity and cause malicious
cyberattacks

• AI-driven automation can lead to significant job losses across various sectors like manufacturing,
healthcare, and education.

• Dependence on Al systems can cause loss of creativity and critical thinking skills in humans.

Identify some of the benefits of AI Algorithms.

AI systems are transforming daily life and solving complex problems that previously relied on human
intelligence. Key advantages include:

• AI systems make accurate decisions, solve complex problems, and boost productivity.
• AI improves early diagnosis and treatment of diseases like cancer.
• AI aids in designing high-quality products and increasing production in safe environments.
• AI suggests optimal routes, provides real-time traffic updates, and enhances travel efficiency.
• AI enhances marketing, sales, and customer satisfaction through better decision-making.
• AI develops advanced learning software and introduces innovative teaching methods.
• AI assistants like Siri and Alexa offer personalized suggestions based on user habits.
• AI strengthens defenses against cyberattacks.
• AI enables the development of intelligent software and drives technological advancements.
Brief Description Some of the Popular Al Tools and their Ethical Issues.

ChatGPT: ChatGPT is an American AI model developed by OpenAI, designed to generate human-like text
based on user input. It is used for tasks like content creation, customer support, education, and coding
assistance.

Grammarly: Grammarly is an AI-powered writing assistant that helps users improve grammar, spelling,
style, and tone in their writing.

LOVO AI: LOVO AI is a voice generation platform that creates realistic synthetic voices for applications like
audiobooks, marketing, and entertainment.

Virtual Assistants:

A virtual assistant is an AI-powered tool that understands natural language and performs tasks such as
answering questions, sending messages, or playing music. Popular virtual assistants are Apple's Siri,
Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, ChatGPT and Microsoft Cortana.

discuss following of the different areas of AI Speech Recognition, Computer Vision, Natural Language
Processing, and Expert System.

1. Speech Recognition

It is the technology that allows computers to understand and respond to human speech. For example,
when you talk to Siri or Alexa, they use speech recognition to understand your commands.

Example: Asking your smart speaker, "What’s the weather today?" and getting an answer.

2. Computer Vision

It is the ability of computers to "see" and understand images or videos. It helps machines recognize
objects, faces, or even gestures.

Example: Face unlock on your phone or self-driving cars that "see" the road and avoid obstacles.

3. Natural Language Processing (NLP)

NLP helps computers understand, interpret, and respond to human language. It’s used in chatbots,
translation apps, and tools like Grammarly.

Example: Typing a question into ChatGPT and getting a detailed answer in human-like language.

4. Expert Systems

Expert Systems are AI programs designed to solve complex problems by copying the decision-making
capabilities of human experts in fields like medicine, engineering, or finance.

Example: A medical expert system that helps doctors diagnose diseases by analyzing symptoms.
Relate how AI can be beneficial in the following areas:

Robotics, Healthcare, Education, Gaming, Agriculture, Al in Daily Life, Self-driving Cars, Business,
Defense, Chatbot

Robotics

• Helps robots perform dangerous tasks (e.g., defusing bombs).

• Used in factories to assemble products quickly and accurately.
• Can explore places humans can’t, like deep oceans or space.
• Learns from experience to improve over time.

Healthcare

• Analyzes X-rays, MRIs, and blood tests to detect diseases faster.

• Helps doctors create personalized treatment plans.
• Predicts health issues before they become serious.
• Assists in surgeries with high precision.

Education

• Creates personalized learning plans for students.

• Acts as a virtual tutor to help with homework.
• Recommends topics to study based on your progress.
• Makes learning fun with interactive tools and games.

Gaming

• Creates smarter and more challenging opponents.

• Designs unique game levels, characters, and stories.
• Adapts to your playing style for a better experience.
• Helps developers test and improve games.

Agriculture

• Analyzes soil and weather conditions for better crop growth.

