○ Full-stack JavaScript development.

Basics 6. What is event-driven programming in Node.js?

○ Event-driven programming in Node.js means
that the flow of the program is determined by
1. What is Node.js?
events such as user actions, sensor outputs,
○ Node.js is a JavaScript runtime built on
or messages from other programs.
Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine that allows
developers to run JavaScript on the server
side. It is designed to build scalable network Example:
applications. javascript
Copy code
Example: const EventEmitter = require('events');
javascript const emitter = new EventEmitter();
Copy code
// Simple Node.js server emitter.on('event', () => {
const http = require('http'); console.log('An event occurred!');
});
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
res.statusCode = 200; emitter.emit('event');
res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'text/plain');
res.end('Hello World\n'); ○
});
Modules and Packages
server.listen(3000, '127.0.0.1', () => {
console.log('Server running at 7. How do you include external libraries in Node.js?
○ External libraries are included using the
http://127.0.0.1:3000/');
require function.
});

Example:
○
javascript
2. How does Node.js differ from traditional web
Copy code
servers like Apache?
○ Node.js uses an event-driven, non-blocking const express = require('express');
I/O model which makes it lightweight and const app = express();
efficient. Unlike Apache, which creates a new
thread for each request, Node.js handles ○
multiple requests on a single thread using 8. What is the difference between require and
asynchronous callbacks. import in Node.js?
3. Explain the characteristics of Node.js that make it ○ require is used in CommonJS module
suitable for building scalable applications.
system, while import is used in ES6
○ Non-blocking I/O: Handles many connections
modules. Node.js natively supports
concurrently.
CommonJS, but ES6 modules can be used
○ Event-driven architecture: Efficiently handles
asynchronous operations. with the .mjs extension or with specific
○ Single-threaded: Uses fewer resources and is configurations.
easier to manage.
4. What is npm? How do you use it in Node.js Example:
projects? javascript
○ npm (Node Package Manager) is a package Copy code
manager for JavaScript, included with // CommonJS
Node.js. It helps install, update, and manage const express = require('express');
packages.
// ES6
Example:
import express from 'express';
sh
Copy code
○
// Initialize a new Node.js project
9. How do you create and publish your own npm
npm init -y package?
○ Create a package.json file, write your
// Install a package (e.g., Express) code, and use npm publish to publish the
npm install express package.

○ Example:
5. What are the advantages of using Node.js? sh
○ High performance due to V8 engine. Copy code
○ Efficient handling of concurrent connections. // Initialize project
○ Large ecosystem with npm. npm init
 Copy code
// Create main file (index.js) const fs = require('fs').promises;
echo "module.exports = () => console.log('Hello,
world!');" > index.js fs.readFile('file.txt', 'utf8')
.then(data => console.log('File data:', data))
// Publish the package .catch(err => console.error('Error reading
npm publish file:', err));

○ ○
10. What are the built-in modules in Node.js? 15. What are async/await in Node.js? How do they
○ Some built-in modules include http, fs, work?
path, url, crypto, and events. ○ async/await is syntactic sugar built on top
of Promises, making asynchronous code look
and behave more like synchronous code.
Example:
javascript
Copy code Example:
const fs = require('fs'); javascript
Copy code
fs.readFile('file.txt', 'utf8', (err, data) => {
const fs = require('fs').promises;
if (err) throw err;
console.log(data);
async function readFile() {
});
try {
const data = await fs.readFile('file.txt',
○
'utf8');
console.log('File data:', data);
Asynchronous Programming
} catch (err) {
11. Explain the concept of non-blocking I/O in Node.js. console.error('Error reading file:', err);
○ Non-blocking I/O means that operations like }
reading from a file or database do not block }
the execution of other operations. Instead,
they are executed asynchronously, allowing readFile();
other code to run concurrently.
12. How does Node.js handle asynchronous
○
operations?
○ Node.js uses callbacks, Promises, and
async/await to handle asynchronous File System Operations
operations.
13. What are callbacks in Node.js? How do you handle 16. How do you perform file operations in Node.js?
errors with callbacks? ○ Using the fs module for synchronous and
○ Callbacks are functions passed as arguments asynchronous file operations.
to other functions to be executed after the
completion of an operation. Example:
javascript
Example: Copy code
javascript const fs = require('fs');
Copy code
const fs = require('fs'); // Asynchronous read
fs.readFile('file.txt', 'utf8', (err, data) => {
fs.readFile('file.txt', 'utf8', (err, data) => { if (err) throw err;
if (err) { console.log(data);
console.error('Error reading file:', err); });
return;
} // Synchronous read
console.log('File data:', data); const data = fs.readFileSync('file.txt',
}); 'utf8');
console.log(data);
○
14. Explain Promises in Node.js.
○
○ Promises represent the eventual completion
17. Explain the difference between synchronous and
(or failure) of an asynchronous operation and
asynchronous file operations in Node.js.
its resulting value.
○ Synchronous operations block the event loop
until the operation completes, while
Example: asynchronous operations do not block the
javascript
 event loop and use callbacks, Promises, or res.send('Hello, World!');
async/await for the result. });
18. How do you handle streams in Node.js?
○ Streams are used to handle reading and
app.listen(3000, () => {
writing of large data efficiently. They are
console.log('Server running on port 3000');
instances of EventEmitter.
});
Example:
javascript ○
Copy code 21. Explain middleware in the context of Express.js.
const fs = require('fs'); ○ Middleware functions are functions that have
access to the request object (req), the
const readStream =
response object (res), and the next
fs.createReadStream('largefile.txt', 'utf8');
middleware function in the application’s
const writeStream =
request-response cycle.
fs.createWriteStream('output.txt');
Example:
readStream.on('data', chunk => { javascript
writeStream.write(chunk); Copy code
}); app.use((req, res, next) => {
console.log('Request URL:', req.url);
readStream.on('end', () => { next();
writeStream.end(); });
});
app.get('/', (req, res) => {
○ res.send('Hello, World!');
});
Web Servers and APIs
○
19. How do you create a simple HTTP server in 22. How do you handle routing in Express.js?
Node.js? ○ By defining route handlers for different HTTP
○ Using the http module. methods and URL paths.

