Glass Sided Tilting Flume

and Accessories

Instruction Manual

S6-MKII

ISSUE 23

September 2014

PC-0054207
Armfield Ltd Instruction Manual S6-MKII

1 Introduction

This manual contains instructions for the correct use and maintenance of the S6-MKII Glass
Sided Tilting Flume manufactured by Armfield Limited.

The information contained in this manual is intended for the user who is required to read it
carefully and to ensure that he has fully understood it before operating the machine.

The user manual must be available for ready consultation at all times.

If the manual is lost or damaged contact the manufacturer for a replacement copy.

WARNING - The manufacturer is not liable for consequences resulting from an

improper use of the machine due to the user’s failure to read this manual or incomplete
reading of it.

The manual is an integral part of each piece of equipment and consequently must be kept
throughout the entire service life of the machine and accompany it at all times, even if
transferred to another user.

This manual contains instructions required for the safety, receiving, installation, storage,
correct operation and maintenance of the S6-MKII Glass Sided Tilting Flume.

WARNING - Armfield Limited reserves the right to modify the specifications referred to
in this manual or the characteristics of each machine. Some of the illustrations in this manual
may include parts that are slightly different to those mounted on your machine.

WARNING - All practical work areas and laboratories should be covered by local
regulations which must be followed at all times

2 EC Conformity
Each machine is accompanied by an EC Declaration of Conformity signed by the
representative of Armfield Limited.

The declaration of conformity states the model and serial number.

The equipment has been constructed in compliance with the essential health and safety
requirements laid down in the following applicable directives:

2006/95/EC The Low Voltage Directive

2004/108/EC The Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive

2006/42/EC The Machinery Directive

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The following harmonised standards were also consulted for the design and construction of
the equipment:

BS EN 61010-1:2010 Safety requirements for electrical equipment for

measurement, control, and laboratory use

BS EN 61000-6-1:2007 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Generic standards.

Immunity for residential, commercial and light-industrial
environments

BS EN 61000-6-3:2001 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Generic standards.

Emission standard for residential, commercial and light-
industrial environments

WARNING - This declaration is only valid if the Equipment is installed, used and
maintained in compliance with the above mentioned directives and instructions and with the
instructions and equipment described in this manual.

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Table of Contents

1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 2
2 EC Conformity ............................................................................................................... 2
3 Disclaimer ...................................................................................................................... 7
4 Copyright and trademarks .............................................................................................. 7
5 Symbols ......................................................................................................................... 8
6 Safety ............................................................................................................................ 9
6.1 Failure to comply with safety standards .................................................................. 9
6.2 Start up, operation and maintenance ...................................................................... 9
6.3 Intended conditions of use .................................................................................... 10
6.4 Equipment intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres......................... 10
6.5 Safety guidelines relating to maintenance, inspection and assembly work ............ 11
6.6 Arbitrary production and transformation of spare parts .......................................... 11
6.7 Chemical Safety .................................................................................................... 11
6.8 Control of Hazardous Substances......................................................................... 11
6.9 Water Borne Hazards ........................................................................................... 13
6.10 Hot/Cold Surfaces ................................................................................................. 14
6.11 Hot/Cold Liquids ................................................................................................... 14
6.12 Leakage of hazardous fluids ................................................................................. 14
6.13 Protective clothing................................................................................................. 15
6.14 Machine maintenance ........................................................................................... 15
7 General Overview ........................................................................................................ 17
8 Equipment Diagrams ................................................................................................... 18
9 Description ................................................................................................................... 22
9.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 22
9.1.1 Location of Controls on Electrical Console for S6-MKII with S6-MKII-50 option
fitted 25
9.1.2 Local operation - Local / Remote switch not depressed (no illumination) ....... 25
9.1.3 Remote operation - Local / Remote switch depressed (illuminated) ............... 26
9.2 S6-MKII Ordering Options ..................................................................................... 27
9.3 Optional Experimental Models and Instrumentation .............................................. 27
10 Installation.................................................................................................................... 33
10.1 Advisory ................................................................................................................ 33
10.2 Installation Dimensions for S6-MKII Flumes .......................................................... 33
10.3 Electrical Supply ................................................................................................... 33
10.3.1 Connection to the Electrical Supply ................................................................ 34
10.3.2 Electrical supply for accessories .................................................................... 34
10.4 Installing the Equipment ........................................................................................ 35
10.4.1 Marking out the site area ............................................................................... 35
10.4.2 Assembling the channel sections ................................................................... 36
10.4.3 Assembling the supports and jacking system ................................................. 37
10.4.4 Installation of the circulating pump, pipework and sump tanks ....................... 39
10.4.5 Electrical connections .................................................................................... 40
10.5 Commissioning ..................................................................................................... 41
10.5.1 Sealing the channel section ........................................................................... 41
10.5.2 Testing the pump and flowmeter .................................................................... 41
10.5.3 Water testing the channel section .................................................................. 44
10.5.4 Adjusting the channel section ........................................................................ 44

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10.5.5 Adjusting the instrument rails ......................................................................... 45

10.6 Electrical Wiring Diagram ...................................................................................... 46
11 Operation ..................................................................................................................... 47
11.1 Operating the Equipment ...................................................................................... 47
11.1.1 Adjusting the slope of the bed ........................................................................ 47
11.1.2 Varying the water flowrate (Standard S6-MKII electrical console) .................. 47
11.1.3 Varying the water flowrate (Optional S6-MKII-50 electrical console with S6-
MKII-90) 48
11.1.4 Using the optional sediment loop ................................................................... 49
11.1.5 Measuring the water flowrate ......................................................................... 49
11.1.6 Adjusting the height of water in the channel section ....................................... 49
11.1.7 Adjusting water velocity in the channel section .............................................. 50
11.1.8 Using the model mounting points in the bed of the channel ........................... 50
11.1.9 Operating the optional S6-MKII-50 interface .................................................. 50
12 Equipment Specifications ............................................................................................. 51
12.1 Overall Dimensions ............................................................................................... 51
12.2 Equipment Location .............................................................................................. 51
12.3 Electromagnetic Compatibility ............................................................................... 52
12.4 Environmental Conditions ..................................................................................... 52
13 Routine Maintenance ................................................................................................... 53
13.1 Responsibility........................................................................................................ 53
13.2 General ................................................................................................................. 53
13.2.1 Check the condition of the water .................................................................... 53
13.2.2 Check for leaks .............................................................................................. 53
13.3 Full Annual Service ............................................................................................... 53
13.3.1 Check for leaks .............................................................................................. 54
13.3.2 Draining / cleaning ......................................................................................... 54
13.3.3 Check the alignment of the channel section ................................................... 54
13.3.4 Resealing ....................................................................................................... 54
13.3.5 Lubrication ..................................................................................................... 55
13.3.6 Pump maintenance ........................................................................................ 55
13.3.7 Checking limit switches and clutch on the electrical jacking system (if fitted) . 55
13.3.8 Refilling .......................................................................................................... 56
13.3.9 Cleaning the models ...................................................................................... 56
13.4 Configuration of the Electromagnetic Flowmeter ................................................... 56
13.5 Configuration of the Inverter for the Jacking System ............................................. 58
13.6 Configuration of the Inverter for the Water Pump (S6-MKII-50) ............................. 59
14 Laboratory Teaching Exercises .................................................................................... 61
14.1 Index to Exercises................................................................................................. 61
14.2 Nomenclature ....................................................................................................... 62
14.2.1 General Nomenclature ................................................................................... 62
14.2.2 Nomenclature for Free Surface Flow ............................................................. 63
14.3 Assembly Instructions for the Optional Models ...................................................... 65
14.3.1 S6-20 Plate Weirs (Stainless Steel) ............................................................... 66
14.3.2 S6-21 Broad Crested Weirs (GRP) ................................................................ 67
14.3.3 S6-22 Venturi Flume ...................................................................................... 67
14.3.4 S6-23 Ogee Weir & Manometer Board........................................................... 68
14.3.5 S6-24 Dam Spillway Models .......................................................................... 69

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14.3.6 S6-25 Syphon Spillway (Acrylic) .................................................................... 70

14.3.7 S6-26 Self-regulating Syphon ........................................................................ 70
14.3.8 S6-27 Roughened Beds................................................................................. 71
14.3.9 S6-28 Vibrating Pile ....................................................................................... 71
14.3.10 S6-29 Lift & Drag Balance & Models .......................................................... 71
14.3.11 S6-30 Pitot Tube & Manometer .................................................................. 71
14.3.12 S6-31 Crump Weir...................................................................................... 72
14.3.13 S6-32 Parshall Flume ................................................................................. 72
14.3.14 S6-33 WSC Flume (GRP) .......................................................................... 72
14.3.15 S6-35 Wave Generator .............................................................................. 73
14.3.16 S6-36 Beach .............................................................................................. 73
14.3.17 S6-37 Zagni Flow Monitoring System ......................................................... 73
14.3.18 S6-40 Instrument Carrier ............................................................................ 73
14.3.19 S6-42 Velocity Meter and mountings .......................................................... 73
14.3.20 S6-45 Random WaveMaker ....................................................................... 74
14.3.21 S6-MKII-90 Software Control and Data Acquisition .................................... 74
14.4 Using newer models with through-the-bed mounting in an older flume.................. 74
14.5 Using older models with spigot-mount in a new flume ........................................... 74
14.6 Operating the S6-30 Pitot tube and manometer .................................................... 74
14.7 Operating the S6-35 Wave Generator ................................................................... 77
14.8 Operating the S6-45 Random WaveMaker ........................................................... 78
14.9 Operating the S6-36 Beach................................................................................... 81
14.10 Calibration of S6-30 Pitot Tube and Manometer ................................................ 81
14.11 Setting Procedure for Closed Loop Recirculation with Sediment ....................... 82
14.12 Recommended Procedures for Removing Sediment ......................................... 83
14.13 Operating the S6-37 Flow Monitoring System ................................................... 83
14.14 The Piezometric System.................................................................................... 84
14.15 The Velocity measurement System (Right hand half of Board) .......................... 87
15 Exercise A - Discharge beneath a Sluice Gate (Undershot weir) .................................. 89
16 Exercise B - Force on a Sluice Gate (Undershot weir) ................................................. 92
17 Exercise C - Critical depth– Derivation of the Specific Energy Equation ....................... 94
18 Exercise D - Hydraulic Jump ........................................................................................ 98
19 Exercise E - Characteristics of flow over rectangular thin plate weirs (overshot) ........ 101
20 Exercise F - Characteristics of flow over profiled thin plate weirs (Overshot) .............. 106
21 Exercise G - Characteristics of flow over a sharp cornered broad crested weir .......... 114
22 Exercise H - Characteristics of flow over a streamlined broad crested weir ................ 117
23 Exercise J - Characteristics of flow through a Venturi flume ....................................... 120
24 Exercise K - Characteristics of flow over an Ogee Weir ............................................. 123
25 Exercise L - Characteristics of flow over a Dam Spillway ........................................... 126
26 Exercise M - Characteristics of flow over a Siphon Spillway ....................................... 129
27 Exercise N - Characteristics of flow through a self-regulating siphon ......................... 132
28 Exercise P - Characteristics of Flow over a Gravel Bed ............................................. 137
29 Exercise Q - Characteristics of flow over a Corrugated Bed ....................................... 140
30 Exercise R - Characteristics of flow around a Cylindrical Pile ..................................... 142
31 Exercise S - The Lift and Drag Force on Submerged Structures ................................ 145
32 Exercise T - Characteristics of flow over a Crump Weir.............................................. 151
33 Exercise U - Characteristics of flow through a Parshall Flume ................................... 156
34 Exercise V - Characteristics of flow through a WSC Flume ........................................ 159
35 Contact Details for Further Information ...................................................................... 163

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3 Disclaimer
This document and all the information contained within it are proprietary to Armfield Limited.
This document must not be used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied and
its contents must not be reproduced, modified, adapted, published, translated or disclosed to
any third party, in whole or in part, without the prior written permission of Armfield Limited.

Should you have any queries or comments, please contact the Armfield Customer Support
helpdesk (Monday to Thursday: 0830 - 1730 and Friday: 0830 - 1300 UK time). Contact
details are as follows:

United Kingdom International

(0) 1425 478781 +44 (0) 1425 478781

(calls charged at local rate) (international rates apply)

Email: [email protected]

Fax: +44 (0) 1425 470916

4 Copyright and trademarks

Copyright © 2014 Armfield Limited. All rights reserved.

Any technical documentation made available by Armfield Limited is the copyright work of
Armfield Limited and wholly owned by Armfield Limited.

Brands and product names mentioned in this manual may be trademarks or registered
trademarks of their respective companies and are hereby acknowledged.

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5 Symbols

General warning indicating the potential risk of personal injury

Danger warning Caution: Explosion Risk

Electrical hazard Cold Burn hazard

High Voltage hazard Caution: Flammable

Rotating parts hazard Caution: Biohazard

Caution: corrosive material

Do not remove safety guards from Do not repair or oil machine whilst in
rotating parts motion

This symbol draws your attention to the Wear protective gloves

information

Wear eye protection Wear ear protection

Wear safety shoes Wear breathing protection

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6 Safety

6.1 Failure to comply with safety standards

Failure to comply with the safety standards described in this manual and those relating
to common sense can cause danger to people and the environment and damage the
Equipment.

Specifically, such non-observance can cause:

 inability of machine and/or plant to perform key functions;

 damage to the machine and /or plant ;

 electrical, mechanical and/or chemical danger to persons;

 environmental danger due to leakage of hazardous substances.

Failure to observe and comply with these safety standards will invalidate the warranty.

Keep these instructions and all related documents together, ensure that they are legible and
easily accessible to all employees.

Do not remove any safety equipment before operating the Equipment or during its
operation. Make sure that there is no evident danger before powering up the Equipment. The
system must be inspected regularly to check for damage and to ensure that all safety
devices are in good working order.

The Equipment contains moving parts. Do not insert limbs or materials other than the
processing material while the Equipment is functioning. In the event of malfunction, danger
or lack of appropriate safety systems, shut down the Equipment immediately and inform the
qualified personnel.

6.2 Start up, operation and maintenance

The customer is required to verify the suitability of the Equipment for his specific needs, to
provide the necessary processing data for a correct selection of the Equipment type and the
accessories needed to guarantee the safety of the Equipment. If the user notices that any
accessories he considers useful or essential are missing in the order confirmation, it is the
customer’s responsibility to contact the manufacturer and request that the accessory or
accessories be applied to the Equipment.

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While the Equipment is being used the safety devices provided must be
present and correctly installed. Do not carry out any operation on the safety devices while
the Equipment is operating.

6.3 Intended conditions of use

The Equipment features a wide range of optional instruments and models to offer extensive
demonstration capabilities in all aspects of open channel flow.

The Equipment must always observe the operating limitations for which it was
constructed and those stated in the order confirmation: observe the temperature, pressure,
capacity, viscosity and speed limits. Unless otherwise stated in the order, the Equipment
must not be used in environments subject to the formation of potentially explosive
atmospheres.

6.4 Equipment intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres

If the Equipment is intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres the fact must
be specified in the order and the Atex mark included on the data plate.

The ATEX directives concern controlling potentially explosive atmospheres and the
standards for accessories and protection systems to be used in these atmospheres.

Atex Directive 2006/42/EC applies specifically to electrical and non-electrical accessories.

The conditions of use must fall within the boundaries that are defined and described in the
directive.

Personnel must comply with the following requirements and rules when working with
products Have Ex approval in potentially explosive atmospheres:

• All actions on the product must be carried out by licensed electricians or authorised
operators. Specific rules apply to installations in explosive atmospheres.

• All users must be aware of electricity-related hazards and the chemical and physical
characteristics of the gas and/or steam present in hazardous areas.

• When you start up the machine, or carry out maintenance, controls or repairs on the
machine consider your safety at all times, consequently adhere strictly to the general
European directives on machinery that have been transposed into national laws, to
Euronorm EN 12100:2005, to the specific safety standards and the pertinent technical rules.

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6.5 Safety guidelines relating to maintenance, inspection and assembly

work

The user must ensure that all maintenance, inspection and assembly operations
related to the Equipment are carried out by qualified technicians.