• Controls robots for planting, watering, and harvesting.
• Predicts pest attacks and suggests solutions.
• Reduces waste and increases food production.

AI in Daily Life

• Powers virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa.

• Recommends movies, songs, and videos on platforms like Netflix and YouTube.
• Helps in smart homes by controlling lights, thermostats, and security systems.
• Makes online shopping easier with personalized suggestions.
Self-driving Cars

• Helps cars "see" the road using sensors and cameras.

• Avoids obstacles and follows traffic rules.
• Reduces accidents caused by human error.
• Makes travel safer and more convenient.

Business

• Analyzes data to predict trends and customer behavior.

• Manages inventory and supply chains efficiently.
• Automates repetitive tasks like data entry.
• Uses chatbots to provide quick customer support.

Defense

• Detects threats by analyzing data from satellites and sensors.

• Controls drones for surveillance and missions.
• Helps soldiers make better decisions during operations.
• Provides realistic training simulations for practice.

10. Chatbots

• Answers customer questions instantly (e.g., on websites).

• Helps with booking tickets, ordering food, or shopping online.
• Provides mental health support by talking to users.
• Saves time by automating repetitive tasks.

Categorize the benefits of cloud computing? Contrast between public and private clouds

Cloud Computing refers to delivery of computing services over the Internet by cloud computing vendors.
These services include servers, storage, databases, networking, software etc.

Public Cloud:

• Hosted by third-party providers and shared among multiple organizations.

• Cost-effective and suitable for startups and small businesses.
• Flexible with pay-as-you-go pricing models.
• Examples: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure.
Private Cloud:

• Exclusively used by a single organization, either on-premises or hosted.

• More secure but have higher maintenance costs.
• Offers full control over data and infrastructure.
• Example: A company-hosted private data center.
Compare traditional algorithms and AI-based algorithms that use machine learning.
Traditional Algorithms:
• Work on predefined rules and logic explicitly programmed by humans.
• Require the programmer to account for every scenario or exception.
• Deterministic and provide predictable results.
• Example: Sorting or search algorithms like binary search.
• Limited to specific tasks with fixed outcomes.
AI-Based Algorithms (Machine Learning):
• Learn from data and adapt to new patterns without explicit programming.
• Generalize and improve their performance over time with more data.
• Probabilistic and may give different results based on training data.
• Example: Image recognition, spam email filters.
• Flexible and can handle dynamic and complex tasks, such as language translation.

Criticize AI-based algorithms for producing wrong results at times.

AI-based algorithms can make mistakes because they rely on patterns in data, which may be
incomplete or biased. They don’t "think" like humans and sometimes give wrong results if the data is
incorrect or unclear.

Unit 5: Application of Computer Science

 I. The process of taking a known data set as input to train the algorithm to create a model for

prediction is known as:

a. Natural Language Processing b. Expert System

c. Supervised Machine Learning d. Unsupervised Machine Learning

II. The Al technology that enables computer systems to obtain meaningful information from

digital images or videos is called:

a. I mage Recognition b. Speech recognition

c. Scanner d. Computer Vision

III. Instant answers to website visitors' questions through text or voice interaction are provided by:

a. Robot b. Chatbot

c. Cloud Computing d. Expert System

IV. Cloud computing model in which resources are owned by and used inside a single organization is called:

a. Private Cloud b. Public Cloud

c. Hybrid Cloud d. Remote Cloud

V. The Al tool used for correcting spelling and grammar mistakes is:

a. ChatGPT b. Lovo ai

c. Grammarly d. Virtual Assistant

VI. Virtual assistant that belongs to Apple Inc. is:

a. Siri b. Alexa

c. Google Assistant d. Cortana

VII. The Al tool that converts text to speech is:

a. ChatGPT b. Grammarly

c. Alexa d. Lovo ai

VIII. The technology used in self-driving cars is called:

a. Natural Language Processing b. Chatbot

c. Computer Vision d. Virtual Assistant