Example: Example:
javascript javascript
Copy code Copy code
const http = require('http'); app.get('/', (req, res) => {
res.send('GET request to the homepage');
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => { });
res.statusCode = 200;
res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'text/plain'); app.post('/', (req, res) => {
res.end('Hello, World!\n'); res.send('POST request to the homepage');
}); });

server.listen(3000, '127.0.0.1', () => { app.put('/user', (req, res) => {

console.log('Server running at res.send('PUT request to /user');
http://127.0.0.1:3000/'); });
});
app.delete('/user', (req, res) => {
○ res.send('DELETE request to /user');
20. What is Express.js? How do you use it in Node.js });
applications?
○ Express.js is a minimal and flexible Node.js ○
web application framework that provides a 23. How do you create RESTful APIs using Express.js?
robust set of features for building web and ○ By defining routes that correspond to CRUD
mobile applications. operations (Create, Read, Update, Delete).

Example: Example:
javascript javascript
Copy code Copy code
const express = require('express'); const express = require('express');
const app = express(); const app = express();
const bodyParser = require('body-parser');
app.get('/', (req, res) => {
app.use(bodyParser.json()); const db = mongoose.connection;
db.on('error', console.error.bind(console,
let items = []; 'connection error:'));
db.once('open', function() {
app.post('/items', (req, res) => { console.log('Connected to MongoDB');
const item = req.body; });
items.push(item);
res.status(201).send(item); ○
});
Example with MySQL:
javascript
app.get('/items', (req, res) => {
Copy code
res.send(items);
const mysql = require('mysql');
});

const connection = mysql.createConnection({

app.get('/items/:id', (req, res) => {
host: 'localhost',
const item = items.find(i => i.id ===
user: 'root',
parseInt(req.params.id));
password: '',
if (!item) return res.status(404).send('Item
database: 'mydatabase'
not found');
});
res.send(item);
});
connection.connect((err) => {
if (err) throw err;
app.put('/items/:id', (req, res) => {
console.log('Connected to MySQL');
const item = items.find(i => i.id ===
});
parseInt(req.params.id));
if (!item) return res.status(404).send('Item
○
not found'); 25. What is Mongoose? How do you use it with
item.name = req.body.name; MongoDB in Node.js?
res.send(item); ○ Mongoose is an ODM (Object Data Modeling)
}); library for MongoDB and Node.js. It manages
relationships between data, provides schema
validation, and translates between objects in
app.delete('/items/:id', (req, res) => {
code and the MongoDB documents.
const itemIndex = items.findIndex(i => i.id
=== parseInt(req.params.id));
Example:
if (itemIndex === -1) return javascript
res.status(404).send('Item not found'); Copy code
items.splice(itemIndex, 1); const mongoose = require('mongoose');
res.status(204).send();
}); mongoose.connect('mongodb://localhost:27017/myda
tabase', { useNewUrlParser: true,
app.listen(3000, () => { useUnifiedTopology: true });
console.log('Server running on port 3000');
}); const userSchema = new mongoose.Schema({
name: String,
○ age: Number
});
Database Integration
const User = mongoose.model('User', userSchema);
24. How do you connect Node.js with databases like
MongoDB or MySQL?
const user = new User({ name: 'John', age: 30
○ Using database drivers or ORMs.
});
user.save().then(() => console.log('User
Example with MongoDB and Mongoose:
javascript saved'));
Copy code
const mongoose = require('mongoose'); ○

mongoose.connect('mongodb://localhost:27017/myda Error Handling and Debugging

tabase', { useNewUrlParser: true,
useUnifiedTopology: true }); 26. How do you handle errors in Node.js applications?
 ○ By using try/catch blocks, callbacks with error Copy code
arguments, Promises, and centralized error // Install PM2 globally
handling middleware in Express. npm install pm2 -g