Technicians must carefully read this instruction manual before acting on the Equipment.
Only authorised and trained personnel are permitted to work on the Equipment.

6.6 Arbitrary production and transformation of spare parts

Changes or modifications to the machine, within the limits that do not go beyond
extraordinary maintenance, are only permitted if agreed on beforehand with the
manufacturer.

Only original spare parts or parts specifically declared as compatible by Armfield Limited
must be used for regular maintenance operations.

These parts have been designed specifically for the system. There is no guarantee that non-
original parts can withstand the loads, and function correctly and safely.

The use of non-original parts voids the warranty.

6.7 Chemical Safety

The unit is designed to use clean water during normal operation, but cleaning should
be carried out regularly as described in the maintenance section of this manual which may
involve the use of a mild detergent. In addition, under certain conditions causing algal
growth, it may be necessary to use disinfectants or biocides to avoid the possibility of water-
borne infections as described above.

6.8 Control of Hazardous Substances

The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations.

The COSHH regulations impose a duty on employers to protect employees and others from
substances used at work which may be hazardous to health.

COSHH covers substances that are hazardous to health. Substances can take many forms
and include:

 chemicals

 products containing chemicals

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 fumes

 dusts

 vapours

 mists

 nanotechnology

 gases and asphyxiating gases and

 biological agents (germs). If the packaging has any of the hazard symbols then it is
classed as a hazardous substance.

 germs that cause diseases such as leptospirosis or legionnaires disease and germs
used in laboratories.

The regulations require you to make an assessment of all operations which are liable to
expose any person to these hazards. You are also required to introduce suitable procedures
for handling these substances and keep appropriate records.

Since the equipment supplied by Armfield Limited may involve the use of substances which
can be hazardous (for example, cleaning fluids used for maintenance or chemicals used for
particular demonstrations) it is essential that the responsible person in authority implements
the COSHH regulations or local equivalent.

Safety data sheets

The regulations also ensure that the relevant Health and Safety Data Sheets must be
available for all hazardous substances used in the laboratory.

Products you use may be ‘dangerous for supply’. If so, they will have a label that has one or
more hazard symbols. These products include common substances in everyday use such as
paint, bleach, solvent or fillers. When a product is ‘dangerous for supply’, by law, the supplier
must provide you with a safety data sheet.

Note: medicines, pesticides and cosmetic products have different legislation and don’t have
a safety data sheet. Ask the supplier how the product can be used safely.

Any person using a hazardous substance must be informed of the following:

 Physical data about the substance.

 Any hazard from fire or explosion.

 Any hazard to health.

 Appropriate First Aid treatment.

 Any hazard from reaction with other substances.

 How to clean/dispose of spillage.

 Appropriate protective measures.

 Appropriate storage and handling.

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Although these regulations may not be applicable in your country, it is strongly

recommended that a similar approach is adopted for the protection of the users operating
the equipment. Local regulations must also be considered.

More information can be found on http://www.hse.gov.uk/coshh/index.htm

Any such chemicals used must be stored, handled, prepared and used in accordance
with the manufacturer’s instructions and with all applicable local regulations. Protective
clothing (e.g. gloves, eye protection) should be worn when appropriate, and users should be
supplied with any relevant safety information (e.g. the correct procedure in the event of
contact with skin or eyes, the correct procedure in the event of a spill, etc.).

6.9 Water Borne Hazards

The equipment described in this instruction manual involves the use of water, which
under certain conditions can create a health hazard due to infection by harmful micro-
organisms.

For example, the microscopic bacterium called Legionella pneumophila will feed on any
scale, rust, algae or sludge in water and will breed rapidly if the temperature of water is
between 20 and 45°C. Any water containing this bacterium which is sprayed or splashed
creating air-borne droplets can produce a form of pneumonia called Legionnaires Disease
which is potentially fatal.

Legionella is not the only harmful micro-organism which can infect water, but it serves as a
useful example of the need for cleanliness.

Under the COSHH regulations, the following precautions must be observed:

 Any water contained within the product must not be allowed to stagnate, i.e. the
water must be changed regularly.

 Any rust, sludge, scale or algae on which micro-organisms can feed must be
removed regularly, i.e. the equipment must be cleaned regularly.

 Where practicable the water should be maintained at a temperature below 20°C or

the water should be disinfected. In the S6 MkII Glass Sided Tilting Flume this is not
practicable so the equipment should be drained after use and filled with fresh water
for each run. Note that other hazards may exist in the handling of biocides if these
are used to disinfect the water.

 After use the water system should be filled and run with water containing a mild
disinfectant such as ‘Milton’ to kill any micro-organisms or algal growth then flushed
with clean water and left empty. The fan should not be operated while circulating
disinfectant to avoid droplets from becoming airborne. The droplet arrester should be
removed, soaked in the water containing disinfectant then allowed to dry before
replacing it in the tower.

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 A scheme should be prepared for preventing or controlling the risk incorporating all of
the actions listed above.

Further details on preventing infection are contained in the publication “The Control of
Legionellosis including Legionnaires Disease” - Health and Safety Series booklet HS (G) 70.

6.10 Hot/Cold Surfaces

This unit contains components that that operate with a maximum temperature
of 50°C.

Do not touch any surfaces close to ‘Hot Surfaces’ warning labels, any of the interconnecting
tubing or components whilst the equipment is in use or returning to a safe temperature.

6.11 Hot/Cold Liquids

This unit is designed to operate with a maximum liquid temperature of 50°C and
minimum liquid temperature of 5°C.

Before disconnecting any of the pipes or tubing:

 Stop the liquid pump.

 Leave time for the equipment to return to room temperature.

 Check that the temperature of the Equipment and liquid is at a safe level

Do not touch any surfaces close to ‘Hot Surfaces’ warning labels, any of the interconnecting
tubing or components whilst the equipment is in use or returning to a safe temperature.

6.12 Leakage of hazardous fluids

If the Equipment is used to pump/operate with hazardous liquids

(toxic, corrosive, flammable, etc.), the volumes of fluid that leak through the seals must be
collected and disposed of without endangering human health or the environment and in
accordance to local legislation.

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6.13 Protective clothing

Wear appropriate protective clothing to protect body parts.

Safety gloves

Wear suitable gloves to protect your hands from various types of possible hazards:
mechanical, electrical, chemical and high/low temperatures.

Clothing

Wear appropriate clothing to protect your body from chemical hazards.

Footware

Wear safety footwear to protect your feet from falling objects.

Eye Protection

Wear suitable eye protection to protect your eyes from various types of possible hazards:
mechanical debris, chemicals and hot water/steam.

Ear Protection

Wear suitable ear protection to protect your ears from excessive noise.

6.14 Machine maintenance

Do not disassemble the Equipment before emptying the contents/fluids (if

applicable). Even if the tubes are all empty, some liquid could remain in the unit. The fluid(s)
can be hazardous to human health and the environment, and can be very hot/cold.

All maintenance work must be carried out with the machine isolated from the power
supply.

Before beginning maintenance on the Equipment remember to isolate the power

supply. All the devices must be secured against automatic or accidental restart. (Where
possible turn the main switch to OFF and remove the key). In particular situations where you
need to run the Equipment while servicing at least 2 persons must be present so that in the
event of danger one person will be able to disconnect the power supply or raise the alarm.
Once maintenance has been completed remember to restore the safety devices and check
that they are in good working order.

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To give increased operator protection, the unit incorporates a Residual Current Device
(RCD), alternatively called an Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker, as an integral part of this
equipment. If through misuse or accident the equipment becomes electrically compromised,
the RCD will switch off the electrical supply and reduce the severity of any electric shock
received by an operator to a level which, under normal circumstances, will not cause injury
to that person.

At least once each month, check that the RCD is operating correctly by pressing
the TEST button. The circuit breaker MUST trip when the button is pressed. Failure to trip
means that the operator is not protected and the equipment must be checked and repaired
by a competent electrician before it is used.

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7 General Overview

The flow channel or flume is one of the most important tools available to the hydraulics
engineer or civil engineer whether engaged in teaching basic principles or researching
solutions to practical problems. Many applications in fluid mechanics are associated the flow
of water through an open channel where the water has a free surface that is exposed to the
air at atmospheric pressure.

The range of glass sided tilting flumes described in this manual has been developed during
30 years of continuous production, and examples are installed in educational and research
establishments throughout the world. The flumes are available in different lengths to suit the
application, short versions for basic investigations and longer versions for investigations of
gradually varied flow profiles with non-uniform channel flow.

A comprehensive range of accessories, models and measuring instruments is

available including wave generating equipment. Refer to S6-MKII Ordering Options
section 9.2 for a summary of the accessories available.

The user can, of course, construct appropriate models for the evaluation of specific
problems.

The design of the flume provides sufficient accuracy for project work and research work in
addition to the teaching of basic principles. Floor space requirements are reduced to a
minimum. The construction using plastic sump tanks, GRP end tanks and a stainless steel
channel bed minimises the maintenance necessary. The use of toughened glass for the
channel walls allows safe and clear viewing of the flow patterns associated with the model or
accessory in use.

The standard flume includes manually operated jacking for varying the slope of the channel
bed. Electrically operated jacking is available as an option. Another option is the provision of
a closed loop for sediment transport studies.

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8 Equipment Diagrams

Please see the following diagrams attached at the rear of this manual. If you are viewing this
manual electronically please see accompanying pdf.

S6-MKII-5M - Shown with hand operated jacking

S6-MKII-7.5M - Shown with hand operated jacking

S6-MKII-10M - Shown with hand operated jacking

S6-MKII-12.5M - Shown with hand operated jacking

S6-MKII-15M - Shown with hand operated jacking

Sediment Loop Diagram (option)

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Figure 1: Optional S6-37 Flow Monitoring System used with S6-MKII Glass Sided Tilting Flume

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Figure 2: Electrical Console Diagram; Location of Controls (Controls for optional power jacking, wave
maker accessories etc are only used when these options are fitted)

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Figure 3: Electrical Console Diagram (Standard S6-MKII); Location of Components

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9 Description

Where necessary, refer to the drawings in the Equipment Diagrams section 8.

9.1 Overview

The S6-MKII is a glass-sided tilting flume with a stainless steel bed. It has a working cross
section of 300 mm wide by 450 mm deep, and is available in standard working lengths of
5m, 7.5m, 10m and 12.5m. Each flume is supplied broken down into pre-glazed sections that
simply bolt together for ease of assembly on-site.

All numerical references in brackets relate to the diagrams on the preceding pages. A
General Arrangement Diagram is included for each of the standard working lengths that
includes overall dimensions and typical floor loads at each of the supports when the working
section is filled with water. See Installation Dimensions for S6-MKII Flumes section 10.2 for
specific dimensions for positioning the supports during installation of the flume.

The standard flumes are completely self contained, and comprise: the glass-sided working
section (18), moulded inlet tank (21), moulded discharge tank (13), a series of
interconnected sump tanks (27), a centrifugal water pump (4), an electronic flowmeter (3), a
jacking system (7 & 10). A separate freestanding electrical console is supplied that houses
the digital flowmeter readout (28) and controls for the water pump (29, 33 & 35) and Wave
maker (30, 32 & 34) if this option is fitted.

Each channel section is supplied fully glazed with large clear panels of toughened glass (18)
on both sides. The use of glass on both sides, coupled with careful design of the
cantilevered side supports (15), provides excellent visibility and allows flow visualisation over
the full working height of the flume. The glass panels are sealed to the bed of the flume
using a rubber ‘U’ section compressed by an aluminium alloy clamping strip (20). Adjusters
(17) are provided so that the top edge of the glass may be accurately aligned.

The stainless steel channel bed (19) is manufactured to high tolerances, and is designed
with an integral webbed support frame, which gives the flume a high degree of rigidity and
stability. Joints between the channel sections are bolted together and located by dowels to
ensure accurate alignment. The overall strength and rigidity of this design allows excellent
stability figures to be achieved and eliminates the need to provide adjusting screws or to
perform periodic setting up of the flume to maintain its specification.

Each 2.5 m long section of channel incorporates two mounting points (24) for models and
two pressure tappings (23) that are located on the centreline, in the bed of the flume. Each
model mounting point incorporates a removable plug with integral ‘O’ ring seal. The plug is
inserted into the mounting point from inside the flume and is designed to be flush with the
bed when the mounting point is not in use so that the flow of water is not disturbed. The
pressure tappings are located at 1.25 m centres along the flume and incorporate an isolating
valve and connection for flexible tubing to appropriate instrumentation such as the optional
Zagni Flow Measuring System (S6-37).

Scales are attached to the glass walls upstream and downstream of one model mounting
point to allow the level of the water to be measured. If an alternative measuring device, such
as a hook and point gauge, is not available then the model should be installed between the
scales to allow the upstream and downstream water levels to be measured.

The glass support brackets between the level scales are modified to allow them to be moved
when installing long models such as the S6-32 Parshall Flume or S6-33 WSC Flume. This

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can also help when installing the S6-27 Roughened beds in the centre section of the flume.
Removal of the fixing screw on the appropriate glass support brackets allows the brackets to
be slid along the box section creating an opening long enough for insertion of the model.
The brackets should be slid back into position after installing the model.

Instrument rails (16) are provided along the entire working length of the flume, and a
continuous scale calibrated in mm is provided along the length of one of the rails. Adjustable
screws allow the rails to be set level and true. An instrument carrier and various measuring
instruments are available as options. These allow the depth of water, local velocity, wave
profile etc to be monitored as required at any desired location in the flume. Refer to Optional
Experimental Models and Instrumentation section 9.3 for further details.

Excellent velocity profiles are achieved in the working section by careful shaping of the inlet
tank (21) and by the incorporation of stilling and smoothing devices. A damper board (22)
floats on the surface of the water in the inlet tank to reduce ripples on the surface of the
water. Water level in the working section is maintained by an overshot tilting weir that is
located in the discharge tank (13). The weir consists of a paddle that is hinged at the bottom.
The height of the weir is adjusted using a winch (14) that is located on top of the discharge
tank. The winch incorporates a brake that allows the weir to be raised or lowered under total
control using the winch handle. The outlet in the base of the discharge tank is fitted with a
flexible draft tube (12) to direct the water to the end sump tank (26) without undue splashing
or noise. The inlet tank and discharge tank are both moulded from tough, non-corroding
GRP. A drain valve (1) in the base of the inlet tank allows the tank to be fully drained for
maintenance or when not in use.

Water circulation is by a centrifugal pump (4) mounted on the floor beneath the channel. This
draws water from a series of interconnected sump tanks (27) standing on the floor and
running alongside the flow channel. The sump tanks are moulded from corrosion resistant
plastic. The tanks are connected together by large diameter flexible sleeves (9) so that the
water can flow through the tanks for recirculation. A drain valve (6) on the end sump tank
allows the water to be drained for maintenance. Each sump tank incorporates a lid (11) to
keep the contents clean. The lids on the sump tanks must not be used as a walkway when
operating the flume or performing maintenance on it. If a walkway is constructed above the
sump tanks then suitable steps, handrails etc must be provided to allow safe access.

All interconnecting pipes and fittings are made of non-corroding materials.

The flow of water into the channel is regulated using a manually adjusted butterfly valve (5).
The flow rate is measured using an electromagnetic flowmeter (3), and displayed on a digital
readout (28) located on the front of the electrical console. The digital readout is supplied pre-
configured to display the flow of water in units of litres/second. The display also indicates the
percentage of the maximum flowrate available (30 litres/sec = 100 %) The digital readout
can be re-configured to display different units of flowrate or total flow as required. Refer to
Configuration of the Electromagnetic Flowmeter section 13.4. The electrical console is
mounted on a pedestal and is usually located adjacent to the flow control valve so that the
flow rate can be read whilst adjusting the valve. A master isolator switch (38) allows the
electrical supply to be isolated from the equipment. A 'Power On' indicator (31) shows when
the master isolator switch is in the 'On' position and the equipment is live. Also located on
the console are the ‘Emergency Stop’ button (37), the ‘Pump Start’ button (33) and ‘Pump
Stop’ button (35). A 'Pump Running' indicator (29) shows when the pump is switched on. An
additional emergency stop button is provided on the longer flumes. This is located at the
discharge end of the flume and allows the electrical supply to be disconnected from the
pump, flowmeter and jacking system (if electric jacking is fitted) if in an emergency arises.