Example:
// Start application with PM2
javascript
pm2 start app.js
Copy code
// Error handling in async/await
○
async function getData() {
try {
These questions and answers cover essential topics in Node.js,
const data = await someAsyncFunction(); Express.js, and database integration, providing practical
console.log(data); examples to illustrate key concepts. Practicing these will help you
} catch (error) { prepare for interviews comprehensively.
console.error('Error:', error);
} 4o
}
continue
○
27. What tools and techniques do you use for ChatGPT
debugging Node.js applications?
○ Tools: node inspect, Chrome DevTools, Advanced Topics
Visual Studio Code debugger, and libraries
like debug. 31. What is the event loop in Node.js? How does it
work?
Example with debug library: ○ The event loop is a mechanism that allows
javascript Node.js to perform non-blocking I/O
Copy code operations by offloading operations to the
system kernel whenever possible. It
const debug = require('debug')('app');
processes asynchronous callbacks and
executes them in a single-threaded
debug('This is a debug message'); event-driven loop.

○ Example:
javascript
Security Copy code
console.log('Start');
28. What are some common security concerns in
Node.js applications? setTimeout(() => {
○ Injection attacks (SQL, NoSQL, Command), console.log('Timeout callback');
cross-site scripting (XSS), cross-site request
}, 0);
forgery (CSRF), and insecure dependencies.
29. How do you prevent common security
vulnerabilities in Node.js applications? console.log('End');
○ Use parameterized queries, sanitize user
input, use security headers, validate data, // Output:
keep dependencies up to date, and use tools // Start
like Helmet for setting HTTP headers. // End
// Timeout callback
Example:
javascript
○
Copy code
32. What are process.nextTick() and setImmediate()?
const helmet = require('helmet');
How do they differ?
app.use(helmet());
○ process.nextTick() schedules a
callback function to be invoked in the next
○ iteration of the event loop, before any I/O
operations.
Deployment and Performance ○ setImmediate() schedules a callback to
be executed after I/O events callbacks and
30. How do you deploy Node.js applications? What before timers.
considerations are important for deployment?
○ Deploy to platforms like Heroku, AWS, or Example:
DigitalOcean. Use process managers like javascript
PM2, and configure environments properly. Copy code
console.log('Start');
Example with PM2:
sh
process.nextTick(() => { if (isMainThread) {
console.log('Next Tick'); new Worker(__filename, { workerData: 'Hello,
}); Worker' });
} else {
setImmediate(() => { console.log(workerData); // 'Hello, Worker'
console.log('Immediate'); }
});
○
console.log('End');
Testing
// Output:
// Start 35. How do you write tests for Node.js applications?
// End What frameworks do you use?
○ Use testing frameworks like Mocha, Jest, and
// Next Tick
Chai to write and run tests.
// Immediate
Example with Mocha and Chai:
○ javascript
33. Explain the concept of clustering in Node.js. How Copy code
does it improve performance? const { expect } = require('chai');
○ Clustering allows Node.js to create multiple
const { add } = require('./math');
processes that share the same server port.
This is useful for taking advantage of
multi-core systems to handle more describe('Math Functions', () => {
concurrent connections. it('should add two numbers', () => {
const result = add(2, 3);
Example: expect(result).to.equal(5);
javascript });
Copy code
});
const cluster = require('cluster');
const http = require('http'); ○
const numCPUs = require('os').cpus().length; 36. What is the purpose of mocking in tests? How do
you use Sinon for mocking?
if (cluster.isMaster) { ○ Mocking simulates the behavior of complex
for (let i = 0; i < numCPUs; i++) { or external dependencies in tests, allowing
cluster.fork(); you to test units of code in isolation.

}
Example with Sinon:
javascript
cluster.on('exit', (worker, code, signal) => { Copy code
console.log(`Worker ${worker.process.pid} const sinon = require('sinon');
died`); const { expect } = require('chai');
}); const userService = require('./userService');
} else {
http.createServer((req, res) => { describe('User Service', () => {
res.writeHead(200); it('should call getUser once', () => {
res.end('Hello World\n'); const getUser = sinon.spy(userService,
}).listen(8000); 'getUser');
} userService.getUser(1);
expect(getUser.calledOnce).to.be.true;
○ getUser.restore();
34. What are worker threads in Node.js? How do they
});
differ from clustering?
○ Worker threads allow the execution of });
JavaScript code in parallel using multiple
threads. Unlike clustering, worker threads ○
can share memory and are suitable for 37. How do you handle asynchronous testing in
CPU-intensive tasks. Node.js?
○ Use done callback, Promises, or async/await
Example: to handle asynchronous code in tests.
javascript
Copy code Example with async/await:
const { Worker, isMainThread, parentPort, javascript
workerData } = require('worker_threads'); Copy code
const { expect } = require('chai');
const { fetchData } = require('./dataService');
console.log(process.env.DB_HOST); // Value from
describe('Data Service', () => { .env file
it('should fetch data', async () => {
const data = await fetchData(); ○
expect(data).to.equal('Expected Data'); 42. What are some best practices for structuring
Node.js applications?
});
○ Use a modular structure, separate business
});
logic from presentation, use middleware for
cross-cutting concerns, and follow the single
○ responsibility principle.

Performance Optimization Example structure:

go
38. What are some common performance optimization Copy code
techniques in Node.js? myapp/
○ Caching, using streams, clustering, avoiding ├── controllers/
synchronous code, optimizing database │ └── userController.js
queries, and monitoring performance with
├── models/
tools like New Relic or PM2.
│ └── userModel.js
39. How do you profile and monitor Node.js
applications? ├── routes/
○ Use tools like Node.js built-in profiler, │ └── userRoutes.js
Clinic.js, New Relic, or PM2 to monitor ├── services/
performance and identify bottlenecks. │ └── userService.js
├── app.js
Example with Clinic.js: └── package.json
sh
Copy code
○
npm install -g clinic
43. How do you handle static files in Express.js?
clinic doctor -- node your-app.js
○ Use the express.static middleware to
serve static files.
○
Example:
Miscellaneous javascript
Copy code
40. What is the role of environment variables in Node.js const express = require('express');
applications? const app = express();
○ Environment variables are used to store
configuration and secrets, allowing
app.use(express.static('public'));
applications to be configured differently in
various environments (development, testing,
production). app.listen(3000, () => {
console.log('Server running on port 3000');
Example: });
javascript
Copy code ○
// Access environment variable 44. What is the purpose of middleware in Express.js?
const port = process.env.PORT || 3000; ○ Middleware functions execute during the
request-response cycle, allowing you to
modify the request or response objects, end
app.listen(port, () => {
the request-response cycle, or call the next
console.log(`Server running on port ${port}`);
middleware function.
}); 45. How do you implement authentication and
authorization in Node.js applications?
○ ○ Use libraries like Passport.js for
41. How do you handle configuration management in authentication and implement role-based
Node.js? access control for authorization.
○ Use libraries like dotenv for loading
environment variables from a .env file, and Example with Passport.js:
config for managing configuration settings. javascript
Copy code
Example with dotenv: const passport = require('passport');
javascript const LocalStrategy =
Copy code require('passport-local').Strategy;
require('dotenv').config();
passport.use(new LocalStrategy( 52. What are the advantages and disadvantages of
(username, password, done) => { using a NoSQL database like MongoDB?
// Verify username and password ○ Advantages:
■ Flexible schema: Easy to modify
User.findOne({ username }, (err, user) => {
the structure of documents.
if (err) return done(err); ■ Scalability: Designed to scale out
if (!user || user.password !== password) by adding more servers.
return done(null, false); ■ Performance: Can handle large
return done(null, user); volumes of unstructured data.
}); ○ Disadvantages:
■ Consistency: May not be strongly
}
consistent (depends on the
));
implementation).
■ Complex queries: Limited support
app.post('/login', for complex queries and joins
passport.authenticate('local', { compared to SQL.
successRedirect: '/', ■ Data redundancy: Denormalization
failureRedirect: '/login' may lead to data redundancy.
}));
Example:
javascript
○
Copy code
// Flexible schema
Conclusion
const user = { name: "John Doe", age: 30,
address: { city: "New York" } };
These additional questions cover advanced topics, testing,
db.users.insert(user);
performance optimization, and various best practices in Node.js
development. Together with the previous questions, this
comprehensive guide provides a solid foundation for preparing for ○
Node.js interviews.
Data Modeling in MongoDB
4o
53. How do you model one-to-many relationships in
continue MongoDB?
○ Use embedded documents or references.
ChatGPT Embedded documents are suitable for small,
bounded data, while references are better for
large or frequently updated data.
Advanced Topics in Databases
○ Example:

51. Explain the differences between SQL and NoSQL

Embedded documents:
databases.
javascript
○ SQL databases are relational, use structured
Copy code
query language (SQL) for defining and
const blogPost = {
manipulating data, and have a predefined
schema. Examples include MySQL, title: "Post Title",
PostgreSQL, and Oracle. content: "Post content...",
○ NoSQL databases are non-relational, can comments: [
store unstructured data, and have dynamic { user: "Alice", text: "Great post!" },
schemas. They are designed for distributed { user: "Bob", text: "Thanks for sharing!" }
data stores with large-scale data storage
]
needs. Examples include MongoDB,
};
Cassandra, and Redis.
○ Example: db.posts.insert(blogPost);

SQL Query: ■
sql
Copy code References:
SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 1; javascript
Copy code
■ const post = { title: "Post Title", content:
"Post content..." };
NoSQL Query (MongoDB): db.posts.insert(post);
javascript const comment = { postId: post._id, user:
Copy code "Alice", text: "Great post!" };
db.users.find({ _id: 1 }); db.comments.insert(comment);

■ ■
 54. How do you model many-to-many relationships in db.accounts.updateOne({ _id: 2 }, { $set: {
MongoDB? balance: 150 } }, { session });
○ Use an array of references to represent session.commitTransaction();
many-to-many relationships.
} catch (error) {
session.abortTransaction();
Example:
javascript } finally {
Copy code session.endSession();
const student = { name: "John Doe", courses: }
[course1_id, course2_id] };
const course = { title: "Math 101", students: ○
[student1_id, student2_id] };
db.students.insert(student); Replication and Sharding in MongoDB
db.courses.insert(course);
58. What is replication in MongoDB? How do you set
up a replica set?
○
○ Replication is the process of synchronizing
data across multiple servers to ensure high
Indexing and Performance in MongoDB availability and data redundancy.