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A ‘Wavemaker Start’ button (32), ‘Wavemaker Stop’ button (34) and ‘Wavemaker Running’
indicator (30) are included on the console. These are only appropriate if the optional Wave
Generator S6-35 or Random Wavemaker S6-40 is installed. A connector (36) on the right
hand side of the console allows the optional S6-MKII-50 Data Logging accessory to be
connected, when available.

The standard flume is tilted using a manually operated jacking system. All versions have a
common pivot pedestal (2) at the inlet end. A single jacking station (10) is used for the 5m
long flume. Longer flumes have additional intermediate jacking pedestals (7) that are
connected to the main jacking pedestal by a geared drive. A handwheel (25) on the main
jacking pedestal is used to vary the slope of the flume. Refer to the Figure 5 for details of the
number and positions of the jacking pedestals on the different lengths of flume. A slope
indicator is provided on the main jacking pedestal to provide a direct reading of the
inclination of the channel bed.

Anchor bolts are supplied for securing the pivot pedestal, the main jacking pedestal and
each intermediate jacking pedestal (where appropriate) to the floor. It is essential that these
bolts be fitted to ensure stability of the flume in use. Bolts are also provided for fixing the
circulating pump to the floor.

Electrical jacking is available as an optional extra at the time of ordering only (see S6-MKII
Ordering Options section 9.2). This adds an electric motor and slipping clutch to the manual
arrangement with up/down/inch switches plus an additional Emergency Stop button. Electric
limit switches disable the electrical drive at the maximum and minimum extent of travel. The
controls for the electric jacking are located on the side of the channel bed, above the slope
indicator, for convenient setting of the required slope. The slope can be adjusted
continuously by setting the direction switch to UP or DOWN as required then setting the
other switch to the RUN position. The motor will stop when either switch is set to the STOP
position or when the appropriate limit switch is operated as the channel reaches maximum
slope. The position can be finely adjusted by setting the second switch to the INCH position
then repeatedly pressing the INCH button until the required slope is achieved. Set both
switches to the STOP position when the channel is at the required slope. Power is
connected to the electrical jacking system when the master switch (37) is switched on and
the ‘Power On’ indicator (31) is illuminated. However, the jacking is only activated when any
of the remote control switches on the side of the flume are activated.

A sediment loop can also be fitted as an optional extra during manufacture of the tilting flume
(see Equipment Diagrams section 8 and S6-MKII Ordering Options section 9.2). This loop
consists of an additional pipe, with appropriate valves, that connects the outlet of the
channel directly to the inlet of the pump allowing water to be continuously re-circulated
through the channel without passing through the sump tanks. This closed loop allows
suspended sediment to be re-circulated through the channel without the settling that would
occur in the sump tanks. When the sediment loop is fitted the centrifugal pump is also
upgraded to allow it to be used with sediment up to a maximum grain size of 3 mm.

Note: See Equipment Diagrams section 8 for Sediment Loop fitted to the S6-MKII-5M. The
arrangement of valves and fittings associated with the sediment loop is identical on the
longer versions of the flume, simply incorporating longer lengths of pipework as appropriate.

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9.1.1 Location of Controls on Electrical Console for S6-MKII with S6-MKII-50

option fitted

S6-MKII-50 Electrical Console

Note: The switches marked Wavemaker Run and Stop are only applicable when an optional
wave maker accessory has been installed on the S6-MKII flow channel.

The S6-MKII-50 option includes a modified electrical console that allows measurement,
control and data logging using an S6-MKII-90 (supplied with the S6-MKII-50 option)
connected to a suitable user supplied PC. The controls on the modified electrical console
differ from the standard console and include a Local / Remote selector switch. The setting of
the Local / Remote switch determines if the water pump and jacking (if supplied) are
controlled from local controls or via a PC as follows:

9.1.2 Local operation - Local / Remote switch not depressed (no illumination)

The pump is started by pressing the PUMP RUN switch and stopped by pressing the
accompanying STOP switch. Pump speed is varied via the control on the front of the
console. This multi-turn potentiometer is adjusted to give the required flowrate indicated on
the panel meter above. The pump speed control should always be set to zero after use and
before starting the pump.

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The pump speed inverter is configured to operate at a minimum speed of 20% to prevent
overheating of the motor in use. This means that the pump will operate at 20% speed when
switched on even when the control on the front of the console is set to zero. The pump
speed will only increase when the control is raised above a setting of 20%. If an extremely
low flow of water is required in the working section, below the 20% threshold, then the flow
control valve adjacent to the circulating pump can be partially closed to reduce the flowrate
to the required value. Similarly, the flow control valve can be adjusted to limit the maximum
flowrate when the pump is operating at 100% speed.

The jacking is operated via the switch box in the same way as a standard S6-MKII but
cannot be operated remotely using a PC.

The Wavemaker (if fitted) is not affected by the selection of Local or Remote and is operated
by pressing the WAVEMAKER RUN switch and stopped by pressing the accompanying
STOP switch on the electrical console.

9.1.3 Remote operation - Local / Remote switch depressed (illuminated)

The PUMP RUN and STOP switches are disabled in Remote operation.

The pump is operated using the Pump Control section in the S6-MKII-50 software. The
pump is started and stopped by alternately clicking the Pump Run button. The required
water flowrate is entered as the setpoint of a PID loop and the speed of the pump is then
varied by the PC to maintain the required flowrate.

Note: To avoid surges when priming the system, i.e. starting the pump with the pipework
and flowmeter empty, it is recommended that the pump is started in manual control by
varying the pump speed output manually to at least 30% on the PC (PID control disengaged)
until the system has primed and the flowrate is steady. The PID controller on the PC can
then be changed from manual to PID control to maintain the required flowrate.

The pump speed inverter is configured to operate at a minimum speed of 20% to prevent
overheating of the motor in use. This means that the pump will operate at 20% speed when
switched on even when the output set to zero. The pump speed will only increase when the
output is raised above 20%. If an extremely low flow of water is required in the working
section, below the 20% threshold, then the flow control valve adjacent to the circulating
pump can be partially closed to reduce the flowrate to the required value. Similarly, the flow
control valve can be adjusted to limit the maximum flowrate when the pump is operating at
100% speed.

The jacking system can be operated using the switch box on the side of the S6-MKII or using
the Jacking Control section in the S6-MKII-50 software as required. However, if the jacking
system is initiated via the software then it must be stopped via the software. If the jacking
system is initiated via the switch b=ox then it must be stopped via the switchbox. Limit
switches will stop the jacking system at the limit of its travel whichever control method is
used.

When using the software the jacks can be raised by clicking the Jack Up button until the
required slope is indicated (indicated in degrees). Clicking the Jack Up button again will stop
the jacking. Similarly, the jacks can be lowered by clicking the Jack Down button until the
required slope is indicated (indicated in degrees). Clicking the Jack Down button again will
stop the jacking.

The Wavemaker (if fitted) is not affected by the selection of Local or Remote and is operated
by pressing the WAVEMAKER RUN switch and stopped by pressing the accompanying
STOP switch on the electrical console.

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Further details about operating the S6-MKII-50 software are included in the instruction
manual that accompanies the S6-MKII-90.

9.2 S6-MKII Ordering Options

The S6-MKII supplied will have a unique code that defines the various options fitted in the
form of S6-MKII-xx-xx-x. The actual code is constructed as follows:

Basic Flume Options:

S6-MKII-5-xx-x Self Contained Tilting Flume, 5 metre long working section

S6-MKII-7.5-xx-x Self Contained Tilting Flume, 7.5 metre long working section

S6-MKII-10-xx-x Self Contained Tilting Flume, 10 metre long working section

S6-MKII-12.5-xx-x Self Contained Tilting Flume, 12.5 metre long working section

Jacking Options:

S6-MKII-xx-Mx-x Manual Jacking

S6-MKII-xx-Px-x Powered Jacking

Other Options:

S6-MKII-xS-x Sediment Loop

S6-MKII-50 Software Control and Data Acquisition (includes S6-MKII-90)

Electrical Options:

S6-MKII-xx-xx-C Electrical System for S6-MKII Flume 415V/3ph/50Hz

S6-MKII-xx-xx-D Electrical System for S6-MKII Flume 208V/3ph/60Hz

S6-MKII-xx-xx-E Electrical System for S6-MKII Flume 380V/3ph/50Hz

S6-MKII-xx-xx-F Electrical System for S6-MKII Flume 220V/3ph/60Hz

9.3 Optional Experimental Models and Instrumentation

A range of standard models and instruments are available to accompany the S6 MKII as
follows:

S6-20 Plate Weirs (Stainless Steel) consisting of:

A screw operated adjustable undershot plate weir (Full width)

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A mounting frame with vent pipes (to aerate the nappe) to accommodate the following
interchangeable overshot thin plate weirs:

Rectangular Notch (Full width)

Rectangular Notch (100 mm wide)

90° 'V' Notch.

60° ‘V’ Notch.

Trapezoidal (Cipolletti) Notch (Rectangular with ‘V’ ends).

Sutro Notch (Profiled to give linear height change with flow).

S6-21 Broad Crested Weirs consisting of:

A rectangular streamlined weir moulded from GRP.

A rectangular sharp cornered weir moulded from GRP (can be used in isolation or in
combination with streamlined weir to increase its height).

S6-22 Venturi Flume consisting of:

A pair of GRP mouldings for installation against the side walls in the channel section to form
a Venturi Flume.

S6-23 Ogee Weir & Manometer Board consisting of:

A weir with Ogee profile moulded from GRP and incorporating eight pressure tappings (2
upstream, 5 downstream and 1 at the apex) connected to a manometer board with bracket
for mounting on side of flume.

S6-24 Dam Spillway Models consisting of:

A Dam Spillway profile moulded from GRP with removable top piers and the following
interchangeable downstream sections:

Spillway toe

Roller bucket toe

Apron with removable pegs to dissipate energy

Gravel box with stop logs

S6-25 Syphon Spillway consisting of:

A part width Syphon spillway fabricated from clear acrylic and incorporating adjustable
breather tube.

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S6-26 Self-regulating Syphon consisting of:

A full width Syphon fabricated from clear acrylic. An upstream lip and internal step (to deflect
the nappe) create a liquid seal, allowing the Syphon to prime automatically when discharge
increases.

S6-27 Roughened Beds consisting of:

Loose gravel bonded to a moulded GRP support to line the bed of the flume. Two different
sizes of gravel are supplied with a different roughness factor. Each set consists of three
modules arranged to cover a 2.5 m long section of flume.

S6-28 Vibrating Pile consisting of:

A cylindrical rod mounted vertically on a flexible support with the ability to change the length
/ natural frequency for the study of vortex shedding by piles and tall structures (to
demonstrate flow-induced vibration).

S6-29 Lift & Drag Balance & Models consisting of:

A lever balance that can be mounted in two planes to allow measurement of lift or drag force
on an object as required. Supplied with large diameter cylinder, small diameter cylinder and
aerofoil section.

S6-30 Pitot Tube & Manometer consisting of:

A Pitot static tube, for measuring water velocity in the working section of the flume, mounted
on a traversing carriage and incorporating vernier height adjustment. An inverted paraffin
water manometer, with mounting bracket, measures the small differential pressures
generated by the Pitot tube.

S6-31 Crump Weir consisting of:

A triangular weir moulded from GRP incorporating a single pressure tapping at the apex
connected to a single piezometer tube with mounting bracket.

S6-32 Parshall Flume consisting of:

A Standing-wave flume moulded in GRP and incorporating a clear acrylic viewing window
and clear acrylic stilling wells for level measurements. Allows comparison of head-flow
characteristics with those published. This is one of the most widely used standing wave
flumes for the measurement of water flow in open channels.

S6-33 WSC Flume (GRP) consisting of:

A trapezoidal flume moulded in GRP that was developed by Washington State College for
the measurement of water flow in open channels. The flume profile conforms more closely to
natural channel sections and passes sediment even more freely than the Parshall Flume.

S6-35 Wave Generator consisting of:

A drive system mounted on the discharge tank that utilises the base hinged weir, in the
discharge tank, as the paddle to create regular waves in the working section. The variable
speed motor with variable stroke adjustment allows frequency and amplitude of the waves to
be varied.

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Note: For satisfactory operation a wave absorbing beach is required to prevent reflected
waves from causing interference in the working section. If the optional Beach (S6-36) is not
used then a suitable beach must be fabricated at the inlet end of the flume to absorb the
energy of the waves and minimise any reflections.

S6-36 Beach consisting of:

A perforated sloping structure that is located at the opposite end of the flume to the wave
generator to absorb the energy of breaking waves and minimise reflected waves returning
along the flume.

S6-37 Zagni Flow Monitoring System consisting of:

An instrument carriage fitted with a Pitot tube and interconnecting tubing to a free standing
multi-tube manometer board. This system may be used to establish the basic parameters of
fluid flow in the channel including invert (bed) slope, surface profiles, pressure profiles and
velocity profiles.

S6-40 Instrument Carrier consisting of:

A carriage with three-point suspension that uses the instrument rails along the top of the flow
channel to provide both longitudinal and transverse movement of appropriate instruments
(not supplied). Used to position instruments at any location within the flow channel and
incorporates a position lock.

S6-42 Velocity Meter and mountings consisting of:

A Propeller-type Velocity probe with battery operated meter that indicates the frequency of
the rotating propeller. The probe is supplied with a calibration chart to provide accurate
measurement of water velocity in the flume. The velocity probe incorporates a mounting for
attachment to the S6-40 instrument carrier.

S6-45 Random WaveMaker consisting of:

A drive system mounted on the discharge tank that utilises the base hinged weir, in the
discharge tank, as the paddle. Regular or irregular waves can be produced using a suitable
PC (not supplied) to control the drive system. The actuator is mounted on top of the
discharge tank and the associated electronics is mounted on the side of the tank.

Note: For satisfactory operation a wave absorbing beach is required to prevent reflected
waves from causing interference in the working section. If the optional Beach (S6-36) is not
used then a suitable beach must be fabricated at the inlet end of the flume to absorb the
energy of the waves and minimise any reflections.

S6-MKII-50 Software Control and Data Acquisition consisting of:

A modified version of the S6-MKII electrical console together with an S6-MKII-90 Data
Logging and Instrumentation system (described below). This option must be specified at the
time of ordering the flume and cannot be fitted later.
The modified electrical console incorporates a motor speed inverter to vary the speed of the
water pump in addition to an inverter to operate the jacking system (when electric jacking is
installed). A connection between the electrical console and the S6-MKII-90 allows
measurement and logging of appropriate variables and control of water flowrate and bed
slope directly from a PC (not supplied).

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The S6-MKII-50 version of the electrical console incorporates a Local / Remote switch that
allows control of the pump speed and jacking system either locally via the local controls or
remotely via a PC connected to the S6-MKII-90.

S6-MKII-90 Data Logging and Instrumentation System consisting of:

An electrical console with USB interface to a PC (not supplied) that can measure and log
appropriate data from an S6-MKII and appropriate models and instruments, including the
flowrate measured and displayed on the S6-MKII console. It incorporates ten pressure
sensors and one differential pressure sensor allowing water levels, pressure distribution etc.
to be monitored continuously. Water temperature, slope of bed and electrical outputs from
two appropriate measuring instruments (user supplied) can also be monitored.

The S6-MKII-90 console is connected to the electrical control console on S6-MKII via a
multi-way connector.

When supplied with a flume incorporating the S6-MKII-50 option described above, the PC
can remotely vary the pump speed and the bed-slope (when electric jacking is installed) by
controlling the inverters inside the console. The S6-MKII-50 version can also be operated
manually via local controls if required.

Refer to the separate instruction manual supplied with S6-MKII-90 for details about
connecting and using this accessory.