55. What is the purpose of indexing in MongoDB? Example setup:

○ Indexing improves the performance of javascript
queries by allowing the database to quickly Copy code
locate documents that match the query rs.initiate({
criteria.
_id: "rs0",
members: [
Example:
javascript { _id: 0, host: "localhost:27017" },
Copy code { _id: 1, host: "localhost:27018" },
db.users.createIndex({ name: 1 }); // Create an { _id: 2, host: "localhost:27019" }
index on the 'name' field ]
});
○
56. How do you analyze and optimize query ○
performance in MongoDB? 59. What is sharding in MongoDB? How do you set up
○ Use the explain() method to analyze sharding?
query execution and identify performance ○ Sharding is the process of distributing data
bottlenecks. across multiple servers to handle large
datasets and high throughput operations.
Example:
javascript Example setup:
Copy code javascript
db.users.find({ age: { $gt: 25 } Copy code
}).explain("executionStats"); sh.addShard("shard1/localhost:27020");
sh.addShard("shard2/localhost:27021");
○ sh.addShard("shard3/localhost:27022");
sh.enableSharding("myDatabase");
Transactions in MongoDB sh.shardCollection("myDatabase.myCollection", {
shardKey: 1 });
57. What are MongoDB transactions? How do you use
them? ○
○ MongoDB transactions provide ACID
(Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) Security in MongoDB
guarantees, allowing multiple operations to
be executed in an all-or-nothing manner.
60. What are some best practices for securing
MongoDB installations?
Example: ○ Enable authentication, use strong passwords,
javascript enforce role-based access control, enable
Copy code SSL/TLS for encrypted connections, and
const session = client.startSession(); regularly update MongoDB to the latest
session.startTransaction(); version.

try { Example:
db.users.updateOne({ _id: 1 }, { $set: { javascript
balance: 50 } }, { session }); Copy code
// Enable authentication in the configuration mongoose.connect('mongodb://localhost/test', {
file useNewUrlParser: true, useUnifiedTopology: true
security: });
authorization: "enabled"
const userSchema = new mongoose.Schema({
○ name: String,
61. How do you prevent NoSQL injection attacks in age: Number,
MongoDB?
email: String
○ Validate and sanitize user inputs, use
});
parameterized queries, and limit the types of
operations that users can perform.
const User = mongoose.model('User', userSchema);
Example:
javascript const newUser = new User({ name: 'John Doe',
Copy code age: 30, email: '[email protected]' });
const userId = sanitize(req.body.userId); newUser.save().then(() => console.log('User
db.users.findOne({ _id: userId }); saved!'));

○ ○

Integration and Tools Testing MongoDB

62. How do you integrate MongoDB with Node.js 64. How do you write tests for MongoDB interactions in
applications? Node.js applications?
○ Use the official MongoDB Node.js driver to ○ Use testing frameworks like Mocha and Chai,
connect and interact with MongoDB. and mock the database using tools like
mongodb-memory-server for in-memory
Example: MongoDB instances.
javascript
Copy code Example:
const { MongoClient } = require('mongodb'); javascript
const uri = "mongodb://localhost:27017"; Copy code
const client = new MongoClient(uri); const { MongoMemoryServer } =
require('mongodb-memory-server');
async function run() { const mongoose = require('mongoose');
try { const { expect } = require('chai');
await client.connect(); const User = require('./userModel'); // Assuming
const database = client.db('test'); a Mongoose model
const collection =
database.collection('users'); let mongoServer;
const user = await collection.findOne({ before(async () => {
name: "John Doe" }); mongoServer = new MongoMemoryServer();
console.log(user); const uri = await mongoServer.getUri();
} finally { await mongoose.connect(uri, { useNewUrlParser:
await client.close(); true, useUnifiedTopology: true });
} });
}
after(async () => {
run().catch(console.dir); await mongoose.disconnect();
await mongoServer.stop();
○ });
63. What are some useful MongoDB management tools
and libraries?
describe('User Model', () => {
○ Tools like MongoDB Atlas for cloud-based
it('should create a new user', async () => {
management, Robo 3T for GUI-based
interaction, and libraries like Mongoose for const user = new User({ name: 'John Doe',
object data modeling in Node.js. age: 30, email: '[email protected]' });
const savedUser = await user.save();
Example with Mongoose: expect(savedUser.name).to.equal('John Doe');
javascript });
Copy code });
const mongoose = require('mongoose');
○
This comprehensive list of questions and examples covers ○ Map-Reduce is a data processing paradigm
advanced topics in both backend development with Node.js and for condensing large volumes of data into
database management with MongoDB, providing a solid useful aggregated results. It involves a map
foundation for preparing for technical interviews in these areas. function to process each document and a
reduce function to combine the results.
4o
Example:
continue javascript
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ChatGPT db.orders.mapReduce(
function() { emit(this.cust_id, this.amount);
Advanced MongoDB Features },
function(key, values) { return
65. What is the aggregation framework in MongoDB? Array.sum(values); },
How does it work?
{ out: "order_totals" }
○ The aggregation framework processes data
);
records and returns computed results. It
operates on the concept of data pipelines, db.order_totals.find();
where documents are processed in stages.
○
Example:
javascript MongoDB Administration
Copy code
db.orders.aggregate([ 69. How do you monitor MongoDB performance?
{ $match: { status: "A" } }, ○ Use tools like MongoDB Cloud Manager, Ops
{ $group: { _id: "$cust_id", total: { $sum: Manager, or open-source monitoring tools
"$amount" } } }, like mongostat, mongotop, and the
{ $sort: { total: -1 } } MongoDB Profiler.
]);
Example:
shell
○
Copy code
66. How do you perform text search in MongoDB?
mongostat --host localhost --port 27017
○ MongoDB supports text search through text
indexes. You can create text indexes on fields
containing string data. ○
70. How do you perform a backup and restore of a
MongoDB database?
Example:
javascript ○ Use the mongodump and mongorestore
Copy code tools to back up and restore MongoDB
db.articles.createIndex({ title: "text", databases.
content: "text" });
Example:
db.articles.find({ $text: { $search: "mongodb
shell
tutorial" } }); Copy code
mongodump --out /data/backup/
○
mongorestore --dir /data/backup/
67. What are MongoDB change streams? How do you
use them?
○
○ Change streams allow applications to access
real-time data changes without the
complexity and risk of tailing the oplog. They MongoDB Atlas
provide a way to listen to changes on a
collection. 71. What is MongoDB Atlas? How do you deploy a
database using Atlas?
Example: ○ MongoDB Atlas is a fully-managed cloud
javascript database service. It provides automated
Copy code provisioning, patching, backups, and
const changeStream = monitoring.
db.collection('orders').watch(); ○ Example:
■ Sign up for MongoDB Atlas.
changeStream.on('change', (change) => {
■ Create a new cluster.
console.log('Change detected:', change);
■ Configure security settings (IP
}); whitelist, user roles).
■ Connect to the cluster using the
○ provided connection string.
68. Explain the Map-Reduce function in MongoDB.
When would you use it?
javascript 74. How do you handle large datasets in MongoDB?
Copy code ○ Use sharding to distribute large datasets
const { MongoClient } = require('mongodb'); across multiple servers.
const uri = "your_atlas_connection_string"; ○ Optimize queries and indexes to improve
const client = new MongoClient(uri, { performance.
○ Use the aggregation framework for complex
useNewUrlParser: true, useUnifiedTopology: true
data processing.
});
Example:
async function run() { javascript
try { Copy code
await client.connect(); sh.enableSharding("myDatabase");
const database = client.db('test'); sh.shardCollection("myDatabase.myCollection", {
const collection = shardKey: 1 });
database.collection('users');
const user = await collection.findOne({ ○
name: "John Doe" });
console.log(user); Query Optimization
} finally {
await client.close(); 75. How do you optimize MongoDB queries for
performance?
}
○ Use indexes to speed up query performance.
}
○ Analyze query performance using
explain().
run().catch(console.dir); ○ Avoid using unindexed fields in queries.
○ Optimize schema design to align with query
○ patterns.
72. How do you scale a MongoDB cluster on Atlas?
○ Scaling a MongoDB cluster on Atlas involves Example:
upgrading instance sizes, adding more javascript
shards for horizontal scaling, or enabling Copy code
auto-scaling features. db.collection.createIndex({ field1: 1, field2:
○ Example:
-1 });
■ Navigate to the Cluster page on
db.collection.find({ field1: value1
Atlas.
■ Click on the "Scale" button. }).explain("executionStats");
■ Choose the new cluster size and
configuration. ○
■ Apply changes to scale the cluster. 76. What is the $geoNear aggregation stage in
MongoDB?
MongoDB Best Practices ○ The $geoNear aggregation stage calculates
distances from a point and filters documents
73. What are some best practices for schema design in within a specified range.
MongoDB?
○ Design schema according to application Example:
requirements and query patterns. javascript
○ Prefer embedding for small sub-documents Copy code
and referencing for large or frequently db.places.aggregate([
updated documents. {
○ Avoid large documents (16MB limit) and $geoNear: {
deeply nested documents.
near: { type: "Point", coordinates: [
○ Use appropriate data types for fields.
-73.9667, 40.78 ] },
distanceField: "dist.calculated",
Example:
javascript maxDistance: 2000,
Copy code query: { type: "restaurant" },
const userSchema = { spherical: true
name: String, }
email: String, }
profile: { ]);
age: Number,
address: String ○
}
}; MongoDB Transactions