Although not dedicated to the S6-MKII range of flumes, the following measuring instruments,
available from Armfield, may be used in conjunction with the S6-MKII:

H1-3 Vernier Hook & Point Gauge consisting of:

A rugged vernier height gauge with 450mm range, incorporating mounting for attachment to
the S6-40 Instrument Carrier. Supplied with a stainless steel hook and point for
measurement of water level with a resolution of 0.1mm and accuracy better than 0.2mm.

H1-8 Digital Hook & Point Gauge consisting of:

A battery-operated digital height gauge with 500mm range, incorporating mounting for
attachment to the S6-40 Instrument Carrier. Supplied with stainless steel hook and point for
measurement of water level with a resolution of 0.01mm and accuracy better than 0.03mm.

H30-3G Pitot Tube & Digital Manometer consisting of:

A Pitot-static tube with remote hand-held digital meter giving a direct readout of differential
pressure. This instrument is an alternative to the S6-30 described above that uses a
kerosene over water manometer.

H33 Propeller Velocity Meter consisting of:

A battery-operated instrument H33-10 used to measure water velocity in the range 0.025 to
1.5 m/sec or 0.6 to 3.0 m/sec using propeller probes that are available separately.

H33-1 is a low speed probe with operating range 0.025 to 1.5 m/sec.

H33-2 is a high speed probe with operating range 0.6 to 3.0 m/sec.

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H33-3 is a right angled probe used to measure velocity vertically with operating range 0.025
to 1.5 m/sec. This probe is not appropriate for use with S6-MKII unless special project work
involves measurement of velocities vertically.

Measurements can be continuously logged using S6-MKII-50.

This instrument is an alternative to S6-42 that includes H33-10 with H33-1.

H40-2-2 Wave Probe System consisting of:

A mains-operated power supply and two channel electronic module with two 500mm long
probes, used to measure the depth of water using the principle of conductivity between
parallel wires. Provides a continuous voltage output proportional to height of water that
allows wave height etc to be monitored at two locations simultaneously using a chart
recorder or data logger (not supplied).

Measurements can be continuously logged using S6-MKII-50.

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10 Installation

10.1 Advisory

Before operating the equipment, it must be unpacked, assembled and installed as described
in the steps that follow. Safe use of the equipment depends on following the correct
installation procedure.

10.2 Installation Dimensions for S6-MKII Flumes

Please see the following diagram attached at the rear of this manual. If you are viewing this
manual electronically please see accompanying pdf.

Installation Dimensions for S6-MKII Flumes

10.3 Electrical Supply

Electrical supply for version S6-MKII-C

The equipment requires connection to a three phase, fused electrical supply. The standard
electrical supply for this equipment is 415V, 50Hz. Check that the voltage and frequency of
the electrical supply agree with the label attached to the supply cable on the equipment.
Connection should be made to the supply cable as follows:

GREEN/YELLOW - EARTH

BLACK 1 - LIVE 1 (HOT 1)

BLACK 2 - LIVE 2 (HOT 2)

BLACK 3 - LIVE 3 (HOT 3)

BLUE - NEUTRAL

Fuse Rating - 25 AMP

Electrical supply for version S6-MKII D

The equipment requires connection to a three phase, fused electrical supply. The standard
electrical supply for this equipment is 206V, 60Hz. Check that the voltage and frequency of
the electrical supply agree with the label attached to the supply cable on the equipment.
Connection should be made to the supply cable as follows:

GREEN/YELLOW - EARTH

BLACK 1 - LIVE 1 (HOT 1)

BLACK 2 - LIVE 2 (HOT 2)

BLACK 3 - LIVE 3 (HOT 3)

BLUE - NEUTRAL

Fuse Rating - 35 AMP

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Electrical supply for version S6-MKII-E

The equipment requires connection to a three phase, fused electrical supply. The standard
electrical supply for this equipment is 380V, 50Hz. Check that the voltage and frequency of
the electrical supply agree with the label attached to the supply cable on the equipment.
Connection should be made to the supply cable as follows:

GREEN/YELLOW - EARTH

BLACK 1 - LIVE 1 (HOT 1)

BLACK 2 - LIVE 2 (HOT 2)

BLACK 3 - LIVE 3 (HOT 3)

BLUE - NEUTRAL

Fuse Rating - 25 AMP

Electrical supply for version S6-MKII-F

The equipment requires connection to a three phase, fused electrical supply. The standard
electrical supply for this equipment is 220V, 60Hz. Check that the voltage and frequency of
the electrical supply agree with the label attached to the supply cable on the equipment.
Connection should be made to the supply cable as follows:

GREEN/YELLOW - EARTH

BLACK 1 - LIVE 1 (HOT 1)

BLACK 2 - LIVE 2 (HOT 2)

BLACK 3 - LIVE 3 (HOT 3)

BLUE - NEUTRAL

Fuse Rating - 35 AMP

10.3.1 Connection to the Electrical Supply

Ensure that the Isolator switch (37) on the front of the electrical console is in the OFF - '0’
position before connecting the console to the electrical supply.

The appropriate Electrical Wiring Diagram section 10.6 shows the connections to the
electrical console. The individual wires and terminals are labelled to aid connection. Before
proceeding check which diagram is appropriate according to the local electrical supply.

Do not operate the centrifugal pump, the power jacking or any electrical accessories at this
point. Refer to Commissioning section 10.5.

10.3.2 Electrical supply for accessories

Where an accessory has been supplied that requires an electrical supply, e.g. the Wave
Generator (S6-35) or the Random WaveMaker (S6-45) then the equipment will have been
supplied to suit the local voltage and frequency. A long mains lead allows the accessory to
be connected directly to the appropriate terminals (39) inside the electrical console during
initial installation. The accessory can then be operated via the appropriate controls (30, 32 &
34) on the front of the electrical console and protected by a breaker and the RCD (38) inside

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the console. When connected via the S6-MKII electrical console the accessory is also
protected by the emergency stop button(s) located on the console and at the far end of the
longer versions of flume.

If necessary, an accessory can be connected to an independent electrical socket but the

supply must incorporate an isolating switch and an RCD to protect the operator if through
misuse or accident the equipment becomes electrically dangerous. The supply must also
incorporate a breaker or fuse of appropriate rating to protect the equipment itself.

Warning: If an accessory is connected to an independent electrical supply the accessory will

not be protected by the emergency stop buttons and will continue to operate when the
emergency stop button is pressed. For this reason connection via the S6-MKII electrical
console is strongly recommended.

10.4 Installing the Equipment

The number of intermediate channel section assemblies will depend on the total length of
working section ordered. A 5.0m working length does not require an intermediate channel
section. A 7.5m working length requires one intermediate channel section. A 10m working
length requires two intermediate channel sections. A 12.5m working length requires three
intermediate channel sections.

Mating faces of the working sections are provided with chipboard protectors and stamped
1/1, 2/2 etc to aid correct assembly.

The number of sump tanks and lengths of service pipe will depend on the length of working
section supplied. The minimum number of tanks is three for a 5m long flume.

Mating flanges of the pipes will be marked with the same numbers.

The laboratory floor area should be clean, level and capable of resisting the loads imposed
on it by the equipment. The composition of the floor should be such, as to enable holes to be
drilled into it to take the anchor bolts and thus resist horizontally applied loads.

Note: If the floor level is in doubt then care should be taken to correctly level the areas
where the pivot pedestal and jack pedestal(s) will be located. Refer to Installation
Dimensions for S6-MKII Flumes section 10.2.

10.4.1 Marking out the site area

Refer to Installation Dimensions for S6-MKII Flumes section 10.2 to mark out the position of
the flume on the floor. Note that the number and position of the pedestals will vary
depending on the length of flume supplied.

When marking out the position of the flume ensure that adequate room is allowed for the
following:

Sump tanks alongside and at discharge end of the flume

Location of end of inlet tank and discharge tank relative to walls

Access to both sides of the flume for operation / maintenance

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Overhead clearance for operating the flume (including tall instruments such as S6-30
that may be used in conjunction with the flume) and allowance for elevation of inlet
and discharge tank when flume is tilted to maximum and minimum slope.

Mark a centre line on the floor for the full length of the flume.

Mark the required position of the pivot pedestal (2). Note that the pivot pedestal is located
towards the inlet end of the flume and the inlet is at the left-hand end of the flume when
standing on the operating side of the flume (sump tanks are not on the operating side of the
flume).

Mark the position of the drive jack pedestal (10). Note that the drive jack pedestal with the
hand wheel (25) is located towards the discharge end of the flume.

Mark the position(s) of the intermediate pedestal(s) (7) if appropriate.

10.4.2 Assembling the channel sections

Temporary erection material is required to support each section at two points along its
length. They must be sufficiently stable to cater for movement in a horizontal plane and also
have the facility for altering the height by small amounts.

Care should be taken when handling the working sections to avoid damage to the sections
or injury to personnel.

1. Place the pivot pedestal (2) in the position marked on the floor. Ensure that the
pedestal is aligned so that the pivot axle is perpendicular to the centreline marked on
the floor.

2. Mark the position of the fixing holes in the baseplate of the pivot pedestal then drill
holes for the anchor bolts.

3. Fit the anchor bolts but before tightening down onto the baseplate ensure that the
pedestal is upright in both planes (use an accurate spirit level to check) by adjusting
the levelling screws as necessary. Re-check that the pedestal is upright after
tightening the anchor bolts.

Note: The pivot pedestal must be secured using anchor bolts to ensure longitudinal
stability and of the flume when in use. The four M16 x 105 mm long anchor bolts
supplied must be used.

After securing the baseplate to the floor check that the pivot axle is horizontal using
an accurate spirit level. If adjustment is necessary release the lock nut on one of the
pivot height adjusters then raise or lower the pivot as required by turning the screw.
Tighten the locknut after making the adjustment.

Note: The centreline of the pivot axle (joint line of the pivot bearing housing) should
be 1130 mm above the top of the baseplate to ensure correct assembly of the jacking
system. If adjustment is necessary undo the lower lock nut then rotate the upper
adjusting nut to raise or lower the pivot as required Ensure that the pivot is horizontal
before proceeding.

4. Remove the top half of the plain bearing on each side of the pivot pedestal by
removing the fixing bolts.

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5. Position two temporary supports, one each side of the pivot pedestal, and lift the inlet
section complete with moulded inlet tank (21) into position. Ensure that the axle on
the inlet section is located in the lower half of the plain bearing on both sides of the
pivot pedestal.

6. Replace the top half of both plain bearings and clamp the axle in place using the
original fixing bolts.

7. Use packing material between the temporary supports and the underside of the inlet
channel section to level the channel section. Ensure that the channel section is
absolutely horizontal using an accurate spirit level before proceeding.

8. Place two temporary supports in position for an intermediate channel section (if
appropriate).

Note: When positioning temporary supports ensure that the location(s) of the drive
jack pedestal and intermediate pedestals (if appropriate) are left clear to allow
assembly of the jacking system.

9. Ensure the flange of the intermediate channel section has the same marking as the
mating flange of inlet channel section.

10. Remove the chipboard protectors and all connecting bolts from the end faces of the
appropriate channel sections.

11. Apply a continuous bead of gasket eliminator (supplied by Armfield) to the end of one
of the mating channel sections. Ensure that the bead is applied outside the fixing
holes to avoid leaks through the holes.

12. Lift the intermediate section on to its temporary supports and bring the mating
flanges together i.e. 1 to 1, 2 to 2 etc.

13. Align the ends of the channel sections, insert the fixing bolts then loosely assemble
with nuts and washers but do not tighten.

14. Correct alignment of the end faces is determined by the fitting of dowel pins (2 off) in
the mating faces of the channel bed. These holes are pre-drilled and reamed for an
accurate location. Insert the dowel pins into the two reamed holes. Tighten all of the
fixings to clamp the joint.

15. Proceed as above for successive sections, working towards the discharge end of the
channel until the section incorporating the discharge tank has been fitted.

10.4.3 Assembling the supports and jacking system

16. Place the drive jack pedestal (10) in position beneath the flume at the appropriate
position marked on the floor, ensuring that the drive connection on the gearbox faces
the pivot pedestal.

17. Using the levelling screws ensure that the baseplate is level in both planes and the
holes at the top of the arms on the jack align with the holes in the side of the flume
bed. Insert the bush into both holes then tighten both screws to secure the bed to the
jack. Adjust the position of the jack pedestal and the levelling screws in the baseplate
if necessary to ensure that the jack pedestal is vertical in both planes and the bed of
the flume is horizontal.

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Note: The levelling screws will allow a small amount of height adjustment only. If
more height adjustment is necessary because of differences in floor level etc it will be
necessary to raise or lower the jack screw to suit. This can be affected by rotating the
drive coupling by hand.

18. Drill holes through the baseplate of the drive jack pedestal for the anchor bolts (M16
x 105 mm long bolts supplied).

19. Fit the anchor bolts and tighten down onto the base plate. Check that the pedestal is
vertical before proceeding.

20. Repeat the procedure for each of the intermediate jack pedestals (where
appropriate). Make sure that each pedestal is located in the correct position and
facing in the correct direction (each pedestal incorporates a gearbox with a different
ratio to suit the vertical movement at that position). Before finally positioning each
pedestal it will be necessary to fit the interconnecting drive shaft between adjacent
pedestals.

21. Check that the flume is adequately supported by all of the pedestals and each
pedestal is attached to the bed of the flume on both sides then carefully remove all
temporary supports from beneath the flume

22. Check that the bed of the flume is level along its length. If using a theodolite place a
ruler with clear graduations inside the flume with the body of the ruler against the
glass and the tip of the ruler in contact with the bed of the flume (take care to avoid
the sealing rubber in contact with the glass). Alternatively an accurate spirit level can
be used on the bed of the flume

It may be necessary to raise or lower individual supports to level the bed of the flume.
Small height adjustments can be made using the levelling screws in the baseplate.
Larger adjustments should not be necessary but can be effected by rotating the drive
coupling on the appropriate jack with the drive shaft disconnected (screw not
tightened. Ensure that the securing screw at the end of the drive shaft aligns with the
flat on the inner shaft after making a coarse adjustment.

23. Check that the bed of the flume is level across its width, starting at the pivot position
(Placing the ruler against the glass on each side of the flume if using a theodolite).
The pivot support bearings incorporate a small amount of adjustment to eliminate any
misalignment following installation of the pedestal. Undo the lower lock nut then
rotate the upper adjusting nut to level the flume as required. When the flume is level
across its width tighten the lock nuts.

24. Check that the bed of the flume is level at each of the support pedestals. Level the
bed using the levelling screws on the baseplate if any adjustment is necessary.

25. Tighten the screws at both ends of each drive shaft and check that all fixings are
secure. Failure to tighten any screws may result in damage to the flume when the
jacking system is operated

26. When the adjustments are complete and the flume is horizontal attach the slope
indicator scale to the drive jack pedestal (pointer at 0 on the scale) using double-
sided self-adhesive tape. Ensure that the pointer coincides with the zero position on
the scale.

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27. Carefully check correct functioning of the jacking system by raising and lowering the
flume through its full travel in both directions. Ensure that all jackscrews and
connecting shafts are operating correctly.

Caution: The flume may be damaged if any interconnecting shafts or jackscrew does
not move in sequence with the rest.

Note: Where electric jacking has been ordered it will be necessary to connect the
drive motor to the electrical console. The connecting lead should be fed through the
gland on the electrical console and connected to the appropriate terminals on the
terminal block (39). These connections are shown in the electrical diagrams at the
rear of this instruction manual. The mains supply should be disconnected from the
electrical console while making the necessary connections. These connections
should be carried out by a qualified electrical engineer. See Connection to Services
for further details about the electrical connections.

10.4.4 Installation of the circulating pump, pipework and sump tanks

Having assembled the channel section and its supports, the services should be connected
as follows:

28. Place the sump tanks (each with a metal support frame) in their approximate final
position. The number of sump tanks is dependent on the length of the channel. Note
that the connecting flanges on the sump tanks differ depending on their location. It
will be necessary to position each sump tank according to the connections to its
neighbour and connection to the pump inlet pipe.

29. Place the circulating pump in its approximate final position, between the pivot
pedestal and the end sump tank with the eye of the pump head in line with the
channel and facing the sump tanks.