○
 77. How do you implement multi-document Copy code
transactions in MongoDB? db.orders.createIndex({ status: 1, date: -1 });
○ Use sessions to start a transaction and
include multiple operations in the transaction ○
scope.
This comprehensive list of advanced MongoDB features and
Example: techniques covers essential aspects of working with MongoDB in
javascript real-world applications, providing a solid foundation for preparing
Copy code for technical interviews and improving your proficiency with
const session = client.startSession(); MongoDB.
session.startTransaction();
4o
try {
db.users.updateOne({ _id: 1 }, { $set: { continue
balance: 50 } }, { session });
db.accounts.updateOne({ _id: 2 }, { $set: { ChatGPT
balance: 150 } }, { session });
session.commitTransaction(); MongoDB Aggregation and Querying
} catch (error) {
session.abortTransaction(); 81. How do you use the $project stage in MongoDB
aggregation?
} finally {
○ The $project stage is used to include,
session.endSession();
exclude, or add new fields to documents
}
being passed through the aggregation
pipeline.
○
Example:
MongoDB Performance Monitoring javascript
Copy code
78. How do you use the MongoDB profiler? db.orders.aggregate([
○ The MongoDB profiler collects fine-grained { $project: { _id: 0, item: 1, total: {
data about MongoDB operations, such as $multiply: ["$price", "$quantity"] } } }
CRUD operations and queries.
]);

Example:
○
javascript
82. What is the $unwind stage in MongoDB
Copy code
aggregation?
db.setProfilingLevel(2);
○ The $unwind stage deconstructs an array
db.system.profile.find({ millis: { $gt: 100 }
field from the input documents to output a
}).sort({ ts: -1 });
document for each element.

○ Example:
javascript
Advanced Indexing Techniques Copy code
db.orders.aggregate([
79. What are partial indexes in MongoDB? { $unwind: "$items" },
○ Partial indexes index only a subset of { $project: { _id: 0, order_id: 1, item:
documents in a collection based on a filter
"$items.name", quantity: "$items.qty" } }
expression.
]);

Example:
javascript ○
Copy code 83. Explain the $group stage in MongoDB aggregation.
db.users.createIndex({ age: 1 }, { ○ The $group stage groups input documents
partialFilterExpression: { age: { $gt: 21 } } by a specified identifier expression and
applies the accumulator expressions to each
});
group.

○
Example:
80. What are compound indexes in MongoDB?
javascript
○ Compound indexes index multiple fields
Copy code
within a document and support more efficient
db.sales.aggregate([
queries on those fields.
{ $group: { _id: "$item", totalSales: { $sum:
Example: "$amount" }, avgQuantity: { $avg: "$quantity" }
javascript } }
]); ○

○ Advanced MongoDB Indexing

84. How do you use the $match stage in MongoDB
aggregation? 87. What are wildcard indexes in MongoDB?
○ The $match stage filters documents to pass ○ Wildcard indexes index fields with dynamic or
only those documents that match the unknown keys and provide a way to index all
specified condition(s) to the next pipeline fields within documents.
stage.
Example:
Example: javascript
javascript Copy code
Copy code db.collection.createIndex({ "$**": 1 });
db.orders.aggregate([
{ $match: { status: "A" } }, ○
{ $group: { _id: "$cust_id", total: { $sum: 88. Explain how to use hashed indexes in MongoDB.
"$amount" } } } ○ Hashed indexes use hashed values of the
indexed field, providing a uniform distribution
]);
of indexes.

○
Example:
javascript
MongoDB Geospatial Queries Copy code
db.collection.createIndex({ user_id: "hashed"
85. How do you perform geospatial queries in });
MongoDB?
○ MongoDB supports geospatial indexes and
○
queries, allowing for operations like finding
documents near a specific location.
MongoDB Performance Tuning
Example:
javascript 89. What are some techniques to optimize MongoDB
Copy code performance?
db.places.createIndex({ location: "2dsphere" }); ○ Optimize schema design.
○ Use proper indexing.
db.places.find({
○ Perform query optimization and analysis
location: {
using explain().
$near: { ○ Use aggregation pipelines effectively.
$geometry: { type: "Point", coordinates: [
-73.9667, 40.78 ] }, Example:
$maxDistance: 1000 javascript
} Copy code
} db.orders.find({ status: "A"
}); }).explain("executionStats");