30. Bolt the electromagnetic flowmeter between the two sections of rigid pump discharge
pipework with the bend upstream of the flowmeter (Arrow on pump body pointing
away from bend). Remove the pipe clips from the support brackets on the pivot
pedestal then feed the pipe incorporating the electromagnetic flowmeter through the
pivot pedestal. Loosely support the pipe in position with the end connected to the
stub pipe on the inlet tank using a flexible hose and worm drive clips.

31. Bolt the bend to the valve on the pump discharge flange, leaving the nuts finger tight.
Adjust the position of the pump until the bend on top of the pump aligns with the rigid
pipe from the inlet tank. Connect the rigid pipe to the bend using a flexible tube and
worm drive clips.

32. With the discharge piping connected, adjust the pump assembly so that no strain is
imposed on any connection.

33. Drill holes through the pump sole plate for anchor bolts.

34. Fit and tighten the anchor bolts then tighten the pipe connections.

35. The pump inlet pipe connects the pump suction with the sump tank. Loosely connect
the pipe to the pump suction to determine the final position of the sump tank to which
it connects. With the sump tank in position the connection to the tank can be made
using flexible tube and worm drive clips.

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36. Adjust the position of the remaining sump tanks so that the stub pipes are aligned
then connect them together using flexible tubes and worm drive clips.

37. Place the aluminium covers on top of the plastic sump tanks, ensuring that the half-
width cover is placed over the end sump tank adjacent to the stub pipe in the base of
the discharge tank. The covers reduce the amount of dirt or other foreign objects
entering the water and minimise the risk of drowning or other injury associated with
deep, open tanks filled with water. For this reason the covers must remain in place
when the sump tanks are filled with water.

WARNING: The sump tank cover is not designed to be used as a walkway and
should not be used for such purposes. If a walkway is required then a suitable
platform should be constructed using wood or other appropriate material. Such a
walkway must provide a safe platform with a handrail and suitable steps.

38. Fit the draft tube (large diameter flexible hose) to the stub pipe in the base of the
discharge tank and secure it using a worm-drive clip.

39. Screw the drain valve into the tapping at the base of the inlet tank. Ensure that the
valve is closed. Check that all pipe connections / hose clips etc are tight.

Note: When the optional sediment loop has been supplied with the flume additional
valves and pipework are included to allow the discharge tank to be connected directly
to the pump inlet. Refer to Figure 6 for details on the position of the valves and
pipework associated with the sediment loop. The lengths of pipework and number of
pipe supports will vary with the length of flume.

10.4.5 Electrical connections

40. Before connecting the electrical console to the mains electrical supply it will be
necessary to connect the various electrical devices to the electrical console. Figure 2
shows the layout of the components inside the electrical console. The Electrical
Wiring Diagram's section 10.6 show the connections to the electrical console. The
individual wires and terminals are labelled to aid connection. Before proceeding
check which diagram is appropriate according to the local electrical supply.

41. Connect the centrifugal pump to the electrical console. The cable from the pump
should be fed through the duct in the stand below the console then connected to the
appropriate terminals inside the console.

42. Connect the electromagnetic flowmeter to the console. The cable from the flowmeter
should be fed through the duct in the stand below the console then connected to the
appropriate terminals inside the console.

43. Connect the electrical motor for the power jacking (if fitted) to the console. The cable
from the motor should be fed through the trunking on the underside of the flume,
through the duct in the stand below the console then connected to the appropriate
terminals inside the console.

44. Connect the controls for the power jacking (if fitted) to the console. The cable from
the control box on the side of the flume should be fed through the trunking on the
underside of the flume, through the duct in the stand below the console then
connected to the appropriate terminals inside the console.

45. Connect the remote emergency stop switch (if fitted) to the console. The cable from
the switch should be fed through the trunking on the underside of the flume, through

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the duct in the stand below the console then connected to the appropriate terminals
inside the console.

46. If an accessory such as the Wave Generator (S6-35) or the Random WaveMaker
(S6-45) is being installed then the cable from the accessory should be fed through
the trunking on the underside of the flume, through the duct in the console stand then
connected to the appropriate terminals inside the console.

47. Refer to Electrical Supply section 10.3 for details on connecting the console to the
electrical supply.

10.5 Commissioning

10.5.1 Sealing the channel section

Before allowing water into the channel section sealing and final adjustments should be
carried out as follows:

1. Ensure that the channel section is level (adjust the jacking system until the slope
indicator reads 0).

2. Seal each of the glass side joints as follows. Press a length of 25 mm wide Sealing
Strip (‘Prestik’) to the inner face of the glass side support strip, offer the support strip
to the glass and press it home carefully, using the adjusting screws located on the
inner face of the side support member. As this is done, the sealing strip will be
extruded between the ends of the glass panels. The critical sealing point is at the
lower end of the joint and the excess material should be pushed in to the corner,
made by the glass walls and the bed, with a blunt stick such as a 5 mm dowel.

3. Fill the grooves between the channel sections (down each side of the channel and
across the width of the bed) using a continuous bead of RTV Silicon Sealant. Mask
the glass on either side of the joint then fill with RTV Silicon Sealant and smooth flush
with the glass. When the sealant has started to cure, carefully remove the masking
tape. Sealants must be smooth inside the flume to avoid disturbance of the water.
Any excess can be trimmed off using a sharp blade after the sealant has cured.

4. After sealing the joints the channel should be left for at least 24 hours for the sealants
to cure before attempting to fill the channel with water.

5. The glass joints should be allowed to bed-in during the initial channel filling and
emptying processes, where upon, the joints may be cleaned to a smooth surface by
cutting away excess material with a sharp knife.

10.5.2 Testing the pump and flowmeter

6. Check that all holding down bolts, pipe flange bolts and worm drive clips are secure.

7. The covers reduce the amount of dirt or other foreign objects entering the water and
minimise the risk of drowning or other injury associated with deep, open tanks filled
with water.

8. Ensure that the sump tanks are clean then fill the tanks with clean water, allowing at
least 50 mm freeboard. In normal use it is recommended that a corrosion inhibitor
with biocide/disinfectant be added to the water to reduce the formation of algae or

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micro-organisms and allow water changes to be performed less frequently. Refer to

the Routine Maintenance Section for further details on the use of such an inhibitor.
During the initial commissioning of the flume this additive is not necessary.

Standard S6-MKII electrical console:

9. Switch on the electrical supply to the console then switch on the mains isolator (37)
and twist/pull the emergency stop switch (36) on the front of the console. Also
twist/pull the remote emergency stop switch (if fitted). The Power On indicator (31)
should illuminate on the console. If the indicator fails to illuminate check the supply to
the console and check if the RCD (38) inside the console has tripped.

Optional S6-MKII-50 electrical console:

Ensure that the Local / Remote switch is not depressed and the pump speed control
has been turned to minimum.

Switch on the electrical supply to the console then switch on the mains isolator and
twist/pull the emergency stop switch on the front of the console. Also twist/pull the
remote emergency stop switch (if fitted). The flowmeter display should illuminate on
the console. If the display fails to illuminate check the supply to the console and
check if the RCD inside the console has tripped.

If the Local / Remote switch is illuminated on the S6-MKII-50 version of the console
press the switch to unlatch it.

10. Close the hand-operated flow control valve (5) adjacent to the water pump. If the
optional sediment loop is fitted close the top isolating valve fully and open the bottom
isolating valve fully to allow water to be drawn from the sump tanks.

Standard S6-MKII electrical console:

11. Check for correct pump rotation by pressing the green Pump Start button (33) and
then the red Pump Stop button (35) in quick succession and observe the rotation of
the cooling fan. The correct direction of rotation can be determined by inspection of
the shape of the pump volute since the impeller should rotate towards the discharge
flange. If one stands looking at the cooling fan then the pump rotates in a clockwise
direction.

Optional S6-MKII-50 electrical console:

Check for correct pump rotation by pressing the Pump Start switch (switch
illuminated), then pressing it again (switch not illuminated) in quick succession. The
correct direction of rotation can be determined by inspection of the shape of the
pump volute since the impeller should rotate towards the discharge flange. I.e. when
looking at the cooling fan inside the cover on the pump, the fan should rotate in a
clockwise direction.

Both versions of S6-MKII electrical console:

If it is necessary to reverse the direction of rotation of the motor, switch off the
electrical supply to the electrical console then exchange any two of the three (phase)
wires connected to the pump motor. The connection can be changed either at the
terminal block (39) inside the console or at the connection box on the motor itself.

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Having checked the direction of rotation of the pump, the pump can be tested as
follows:

12. Lower the overshot weir at the discharge end of the flume to its lowest position by
rotating the handle on the winch. As there is no water in the tank at this point it may
be necessary to push the weir to its lowest position.

13. Close the valve associated with each pressure tapping (23) on the underside of the
channel bed then ensure that all of the model mounting points (24) are fitted with a
sealing plug and each sealing plug is flush with the channel bed.

Standard S6-MKII electrical console:

14. Ensure that the hand-operated flow control valve is fully closed. Start the pump by
pressing the Pump Start button (33) on the electrical console. The Pump Run
indicator (29) should illuminate and the pump should operate at full speed.

Optional S6-MKII-50 electrical console:

Start the pump by pressing the Pump Start switch on the electrical console. The
Pump Run switch should illuminate and the pump should operate at 20% speed.

Standard S6-MKII electrical console:

15. Gradually open the hand-operated flow control valve (5) to allow water to be
delivered to the inlet tank (Do not open the valve fully at this point). When the base of
the inlet tank has filled water adjust the flow control valve to give a gentle flow of
water along the bed of the flume.

Optional S6-MKII-50 electrical console:

Open the hand-operated flow control valve slightly then gradually increase the setting
of the pump speed control to at least 30% so that water starts to flow into the inlet
tank. If necessary open the flow control valve and the speed of the pump speed
control on the console to give a gentle flow of water along the bed of the flume.

Standard S6-MKII electrical console:

16. Check that the flowmeter readout (28) indicates the flowrate (units of litres/sec). Vary
the flow by adjusting the flow control valve and confirm that the flowmeter indicates
the change.

Do not raise the outlet weir to fill the channel section at this point as filling of the
channel for the first time should be progressive to allow the glass panels etc to bed in
properly.

Optional S6-MKII-50 electrical console:

Check that the flowmeter readout indicates the flowrate (units of litres/sec). Vary the
flow by adjusting the pump speed control and confirm that the flowmeter indicates the
change.

Do not raise the outlet weir to fill the channel section at this point as filling of the
channel for the first time should be progressive to allow the glass panels etc to bed in
properly.

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Standard S6-MKII electrical console:

17. Gradually close the flow control valve, to retain the water in the pipework, then switch
off the pump.

Optional S6-MKII-50 electrical console:

Gradually close the flow control valve, to retain the water in the pipework, then
reduce the speed control to zero and switch off the pump.

10.5.3 Water testing the channel section

18. As stated previously it is recommended that water testing, i.e. ponding the flume, be
undertaken progressively. The filling should be undertaken in stages with a short rest
period between each increment of depth to allow the joints to bed smoothly and firmly
(E.g. fill the flume to a depth of 100 mm, 200 mm, 300 mm then 400 mm).

19. When the flume has been filled to its maximum capacity, check for leaks. It is
suggested that the flume should be left standing in this condition for approximately
one hour for any small leaks to develop. Reseal any leaks.

10.5.4 Adjusting the channel section

20. Following water testing, the flume should be left standing in an 80 % full condition
(approx. 360 mm water depth) for about 24 hours to allow all the glass joints to fully
bed-in. The glass sides may then be adjusted, after the water has been drained off,
to the final prismatic section. (During the 24 hours, seepage past the tilting weir will
occur; this is normal. As necessary top up the flume to the 80 % position.)

For optimum performance the glass panels should be adjusted to give approximately
1-2 mm of toe-out (1 to 2 mm wider at the top than at the bottom) to allow for
insertion / removal of models.

The clamps along the top edge of the glass should be adjusted to give the required
amount of toe-out then the support strips, fitted on the inner face of the side support
members, should be adjusted to support the glass throughout its height.

The diagram below shows the position of these adjusting screws.

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Position of Glass Adjusting Screws

10.5.5 Adjusting the instrument rails

21. The instrument rails should be adjusted to be at a constant height above the channel
bed using the screwed adjusters along the length of both rails. Loosen the grub
screw securing each adjuster (located at the base and on the side) then rotate the
back nut on the thread to achieve the required height. Finally tighten each grub screw
to lock the adjustment. The most convenient method for adjusting the rails is to use
the instrument carrier (S6-40) in conjunction with a vernier or digital hook and point
depth gauge (H1-3 or H1-8) using the channel bed as the datum. If these instruments
have not been purchased then it will be necessary to construct a simple carriage with
a vertical mast to affect these adjustments.

22. For convenience in use, the longitudinal scale is supplied in one continuous length
and must be attached to the instrument rail using double-sided self-adhesive tape
after adjusting the instrument rail as described above. The scale is fitted to the
square section instrument rail and the usual convention is with the zero at the inlet
end, the numbers increasing towards the discharge end.

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Stick the self-adhesive tape to the outside of the square section rail. Remove the
protective paper backing and establish the zero position for the scale; zero being at
the junction of the first channel section and the inlet tank.

Stick the steel scale to the self-adhesive tape working progressively from zero
towards the discharge end. Trim the scale if necessary. Finally trim off with a sharp
knife any excess adhesive tape.

Commissioning is complete and the equipment is ready for use. Refer to the Operation
section for details on operating the flume.

For information on installing and operating the S6-MKII-90 Data Logging system and
accompanying software refer to the instruction manual supplied with S6-MKII-90.

10.6 Electrical Wiring Diagram

Please see the following wiring diagrams attached at the rear of this manual. If you are
viewing this manual electronically please see accompanying pdf.

For versions S6-MKII-C and S6-MKII-E: CCM28638

For versions S6-MKII-F and S6-MKII-D: CCM28681

For versions S6-MKII-50 C/E: ACM33672

For versions S6-MKII-50 D/F: ACM35629

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11 Operation

Where necessary, refer to the drawings in Equipment Diagrams section 8.

11.1 Operating the Equipment

11.1.1 Adjusting the slope of the bed

A handwheel on the end jacking pedestal allows the slope of the channel bed to be varied.
For convenience the actual slope is displayed on an indicator adjacent to the handwheel.
The scale is calibrated to give a slope value of one in <scale reading>, e.g. a value of 200 on
the scale corresponds to a slope of 1 in 200, or 0.3°

For safe operation it is suggested that the pump is stopped and the water is drained from the
channel section before operating the jacking system.

Where optional electric jacking has been supplied the appropriate switches are operated as
follows. The controls for the electric jacking are located on the side of the channel bed,
above the slope indicator, for convenient setting of the required slope. The slope can be
adjusted continuously by setting the direction switch to UP or DOWN as required then
setting the other switch to the RUN position. The motor will stop when either switch is set to
the STOP position or when the appropriate limit switch is operated as the channel reaches
maximum or minimum slope. The position can be finely adjusted by setting the second
switch to the INCH position then repeatedly pressing the INCH button until the required
slope is achieved. Set both switches to the STOP position when the channel is at the
required slope.

When the optional S6-MKII-50 electrical console has been supplied, the jacking can be
controlled from a PC as follows:

With the Local / Remote switch on the S6-MII-50 electrical in the Local position (not
depressed and not illuminated), the jacking is operated via the switch box in the same way
as a standard S6-MKII but cannot be operated remotely using a PC.

With the Local / Remote switch on the S6-MII-50 electrical in the Remote position
(depressed and illuminated), the jacking system can be operated using the switch box on the
side of the S6-MKII or using the Jacking Control section in the S6-MKII-50 software as
required. However, if the jacking system is initiated via the software then it must be stopped
via the software. If the jacking system is initiated via the switch box then it must be stopped
via the switchbox. Limit switches will stop the jacking system at the limit of its travel
whichever control method is used.

When using the software the jacks can be raised by clicking the Jack Up button until the
required slope is indicated (indicated in degrees). Clicking the Jack Up button again will stop
the jacking. Similarly, the jacks can be lowered by clicking the Jack Down button until the
required slope is indicated (indicated in degrees). Clicking the Jack Down button again will
stop the jacking.

11.1.2 Varying the water flowrate (Standard S6-MKII electrical console)

The hand operated flow control valve should be closed before starting the centrifugal pump.
This allows the pump to start under minimum load and prevents water from surging through
the channel and pipework when the pump is started.

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Press the Pump Start button on the console. The Pump Running indicator will illuminate and
the pump will be heard to start.

With the pump running gradually rotate the handwheel on the flow control valve to achieve
the required flow. Note that there will be a slight delay before water enters the channel
section if the inlet tank is not already filled with water. Close the flow control valve fully then
press the Pump Stop button to stop the circulating pump.

If the flow control valve is left partially open when the pump is stopped water will drain from
the channel and inlet tank into the sump tanks via the flow control valve and pump. Unless it
is required to drain the water it is therefore usual to close the flow control valve before
stopping the pump. This retains the water in the system ready for the next run and the flow
control valve is closed ready for starting the pump again.

Note: To obtain accurate and stable readings from the flowmeter it is essential that the
flowmeter is full of water and no air bubbles are entrained in the water. Before operating the
system at low flowrate it will be necessary to increase the flow of water to prime the
pipework fully with water and flush all air from the pipework. By closing the flow control valve
before switching off the pump, water will be retained in the pipework eliminating the need to
re-prime the system when the pump is restarted.

11.1.3 Varying the water flowrate (Optional S6-MKII-50 electrical console with
S6-MKII-90)

The hand operated flow control valve should be closed before starting the centrifugal pump.
This allows the pump to start under minimum load and prevents water from surging through
the channel and pipework when the pump is started.

Set the pump speed control on the console to minimum the press the Pump Start button.
The Pump Start switch will illuminate and the pump will operate at 20 % speed.

Adjust the pump speed control to 30 % then gradually open the flow control valve until fully
open. Note that there will be a slight delay before water enters the channel section if the inlet
tank is not already filled with water. Adjust the speed control to give the required flowrate. If
it is required to operate at extremely low flowrate or to limit the maximum flowrate when the
pump is operating at maximum speed then the flow control valve can be adjusted to achieve
the required operating conditions.

Close the flow control valve fully, set the pump speed control to minimum then press the
Pump Stop button to stop the circulating pump.

If the flow control valve is left partially open when the pump is stopped water will drain from
the channel and inlet tank into the sump tanks via the flow control valve and pump. Unless it
is required to drain the water it is therefore usual to close the flow control valve before
stopping the pump. This retains the water in the system ready for the next run and the flow
control valve is closed ready for starting the pump again.

Note: To obtain accurate and stable readings from the flowmeter it is essential that the
flowmeter is full of water and no air bubbles are entrained in the water. Before operating the
system at low flowrate it will be necessary to increase the flow of water to prime the
pipework fully with water and flush all air from the pipework. By closing the flow control valve
before switching off the pump, water will be retained in the pipework eliminating the need to
re-prime the system when the pump is restarted.

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11.1.4 Using the optional sediment loop

When the optional sediment loop is fitted it is necessary to set the two isolating valves
adjacent to the pump inlet to configure the flume for normal operation or sediment loop
operation as required.

For normal use the top isolating valve should be fully closed and the bottom isolating valve
should be fully open. With the valves in this arrangement water drawn from the sump tanks
flows through the working section then drains at the discharge end back into the sump tanks
for re-circulation.

For use as a sediment loop the top isolating valve should be fully open and the bottom
isolating valve should be fully closed. With the valves in this arrangement water is drawn
from the discharge end of the working section and delivered directly back to the inlet end of
the working section re-circulating continuously without passing through the sump tanks.
Before operating the sediment loop in this manner it will be necessary to fill the flume to the
required depth from the sump tanks by raising the discharge weir and operating the flume
with the isolating valves set for normal operation.

The pump fitted with a sediment loop is designed to operate with suspended sediment up to
a maximum grain size of 3 mm.

11.1.5 Measuring the water flowrate

The instantaneous flow of water into the inlet tank is displayed in units of litres/sec on the
digital display on the electrical enclosure. The secondary display on the flowmeter indicates
the percentage of maximum flowrate where 100 % range = 30 litres/sec.

Note that the instantaneous flow through the channel section may be different depending on
the conditions in the channel (until water levels stabilise, the flow along the channel and the
flow leaving via the discharge tank will be different to the flow of water entering the inlet
tank).

Note: To obtain accurate and stable readings from the flowmeter it is essential that the
flowmeter is full of water and no air bubbles are entrained in the water. Before operating the
system at low flowrate it will be necessary to increase the flow of water to prime the
pipework fully with water and flush all air from the pipework. By closing the flow control valve
before switching off the pump, water will be retained in the pipework eliminating the need to
re-prime the system when the pump is restarted.

11.1.6 Adjusting the height of water in the channel section

The height of water in the working section of the channel can be changed by raising or
lowering the overshot weir in the discharge tank. The weir is raised or lowered using the
winch that is located on top of the discharge tank. Rotate the handle in the required direction
to raise or lower the weir.

The mechanical advantage of the winch allows the weir to be adjusted when it is subjected
to maximum loading with the channel full of water. The winch incorporates a brake so that
the weir cannot fall in use.

If it is required to lower the weir to its lowest position then it may be necessary to physically
push the weir, especially if no water is present in the channel section.

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Note: Care should be taken when lowering the weir to avoid a surge along the channel into
the discharge tank. As stated above, water can be drained from the channel by opening the
flow control valve and allowing the water to flow backwards through the pump. This gives
fine control of water level in the channel section. Where a model is installed in the working
section it is preferable to use this technique - draining water to the required level then
lowering the weir to the required height to avoid damage to the model

11.1.7 Adjusting water velocity in the channel section

The velocity of the water in the working section will depend on the flowrate and the depth of
water. The flowrate and overshot weir (in the discharge tank) should therefore be adjusted
individually, as described above, but in combination to achieve the required conditions in the
channel.

In order to 'pond' the flume during water testing, wave experiments etc. the overshot weir (in
the discharge tank) should be raised to the required level and water admitted by operating
the pump / opening the flow control valve. When the water is at the required level close the
flow control then switch off the pump.

11.1.8 Using the model mounting points in the bed of the channel

Ensure that a sealing plug with integral ‘O’ ring seal is fitted to all model mounting points that
are not in use. To minimise disturbances to flow in the channel ensure that the plugs are
pushed down fully so that the top of the plug is flush with the channel bed.

When a model is to be fitted using a model mounting point, the sealing plug should be
removed by pushing upwards from below.

Refer to Assembly Instructions for the Optional Models section 14.3 for operating
instructions and detailed teaching exercises for each of the available accessories.

Note: Older versions of the S6 flume and associated models used a plunger arrangement
fitted into the model mounting point that allowed a mounting spigot to be inserted from above
to locate the model.

If it is required to use a new model with an original flume that incorporates a plunger,
unscrew the large nut on the underside of the bed then remove the plunger assembly from
above to allow the new model to be fitted. The sealing plug supplied with the new model can
be inserted into the mounting point when the model is not in use or the plunger assembly
can be refitted if necessary.

If it is required to use an original model with a new flume then contact Armfield for further
advice and options.

11.1.9 Operating the optional S6-MKII-50 interface

For information on installing and operating the optional S6-MKII-50 interface refer to the
separate instruction manual supplied with S6-MKII-50.

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12 Equipment Specifications

12.1 Overall Dimensions

Width – 300 mm

Depth – 450 mm

Length - as ordered (from 5 m in multiples of 2.5 m)

Note: length overall is 3.25 m longer than the working section defined to allow for the inlet
and discharge tanks

Walls - Toughened Glass

Bed - Stainless Steel

End Tanks - GRP mouldings

Sump Tanks - Polyethylene

Pipework - PVC

Pump - Close coupled, centrifugal

Flowrate - 30 litres/second

Flow regulation valve - Handwheel operated butterfly valve

+Ve slope 1:40 max (1.432 degrees) for all lengths

-Ve slope 1:200 max (0.286 degree) for all lengths

Flow Meter - Electromagnetic with digital display

12.2 Equipment Location

Careful consideration must be given when choosing a suitable site for the tilting flume to
allow adequate space for operation and maintenance. As well as leaving adequate floor
space for access to the flume and sump tanks, adequate clearance must be available
overhead to allow for tilting of the channel, mounting of models operation of instrumentation
etc.

The floor area should be clean, level and capable of bearing the loads imposed by the
equipment. The pivot support and jacking pedestal bases must be anchored to the floor by
means of the anchor bolts supplied to ensure that the tilting flume is stable in use. The
composition of the floor should be such as to enable holes to be drilled to accommodate the
anchor bolts.

Note: The support pedestals incorporate feet that limit the load on the floor to a maximum of
0.2 N/mm2. Height adjustment must be carried out using the levelling screws fitted. Packing
should not be inserted beneath the feet that would cause a local increase in floor load.

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A source of clean cold water will be required for filling the sump tanks. Permanent
connection to the source of cold water will not be required.

A suitable drain will be required when emptying the sump tanks for cleaning / maintenance.
Permanent connection to the drain will not be required.

The equipment requires a Three Phase electrical supply that must include a Neutral
connection and an Earth connection (5 wire). The electrical console incorporates an RCD
(38) to protect the operator if through misuse or accident the equipment becomes electrically
dangerous.

Where power operated jacks have been ordered the electrical console incorporates the
controller necessary to operate the jacking motor. The jacking motor is simply connected to
the appropriate terminals (39) inside the electrical console during installation of the flume.

12.3 Electromagnetic Compatibility

This apparatus is classified as Education and Training Equipment under the Electromagnetic
Compatibility (Amendment) Regulations 1994. Use of the apparatus outside the classroom,
laboratory or similar place invalidates conformity with the requirements of the
Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (89/336/EEC) and could lead to prosecution. These
regulations may not apply in some countries.

12.4 Environmental Conditions

This equipment has been designed for operation in the following environmental conditions.
Operation outside of these conditions may result reduced performance, damage to the
equipment or hazard to the operator.

a. Indoor use;

b. Altitude up to 2000 m;

c. Temperature 5 °C to 40 °C;

d. Maximum relative humidity 80 % for temperatures up to 31 °C, decreasing linearly to

50 % relative humidity at 40 °C;

e. Mains supply voltage fluctuations up to ±10% of the nominal voltage;

f. Transient over-voltages typically present on the MAINS supply;

Note: The normal level of transient over-voltages is impulse withstand (over-voltage)

category II of IEC 60364-4-443;

g. Pollution degree 2.

Normally only nonconductive pollution occurs. Temporary conductivity caused by

condensation is to be expected. Typical of an office or laboratory environment.

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13 Routine Maintenance

13.1 Responsibility

To preserve the life and efficient operation of the equipment it is important that the
equipment is properly maintained. Regular maintenance of the equipment is the
responsibility of the end user and must be performed by qualified personnel who understand
the operation of the equipment.

13.2 General

It is important to perform certain checks/maintenance operations at short intervals (typically

one month) to prevent deterioration of the equipment. The regular checks must include the
following:

13.2.1 Check the condition of the water

Check if the water in the sump tanks is clean and suitable for use. The water should be
changed regularly to avoid stagnation (refer to The COSHH Regulations section 6.8). The
use of a corrosion inhibitor that includes a biocide/disinfectant will reduce the formation of
algae or micro-organisms and allow water changes to be performed less frequently. The
frequency of water changes will depend on usage, local conditions and whether or not a
biocide is used. As most corrosion inhibitors for the treatment of water are used in closed
systems, ensure that the inhibitor/biocide used is safe to handle and does not create a
hazard to the health of operators handling models immersed in the treated water.

If it is necessary to change the water, drain all water from the channel then open the drain
cock on the end sump tank and allow the water to drain.

Refill the sump tanks, to approximately 50 mm from the top, using clean water and add the
correct amount of an appropriate corrosion inhibitor with biocide. Each sump tank contains
approximately 680 litres of water. Refer to the details supplied with the inhibitor used for
information on dilution.

Switch on the water pump to circulate the water through the channel/sump tanks to ensure
that the inhibitor has dispersed thoroughly and coated all wetted surfaces with a protective
film.

13.2.2 Check for leaks

The channel, pump and service pipework should be checked visually for drips or staining
associated with leaks. Any leaks identified should be attended to immediately to minimise
deterioration of the equipment. Refer to the notes on Resealing in Full Annual Service
section 13.3 for further information.

13.3 Full Annual Service

It is important to carry out a full service at regular intervals, at least annually or more
frequently according to usage and local conditions. The full service must include the
following:

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Note: As the tilting flume will be out of use for several days while drained, cleaned etc. it is
sensible to program the full service to coincide with an end of term shutdown etc.

13.3.1 Check for leaks

Operate the centrifugal pump, fill the channel with water by raising the overshot outlet weir
and allow the channel to stand for at least 24 hours. Check all joints, pipework, pump etc. for
leaks and mark any leaks for subsequent action.

13.3.2 Draining / cleaning

Having inspected for any leakage all water should be drained from the channel and sump
tanks. Remove the sump tank covers and place them in a safe location.

The channel and sump tanks should be cleaned using warm water with household detergent
then rinsed and dried. Particular attention should be paid to the glass walls of the channel if
deposits are obscuring the view.

The stainless steel bed should be cleaned using an appropriate non-abrasive cleaner.

After cleaning replace the covers on the sump tanks to eliminate dirt or other foreign objects
from the system.

13.3.3 Check the alignment of the channel section

Although unlikely it may be necessary to adjust the alignment of the channel sections or the
glass panels where movement has occurred or where precision results are required from the
flume. If appropriate, refer to Installing the Equipment section 10.4 and Commissioning
section 10.5 for full details on how to carry out these adjustments.

Check the condition of the external paintwork.

Any damage to external paintwork should be identified and touched up. Any corrosion
should be removed and the surface degreased prior to touching up.

The cleaned surface should be primed before painting. A two pack etch primer/undercoat
should be used for this purpose followed by a polyurethane enamel paint.

The colour specification of the original paint is Oxford Blue, BS105

13.3.4 Resealing

Any leaks, which were identified while the channel and sump tanks were filled, should be
resealed using an appropriate sealant. There are two types of sealant used in the
construction of the tilting flume, RTV Silicone Sealant and Sealing Strip (synthetic putty like
sealant incorporating butyl rubber with the trade name ‘Prestik’).

RTV Silicone Sealant is supplied in a tube and is best used for internal glass joints to provide
a smooth finish. The sealant cures at room temperature but remains flexible.

Sealing strip is supplied in a roll and is used for tank-to-bed and bed-to-bed joints. Glass
joints have sealing strip between the glass and the support. The sealing strip is non-
hardening.

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Dripping leaks generally originate from the glass side butt joints adjacent to the flume bed.
They may be made good by applying RTV Silicone Sealant into the corner formed by the
walls and the bed. Although leakage may not be evident, check the seal between the glass
panels and the bed of the channel. Replace the seal using RTV Silicone Sealant if any doubt
exists.

All flexible hoses / sleeves must be checked and replaced if perished. Despite appearing
leak-tight, all joints should be checked for integrity and re-seated if necessary.

Wrapping PTFE tape around the thread before refitting should seal leaks from threaded
joints.

13.3.5 Lubrication

The following moving parts should be lubricated using general-purpose grease:

1. Pivot Axle

2. Jacks and jack-screws (whole length of jack screws to prevent corrosion)

Where usage is unusually heavy or local conditions are extreme it may be necessary to
increase the increase the frequency of lubrication to every 6 months.

Note: The gearboxes fitted to the jacking system are sealed for life and do not require
additional lubrication.

13.3.6 Pump maintenance

Refer to the manufacturer’s instruction manual (supplied with the pump) for details on
maintenance, especially; how to check the pump, necessary lubrication, checking and
replacing the mechanical seal etc.

13.3.7 Checking limit switches and clutch on the electrical jacking system (if
fitted)

Before putting the flume back into service it is wise to check that the slipping clutch and limit
switches are correctly set as flows:

Operate the electric jacking system in both directions and check that the system operates
without the clutch slipping. If the clutch slips then it will be necessary to tighten the clamping
screws on the clutch to prevent the clutch from slipping.