○ ○
86. Explain the use of the $geoWithin operator in 90. How do you use the $sample stage in MongoDB
MongoDB. aggregation?
○ The $geoWithin operator selects ○ The $sample stage randomly selects a
documents with geospatial data within a specified number of documents from its input.
specified geometry.
Example:
Example: javascript
javascript Copy code
Copy code db.orders.aggregate([
db.places.find({ { $sample: { size: 5 } }
location: { ]);
$geoWithin: {
$geometry: { type: "Polygon", coordinates: ○
[ [ [ -73.97, 40.77 ], [ -73.97, 40.78 ], [
-73.96, 40.78 ], [ -73.96, 40.77 ], [ -73.97, MongoDB Data Validation
40.77 ] ] ] }
} 91. How do you enforce data validation in MongoDB?
○ Use schema validation rules to enforce data
}
integrity in collections.
});
Example: 94. Explain the $elemMatch operator in MongoDB.
javascript ○ The $elemMatch operator matches
Copy code documents that contain an array field with at
db.createCollection("users", { least one element that matches all the
validator: { specified query criteria.
$jsonSchema: {
bsonType: "object", Example:
required: [ "name", "email" ], javascript
Copy code
properties: {
db.inventory.find({
name: { bsonType: "string" },
items: { $elemMatch: { qty: { $gt: 10, $lt: 20
email: { bsonType: "string", pattern:
} } }
"^.+@.+$" }
});
}
}
○
}
95. How do you use the $regex operator in MongoDB?
});
○ The $regex operator provides regular
expression capabilities for pattern matching
○
strings in queries.
92. Explain how to use custom validation in MongoDB.
○ Custom validation involves using JavaScript
Example:
functions to enforce complex validation rules.
javascript
Copy code
Example:
db.users.find({ name: { $regex: /^A/, $options:
javascript
Copy code 'i' } });
db.runCommand({
○
collMod: "users",
validator: {
$jsonSchema: { MongoDB Schema Design Patterns

bsonType: "object",
96. What are some common schema design patterns in
required: [ "name", "email" ],
MongoDB?
properties: { ○ Single View Pattern: Aggregating data from
name: { bsonType: "string" }, multiple sources into a single document.
email: { bsonType: "string", pattern: ○ Tree Pattern: Using parent references, child
"^.+@.+$" } references, or materialized paths to represent
} hierarchical data.
○ Subset Pattern: Storing frequently accessed
}
data in the same document to reduce the
},
number of reads.
validationAction: "warn"
}); Example:
javascript
○ Copy code
const userSchema = {
MongoDB Data Migration name: String,
email: String,
93. How do you handle data migrations in MongoDB? profile: {
○ Use tools like mongodump and age: Number,
mongorestore, or use the MongoDB Atlas address: String
Data Lake. },
○ Plan schema changes carefully and use
orders: [{ order_id: String, amount: Number }]
scripts or tools for data migration.
};

Example:
shell ○
Copy code
mongodump --uri mongodb://localhost:27017/mydb MongoDB GridFS
--out /data/backup/
mongorestore --uri mongodb://newhost:27017/mydb 97. What is GridFS in MongoDB? How do you use it?
○ GridFS is a specification for storing and
--dir /data/backup/
retrieving large files (larger than the
BSON-document size limit of 16 MB).
○

MongoDB Query Operators

Example: ○
javascript
Copy code MongoDB Future Trends
const GridFSBucket =
require('mongodb').GridFSBucket; 100. What are some future trends and developments in
const bucket = new GridFSBucket(db, { MongoDB? - Continued improvement in cloud-based
bucketName: 'files' }); database services like MongoDB Atlas. - Enhanced
support for real-time analytics and processing with
const uploadStream = features like change streams. - Advancements in
performance optimization and indexing strategies. -
bucket.openUploadStream('myfile.txt');
Integration with other technologies and platforms for
fs.createReadStream('path/to/myfile.txt').pipe(u better data management and utilization.
ploadStream);
This comprehensive set of advanced MongoDB features and
const downloadStream = techniques provides a thorough foundation for understanding and
bucket.openDownloadStreamByName('myfile.txt'); leveraging MongoDB's capabilities in various scenarios, from
downloadStream.pipe(fs.createWriteStream('path/t development to administration and optimization.
o/myfile.txt'));

MongoDB Best Practices

98. What are some best practices for working with

MongoDB?
○ Design schemas according to application
requirements and query patterns.
○ Use indexes to optimize query performance.
○ Avoid large or deeply nested documents.
○ Regularly monitor and optimize database
performance.

Example:
javascript
Copy code
db.collection.createIndex({ field: 1 });
db.collection.find({ field: value
}).explain("executionStats");

○
99. How do you ensure data consistency and integrity
in MongoDB?
○ Use transactions for multi-document
operations.
○ Implement schema validation.
○ Regularly back up and test data recovery
processes.

Example:
javascript
Copy code
const session = client.startSession();
session.startTransaction();

try {
db.collection1.updateOne({ _id: 1 }, { $set: {
field: value } }, { session });
db.collection2.updateOne({ _id: 1 }, { $set: {
field: value } }, { session });
session.commitTransaction();
} catch (error) {
session.abortTransaction();
} finally {
session.endSession();
}