Remove the guard from the drive shaft adjacent to the jacking pedestal then carefully grip
the drive shaft using a piece of hard rubber or leather. The clutch should slip when the
jacking motor is switched on to prevent damage to the equipment or injury to an operator. If
the shaft cannot be restrained with moderate grip then it will be necessary to release the
clamping screws on the clutch to allow the clutch to slip.

When correctly adjusted the jacking system should operate without slipping until the drive
shaft is restrained. The guard must be refitted immediately after checking the adjustment.

Carefully operate the jacking system to take the flume to its maximum and minimum slope.
The limit switch must operate before the xxx reaches the end of the jack screw or the flume
reaches any obstacle such as a guard or the structure of the jack pedestal.

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If either of the switches does not operate, or operates too early this it will be necessary to
remove the appropriate guard and adjust the position of the switch. Ensure that the switch is
securely clamped then check for correct operation. The guard must be refitted immediately
after checking the adjustment.

13.3.8 Refilling

Before refilling with water, replace the covers on the sump tanks. The covers reduce the
amount of dirt or other foreign objects entering the water and minimise the risk of drowning
or other injury associated with deep, open tanks filled with water.

Refill the sump tanks as described above in the monthly checks (Check the condition of the
water).

13.3.9 Cleaning the models

Models used in the tilting flume (whether supplied by Armfield or constructed by the user)
should be checked for damage and repaired if necessary. All models should be washed in
warm water to which household detergent has been added.

Many of the models supplied by Armfield use clear acrylic or rigid PVC in the construction
and should not be cleaned using strong solvents such as acetone, trichloroethylene or
tetrachloride which will soften the material and cause crazing of the clear acrylic.

In order to restore visual clarity to scuffed, discoloured or surface crazed acrylic, a fine
abrasive metal polish may be used.

Prior to installation in the tilting flume, flexible seals on a model should be cleaned to remove
any dirt or grit then lightly lubricated with Vaseline or similar lubricant to aid installation
between the glass sidewalls of the channel. The seals on the sides of the outlet weir should
be cleaned and lubricated in a similar manner.

The ‘O’ ring fitted to the sealing plug at each model mounting point should be checked for
signs of damage and replaced if necessary. Lubricate each ‘O’ ring with Vaseline or similar
lubricant to aid fitting into the model mounting point.

13.4 Configuration of the Electromagnetic Flowmeter

The digital converter / display that is associated with the electromagnetic flowmeter is
supplied pre-configured to indicate the flow of water delivered to the inlet tank, directly in
units of litres/second. The secondary display indicates the flow as a percentage of the
theoretical maximum flow available i.e. 100 % = 30 litres/second.

If required, the converter / display can be re-configured using the keypad on the front panel.
For example the units can be changed or the meter can be used as a totalizer. Refer to the
Euromag instruction manual supplied with the flowmeter for details on how to reconfigure the
flowmeter.

The default configuration for the MC608P converter when used with the S6-MKII Flow
Channel is listed below for information:

MC608P Flowmeter Converter Configuration

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Password protection:
I level: 608111, II level: 709222, III level: 231042

Menu (check settings of parameters that are emboldened):

Options
Technical Units
Flow rate units l
Flow rate time base s
Counters unit s
Pulses unit l
Specific weight 1000
Temperature unit Celsius
Measurement Frequency
Display
LCD Backlight level 100%
Backlight off ON
LCD contrast +0
View Options
Full Scale Flow 30 (l/s)
Language
Counters
Parameters
Ka setup Value to match label on sensor
Diameter setup 100 mm
Filters setup
Flow cut off 2%
Damping 50
Bypass
Peak cut off
Measuring average
Line frequency 50 / 60 Hz to suit site supply
Zero calibration
Flow rate alarms
Empty pipe threshold
I/O
Pulses OUT
Pulse quantity 1l
Pulse time ON 10 mS
Reverse flow rate Off
Pulses out enable Enable
Frequency Output
Programmable output
Programmable Input
Batching
Program output logics
Other
Memory

Note: To obtain accurate and stable readings from the flowmeter it is essential that the
flowmeter is full of water and no air bubbles are entrained in the water. Before operating the
system at low flowrate it will be necessary to increase the flow of water to prime the
pipework fully with water and flush all air from the pipework. By closing the flow control valve

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before switching off the pump, water will be retained in the pipework eliminating the need to
re-prime the system when the pump is restarted.

13.5 Configuration of the Inverter for the Jacking System

The inverter for the jacking system (if electrical jacking is installed) is configured prior to
despatch and should not require further adjustment. The operating speed is usually set to 50
Hz using the ^ key on the inverter.

The following procedure is included to allow the settings to be corrected if the original
parameters become corrupted. The majority of the inverter parameters remain set to the
manufacturers default value and only settings that differ from the default are listed below.

The inverter is located in the bottom of the electrical console and can be accessed by turning
the console upside down and removing the bottom cover.

Press PRG/RESET key, 0.Fnc should be displayed.

Press ^ key until 1.F__ is displayed.

Press FUNC/DATA key.

Press ^ key until F 01 is displayed.

Press FUNC/DATA key.

Press ^ or v key to set the required value for F 01.

Press FUNC/DATA key to save the value and display the next parameter.

Set the parameters listed below then press PRG/RESET to return to normal operation.

F01 1 (Frequency by voltage input)

F02 1 (Operation via digital input)

F08 1.00 (Deceleration time)

F11 1.9 (Electronic thermal overload setting A)

F37 2 (Auto torque boost)

P02 0.37 (Rated motor power kW)

P03 1.9 (Motor rated current A)

In the event of serious problems, the inverter default parameters can be recovered as
follows:

Press PRG/RESET key, 0.Fnc should be displayed.

Press ^ key until 1.H__ is displayed.

Press FUNC/DATA key.

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Press ^ key until H 03 is displayed.

Press ^ and STOP keys together.

Ensure that the display shows data value 1 (Initialize factory defaults).

Press FUNC/DATA key.

Press PRG/RESET to return to normal operation

13.6 Configuration of the Inverter for the Water Pump (S6-MKII-50)

The inverter for water pump (if the optional S6-MKII-50 electrical console is installed) is
configured prior to despatch and should not require further adjustment. The operating speed
is usually set to 50 Hz using the ^ key on the inverter.

The following procedure is included to allow the settings to be corrected if the original
parameters become corrupted. The majority of the inverter parameters remain set to the
manufacturers default value and only settings that differ from the default are listed below.

The inverter is located inside the electrical console and can be accessed by opening the
door. It will be necessary to switch off the master isolator switch before opening the door
then the switch must be turned on again to power the inverter.

Press PRG/RESET key, 0.Fnc should be displayed.

Press ^ key until 1.F__ is displayed.

Press FUNC/DATA key.

Press ^ key until F 01 is displayed.

Press FUNC/DATA key.

Press ^ or v key to set the required value for F 01.

Press FUNC/DATA key to save the value and display the next parameter.

Set the parameters listed below then press PRG/RESET to return to normal operation.

F01 1 (Frequency by voltage input)

F02 1 (Operation via digital input)

F05 400 (Rated voltage)

F06 400 (Maximum output voltage)

F07 20.0 (Acceleration time)

F08 20.00 (Deceleration time)

F09 4 (Torque boost)

F10 1 (Electronic thermal overload, shaft driven fan)

F11 4 (Electronic thermal overload setting A)

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F16 10 (Low Frequency limiter)

F37 3 (Auto energy saving)

C32 200 (Analog input gain)

P02 3.0 (Rated motor power kW)

P03 6.35 (Motor rated current A)

P04 (Perform autotune to optimise parameters - refer to VXR instruction manual

for details)

In the event of serious problems, the inverter default parameters can be recovered as
follows:

Press PRG/RESET key, 0.Fnc should be displayed.

Press ^ key until 1.H__ is displayed.

Press FUNC/DATA key.

Press ^ key until H 03 is displayed.

Press ^ and STOP keys together.

Ensure that the display shows data value 1 (Initialize factory defaults).

Press FUNC/DATA key.

Press PRG/RESET to return to normal operation

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14 Laboratory Teaching Exercises

14.1 Index to Exercises

Exercise A - Discharge beneath a Sluice Gate (Undershot weir) (section 15)

Exercise B - Force on a Sluice Gate (Undershot weir) (section 16)

Exercise C - Critical depth– Derivation of the Specific Energy Equation (section 17)

Exercise D - Hydraulic Jump (section 18)

Exercise E - Characteristics of flow over rectangular thin plate weirs (overshot) (section 19)

Exercise F - Characteristics of flow over profiled thin plate weirs (Overshot) (section 20)

Exercise G - Characteristics of flow over a sharp cornered broad crested weir (section 21)

Exercise H - Characteristics of flow over a streamlined broad crested weir (section 22)

Exercise J - Characteristics of flow through a Venturi flume (section 23)

Exercise K - Characteristics of flow over an Ogee Weir (section 24)

Exercise L - Characteristics of flow over a Dam Spillway (section 25)

Exercise M - Characteristics of flow over a Siphon Spillway (section 26)

Exercise N - Characteristics of flow through a self-regulating siphon (section 27)

Exercise P - Characteristics of Flow over a Gravel Bed (section 28)

Exercise Q - Characteristics of flow over a Corrugated Bed (section 29)

Exercise R - Characteristics of flow around a Cylindrical Pile (section 30)

Exercise S - The Lift and Drag Force on Submerged Structures (section 31)

Exercise T - Characteristics of flow over a Crump Weir (section 32)

Exercise U - Characteristics of flow through a Parshall Flume (section 33)

Exercise V - Characteristics of flow through a WSC Flume (section 34)

Note: When using the appropriate Armfield Teaching Software (optional accessory) the
Teaching Exercises may differ slightly and it is suggested that reference is made to the help
text incorporated in the software rather than this instruction manual.

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14.2 Nomenclature

14.2.1 General Nomenclature

Name Symbol Unit Definition

Width of channel/weir etc b m Measured

Gravitational constant g m s-2 9.81m s-2

Difference in manometer
m Calculated = (h1 – h2)
readings

Volumetric flowrate Q m3 s-1 Measured or calculated

Hydraulic mean radius of

R m Calculated
section

Temperature of water in the

T C
o
Measured
channel

Local fluid velocity v m s-1 Measured or calculated

Mean fluid velocity V m s-1 Calculated

Density of fluid  kg m-3 From table

Kinematic Viscosity of water  m2 From table

Angle θ degrees Measured

Mass M kg Measured

Area A m2 Measured

Static pressure ps Nm-2 Measured

Total pressure pt Nm-2 Measured

Area Ratio between different

A - Calculated
sections

Reynolds Number Re - Calculated

Distance along channel

x m Measured
(subscript)

Note: Subscripts are used to indicate the location along the length of the channel, where
appropriate.

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14.2.2 Nomenclature for Free Surface Flow

The following nomenclature has been used for the theory presented with the free surface
flow experiments:

Note: For free surface flow experiments, it has been assumed that the velocity distribution is
uniform across the section, and each fluid layer moves at velocity v. Thus the velocity head
indicated by the Pitot tube for one layer of the fluid is assumed to be the same for every
other layer, and so represents the kinetic energy per unit weight of fluid.

Name Symbol Unit Definition

Velocity of gravity wave in still

c ms-1 (sometimes called celerity)
shallow water

Coefficient of contraction Cc -

Coefficient of discharge Cd -

Coefficient of velocity Cv - 0.95<Cv<1.0

E = y + V2/2g
Specific energy head (total
energy head measured relative E m Note: If the datum is the
to channel bed) channel bed then E = H (z = 0)

Force of a stream F N F = gby2/2 + Q2/by

Drag Force exerted by fluid D N Measured

Total energy head or total head

(height of energy line (e) above H m H = y + V2/2g + z
a datum)

Loss of total head between

m
specified sections

Pressure at height z above

pz Nm-2 Measured
channel bed

Height of weir crest above

hw m Measured
channel bed

Depth of water surface above

yx m Measured
the bed at location x

Depth of water surface upstream

yc m Measured
above crest of weir

Depth at which specific energy

Critical depth ycrit m
of flow is at a minimum.

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Height of sluice gate opening yg m Measured

Height of siphon throat yt m Measured

Slope of energy line (for uniform

flow assumed to be the same
S degrees Sin 
slope as the channel bed and
the surface of the water)

Volume flowrate (modular flow) Qmod m3 s-1 Calculated

Coefficient of roughness n - Calculated

Critical slope Scrit

= Tan θ, Sin θ may be used at

Slope of channel bed So
small angles

Height of bed above datum z m Measured

Depth of submersion of model

ym m Measured
(for lift and drag experiments)

Distance from pivot to base of

model (for lift and drag zm m Measured
experiments)

Distance of weight from pivot (for

xm m Measured
lift and drag experiments)

The following subscripts are used for specific variables:

x Distance along the flume (scale on side of flume)

y Location across width of flume (scale on instrument carrier)

z Height above the bed of the flume (vertical level gauge)

Note: Where values for E and H cannot conveniently be measured then they should be
computed using the expressions given above.

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14.3 Assembly Instructions for the Optional Models

Note: The following instructions relate to the installation of current models into the current
S6-MKII flume whereby appropriate models are retained by a sealed clamping arrangement
through the bed of the flume that positively prevents the model from lifting in operation.

If it is required to mount new models into an older flume that is fitted with a plunger
arrangement, or to fit older models requiring a spigot into the current flume then refer to the
notes at the end of this section for further information. Models secured by retaining bars or
clamps onto the top rails are not affected by the type of clamping arrangement at the bed.

Model mounting points are included along the length of the working section, each point
incorporating a push-fit sealing plug that can be removed to facilitate the mounting of a
model. The majority of the model hydraulic structures available for use with the S6-MKII
flume utilise these mounting points so that the model is securely retained against the bed of
the flume when in use.

Where securing is not possible using a model mounting point, an adjustable retaining bar is
used that clamps between the two glass walls of the flume and/or clamps at the top to retain
the model in position.

When installing any of the optional models supplied by Armfield it is essential that the
working section of the flume is drained before removing the sealing plug from the bed to
prevent loss of water that could present a hazard.

Most of the models have rubber sealing strips on the sides (where appropriate) to reduce the
amount of water seeping past. If insertion of a model is difficult because of the rubber seals,
the seals can be lubricated using soap solution or similar water soluble lubricant (not
supplied) to assist with the insertion of the model. The use of grease or silicone based
lubricants should be avoided as these will coat the glass sides of the flume and affect
wetting of the surfaces in use.

Where accurate results are required it is necessary to eliminate the flow of water between
the model and the bed / walls of the flume. The seals fitted to the models will limit the
amount of leakage but for accurate results Plasticine (not supplied) or similar material should
be used to seal any leaks. This is pressed into the gaps on the upstream side of the model,
as shown below, thus ensuring that water flows over the model and not around or under it.

Some models incorporate small holes near the top, on the sides, which allow air to bleed out
whilst the model is submerged. Air bubbles’ escaping from these holes is normal when the
model becomes fully submerged.

Scales are attached to the glass walls upstream and downstream of one model mounting
point to allow the level of the water to be measured. If an alternative measuring device, such
as a hook and point gauge, is not available then the model should be installed between the
scales to allow the upstream and downstream water levels to be measured.

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The glass support brackets between the level scales are modified to allow them to be moved
when installing long models such as the S6-32 Parshall Flume or S6-33 WSC Flume. This
can also help when installing the S6-27 Roughened beds in the centre section of the flume.
Removal of the fixing screw on the appropriate glass support brackets allows the brackets to
be slid along the box section creating an opening long enough for insertion of the model.
The brackets should be slid back into position after installing the model.

The mounting requirement for each of the optional models differs from one model to another,
as described below:

14.3.1 S6-20 Plate Weirs (Stainless Steel)

Adjustable undershot weir

This model is installed as shown in the diagram below using clamps on either side, at the
top, that secure the frame to the box sections that support the instrument rails along the top
of the working section.

Before installing the weir, lubricate the seals on both sides of the weir plate to aid installation
and subsequent height adjustment via the hand wheel at the top.

Refer to Exercises A, B, C and D for experimental details about this accessory.

Thin plate weirs

This set of models is installed using one of the model mounting points in the bed of the
flume.

Attach the required thin plate weir to the support frame and lubricate the seals on the sides
of the frame. The frame should be installed with the weir plate upstream and the nappe
ventilation tubes (used with the rectangular weir) facing downstream. At the required
location, remove the sealing plug from the bed of the flume by pushing up from below then
carefully insert the model into the working section ensuring that the boss is located squarely
through the hole in the bed of the flume. Lubricate the seal on the locking handle then screw
on the locking handle from below and tighten until the ‘O’ ring seal is compressed.

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Refer to Exercises E and F for experimental details about this accessory.

14.3.2 S6-21 Broad Crested Weirs (GRP)

This model is installed using one of the model mounting points in the bed of the flume.

The larger, rounded top weir incorporates a permanent locating boss and can be fitted
directly into the flume.

The shorter, square top weir can be used on its own by installing the stepped locating boss
(tapped hole one end only) through the opening in the top of the weir. This weir can also be
used in combination with the rounded top weir to raise the height of the rounded top weir. In
this instance the plain locating boss (tapped holes both ends) is screwed onto the existing
boss before installing the combination as shown below.

At the required location, remove the sealing plug from the bed of the flume by pushing up
from below then carefully insert the model into the working section ensuring that the boss is
located squarely through the hole in the bed of the flume. Lubricate the seal on the locking
handle then screw on the locking handle from below and tighten until the ‘O’ ring seal is
compressed.

Refer to Exercises G & H for experimental details about this accessory.

14.3.3 S6-22 Venturi Flume

This model is installed using a spreader bar in combination with clamps at the top.

Install the pair of GRP mouldings against the glass walls of the working section with the
narrow end facing downstream, to form a Venturi Flume.

An adjustable retaining bar is used to push the mouldings against the side walls.

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Locate the bar in the throat of the Venturi Flume and adjust the threaded end so that it
clamps between the two GRP sections as shown below. The retaining bar must be placed
above the water level so as not to disturb the flow of water.

In addition to the model retaining bar, the Venturi flume uses two clamps, which slot under
the top rail of the working section and hold each side against the bed of the flume. Two types
of clamping bracket are supplied to allow the model to be installed on MkI or MkII versions of
the S6.

Refer to Exercise J for experimental details about this accessory.

14.3.4 S6-23 Ogee Weir & Manometer Board

The GRP moulding is installed using one of the model mounting points in the bed of the
flume. The manometer is installed on the side of the flume using the integral bracket.

At the required location, remove the sealing plug from the bed of the flume by pushing up
from below. Lubricate the seals on the sides of the model and the ‘O’ ring on the underside
that seals the model to the channel bed, then carefully insert the model into the working
section. Feed the flexible manometer tubing through the hole in the bed then lower the

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model into position, ensuring that no tubing becomes trapped, until the boss is located
squarely through the hole in the bed of the flume. Fit the locking nut on the underside and
tighten it until the ‘O’ ring seal is compressed.

Locate the manometer bank on the side of the flume and connect the flexible tubes from the
Ogee weir to the tappings at the base of the manometer. When the flume is filled with water,
any air bubbles can be eliminated from the flexible tubing by raising and lowering the
manometer until all tubes are completely filled. Any remaining bubbles can be removed by
inserting the syringe supplied into the top of the appropriate manometer tube then drawing
water through the flexible tubing from the submerged tapping.

Refer to Exercise K for experimental details about this accessory.

14.3.5 S6-24 Dam Spillway Models

The Ogee shaped spillway is installed using one of the model mounting points in the bed of
the flume. The downstream sections (Spillway toe, Roller bucket toe or Apron with
removable energy dissipater) can be attached to the spillway to prevent movement
downstream.

At the required location, remove the sealing plug from the bed of the flume by pushing up
from below then carefully insert the model into the working section ensuring that the boss is
located squarely through the hole in the bed of the flume. Lubricate the seal on the locking
handle then screw on the locking handle from below and tighten until the ‘O’ ring seal is
compressed. If it is required to incorporate a downstream section, insert the lug on the
downstream section into the slot at the base of the spillway before pushing the spillway
down and tightening the locking handle.

If it is required to change the downstream section, unscrew the locking handle and raise the
spillway sufficiently to allow the lug on the downstream section to disengage then install the
alternative downstream section as before.

A set of three removable piers can be inserted on top of the spillway to demonstrate the
disturbance associated with such a structure. The pier assembly is retained using a clamp at
either side that locate under the box sections that support the instrument rails at the top of
the working section as shown below. Two types of clamping bracket are supplied to allow
the model to be installed on MkI or MkII versions of the S6.

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When using the optional Gravel Box as a downstream energy dissipater, a retaining bar is
inserted at the downstream end to prevent the box from moving.

The retaining bar clamps between both side walls by unscrewing the screwed end until the
bar is tight between the walls.

Refer to Exercise L for experimental details about this accessory.

14.3.6 S6-25 Syphon Spillway (Acrylic)

This model is installed using one of the model mounting points in the bed of the flume.

At the required location, remove a sealing plug from the bed of the flume by pushing up from
below. Lubricate the seals on the sides of the model then carefully insert the model into the
working section ensuring that the boss is located squarely through the hole in the bed of the
flume. Lubricate the seal on the locking handle then screw on the locking handle from below
and tighten until the ‘O’ ring seal is compressed.

Refer to Exercise M for experimental details about this accessory.

14.3.7 S6-26 Self-regulating Syphon

This model is installed using one of the model mounting points in the bed of the flume.

At the required location, remove a sealing plug from the bed of the flume by pushing up from
below. Lubricate the seals on the sides of the model then carefully insert the model into the
working section ensuring that the boss is located squarely through the hole in the bed of the
flume. Lubricate the seal on the locking handle then screw on the locking handle from below
and tighten until the ‘O’ ring seal is compressed.

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Refer to Exercise N for experimental details about this accessory.

14.3.8 S6-27 Roughened Beds

To aid installation of the central sections of the roughened bed, remove the fixing screw on
each of the glass support brackets between the level scales on the glass walls then slide the
brackets along the box section to create an opening for the model. The glass support
brackets should be slid back into position after installing the sections of the model.

The artificially roughened bed (gravel or corrugated) relies on its own weight to hold it onto
the channel bed. It is aided by a retaining bar located at the downstream end of the sections
to prevent the gravel bed from sliding along the channel bed due to the movement of the
water.

The retaining bar clamps between both side walls by unscrewing the screwed end until the
bar is tight between the walls.

Refer to Exercises P (Gravel) and Q (Corrugated) for experimental details about this
accessory.

14.3.9 S6-28 Vibrating Pile

Attach the structure to the instrument rails at the required position in the working section and
tighten the clamping screw.

Adjust the height of the clamps to change the length and the corresponding natural
frequency of the structure.

Refer to Exercise R for experimental details about this accessory.

14.3.10 S6-29 Lift & Drag Balance & Models

Assemble the balance and attach the frame to the instrument rails at the required position by
tightening the clamping screws.

The balance arm should be in line with the channel and facing downstream when performing
Drag measurements.

The lever arm should be normal to the working section when performing Lift measurements
using the hydrofoil.

The small cylinder, large cylinder or hydrofoil is attached to the underside of the balance
when required.

Refer to Exercise S for experimental details about this accessory.

14.3.11 S6-30 Pitot Tube & Manometer

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Refer to Operating the S6-30 Pitot tube and manometer section 14.6 and Calibration of S6-
30 Pitot Tube and Manometer section 14.10 for further information on installing and using
this accessory.

14.3.12 S6-31 Crump Weir

The GRP moulding is installed using one of the model mounting points in the bed of the
flume. The manometer is installed on the side of the flume using the integral bracket.

At the required location, remove a sealing plug from the bed of the flume by pushing up from
below. Lubricate the seals on the sides of the model and the ‘O’ ring on the underside that
seals the model to the channel bed, then carefully insert the model into the working section
with the long slope facing downstream. Feed the flexible manometer tube through the hole in
the bed then lower the model, ensuring that the tubing does not becomes trapped, until the
boss is located squarely through the hole in the bed of the flume. Fit the locking nut on the
underside and tighten it until the ‘O’ ring seal is compressed.

Locate the manometer tube on the side of the flume and connect the flexible tube from the
underside of the crump weir to the tapping at the base of the manometer. When the flume is
filled with water, any air bubbles can be eliminated from the flexible tube by raising and
lowering the manometer until the tube is completely filled. Any remaining bubbles can be
removed by inserting the syringe supplied into the top of the manometer tube then drawing
water through the flexible tubing from the submerged tapping.

Refer to Exercise T for experimental details about this accessory.

14.3.13 S6-32 Parshall Flume

Remove the fixing screw on each of the glass support brackets between the level scales on
the glass walls then slide the brackets along the box section to create an opening for the
model.

Install the GRP moulding with the flow arrow on the top facing in the direction of the water
flow. When correctly installed the clear viewing window and stilling wells will be facing the
operator.

The glass support brackets should be slid back into position after installing the model.

Secure the moulding in position using two clamps, one on each side, which slot under the
top rail of the working section and hold the accessory against the bed of the flume. Two
types of clamping bracket are supplied to allow the model to be installed on MkI or MkII
versions of the S6.

Refer to Exercise S for experimental details about this accessory.

14.3.14 S6-33 WSC Flume (GRP)

Remove the fixing screw on each of the glass support brackets between the level scales on
the glass walls then slide the brackets along the box section to create an opening for the
model.

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Install the GRP moulding with the flow arrow on the top facing in the direction of the water
flow. The inclined scale will be upstream when correctly installed.

The glass support brackets should be slid back into position after installing the model.

Secure the moulding in position using two spreader bars by unscrewing the tip to clamp the
bar against the glass. Position one bar at the downstream end (above the water level) to
prevent the model from sliding downstream. Position the second bar on top of the model at
mid position to prevent the model from lifting.

Refer to Exercise U for experimental Details about this accessory.

14.3.15 S6-35 Wave Generator

Refer to Operating the S6-35 Wave Generator section 14.7 for further information on
installing and operating this accessory.

14.3.16 S6-36 Beach

Refer to Operating the S6-36 Beach section 14.9 for further information on installing and
operating this accessory.

14.3.17 S6-37 Zagni Flow Monitoring System

Refer to Operating the S6-37 Flow Monitoring System section 14.13 for further information
on installing and operating this accessory.

14.3.18 S6-40 Instrument Carrier

The instrument carrier is a carriage with three-point suspension that uses the instrument rails
along the top of the flow channel to provide both longitudinal and transverse movement.

Before installing the carrier, loosen the screw on the position clamp. The carrier should be
placed on the rails with the flat roller on the square rail and the Vee rollers on the circular
rail. The clear acrylic cursor will be located in front of the longitudinal scale on the square rail
when the carrier is correctly fitted.

Different instruments can be attached to the carrier using appropriate holes in the triangular
plate.

14.3.19 S6-42 Velocity Meter and mountings

The probe is supplied complete with a mounting bracket suitable for attachment to the S6-40
Instrument Carrier. By releasing the screws on the clamp bar, the height or orientation of the
probe can be varied.

The mounting bracket should be attached to the instrument carrier using the screws
provided. The small ‘v’ at the end of the bracket will be positioned over the large hole in the
carrier when correctly assembled.

Alternatively, a rectangular post can be attached to the underside of the instrument carrier to
lower the mounting bracket if velocity measurements are required adjacent to the bed of the
flume.

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14.3.20 S6-45 Random WaveMaker

Refer to Operating the S6-45 Random WaveMaker section 14.8 for further information on
installing and operating this accessory.

14.3.21 S6-MKII-90 Software Control and Data Acquisition

Refer to the separate instruction manual supplied with S6-MKII-90 for details on installing
and operating this accessory.

14.4 Using newer models with through-the-bed mounting in an older

flume

The original S6-MkI flume and older versions of the S6-MkII flume used a plunger
arrangement as the model mounting point in the bed of the flume. When the plunger was
retracted downwards, the hole created allowed a loose mounting spigot to be inserted to
locate the model. The associated models incorporated a hole in the underside to
accommodate the top of the spigot.

If it is required to use a newer model, with the revised ‘through-the-bed’ mounting

arrangement, in a flume that incorporates a plunger in each mounting point then it will be
necessary to unscrew and remove the plunger assembly to allow the new model to be fitted.
When the clamping nut has been removed from the underside of the plunger assembly, the
plunger assembly can be pushed vertically upwards to remove it.

The sealing plug supplied with the new model can be inserted into the mounting point when
the model is not in use or the plunger assembly can be refitted if necessary.

14.5 Using older models with spigot-mount in a new flume

If it is required to use an original spigot-mounted model with a new flume then contact
Armfield for further advice and available options.

14.6 Operating the S6-30 Pitot tube and manometer

The Pitot Tube with Paraffin over Water Manometer is an optional accessory (Armfield order
code S6-30) and is used in conjunction with the S6 MKII Glass Sided Tilting Flume to
measure the local velocity of water flowing through the working section.

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Installation
Partially fill the flume with water so that the head of the Pitot tube can be immersed when
installed on the flume. The water in the flume should not be flowing during the priming
procedure.

Before installing the Pitot tube and manometer on the flume it is necessary to prime them
with water. Fill the manometer reservoir with water, ensuring that the valve at the base of the
reservoir is closed. Position the manometer above the Pitot tube with the Pitot tube sloping
uphill (cranked head at the top). Open the isolating valves at the base of the manometer.

Open the valve on the reservoir and allow water to flow through the flexible tubing until it
flows through the static and total head holes in the Pitot tube. During the operation the
reservoir must not be allowed to empty, as this would let air into the system. Ensure that
there are no air bubbles in the assembly. Close the valve at the base of the reservoir on the
manometer.

Set up the Pitot tube as shown in the diagram above, with the head of the tube immersed
under water. Ensure that the reservoir on the manometer is filled with water with the valve
closed. Raise the manometer above the flume then open the valve and allow water to flow
through the assembly. Ensure no air remains in the pipework. Briefly raise the head of the
Pitot tube above the level of the water in the flume and check that the water flows from both
the static and total head holes.

Once again, the reservoir on the manometer must not be allowed to empty during the
priming operation. If any air is trapped in the pipework the whole of the above procedure
should be repeated. It is essential that no air is present otherwise readings obtained will be
meaningless.

Allow water to drain from the reservoir leaving a small amount in the base then close the
isolating valves at the base of the manometer. Fill the reservoir with paraffin (Kerosene,
Specific Gravity = 0.784) then open each isolating valve in turn to half fill each manometer
tube with paraffin. Take care to avoid slugs of paraffin/water in the manometer tubes. When
both tubes are correctly filled to mid height close the isolating valve at the base of the
reservoir.

Close the isolating valves at the base of the manometer until the equipment is ready for use.

The Pitot tube and manometer are used for measuring low velocities of water in the flume. If
used with excessively high velocities the paraffin will be pushed out of the manometer into
the flexible tubing, which may result in paraffin entering the flume.

DO NOT open the valve at the base of the reservoir during operation.

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Open the flume inlet valve and allow water to flow slowly through the flume. Carefully open
the isolating valves at the base of the manometer and note the difference in levels in the two
limbs of the manometer.

The velocity of the water is calculated as follows:

For the Pitot tube

For the manometer (Pt - Ps) = g h (f - m)

Where:

v = Local Velocity of water at Pitot tube (m s-1)

k = Pitot tube coefficient (can be assumed to be unity)

pt = Total pressure (N m-2)

ps = Static pressure (N m-2)

f = Density of operating fluid, water (= 1000kg m-3)

m = Density of manometer fluid, paraffin (= 784kg m-3)

= Difference in levels in manometer (m)

g = Acceleration due to gravity (ms-2)

therefore

Local velocity

Local velocity

For defining the position of the Pitot tube relative to the flume the following convention is
used:

x = distance along the flume (scale on side of flume)

y = location across flume

z = height above the bed of the flume (vertical level gauge)

These dimensions can be tabulated with the other results obtained.

This assembly can be used with many of the other accessories where velocities are
required. The velocity profile in the flume can be obtained by moving the Pitot tube vertically
and horizontally across the flume at different sections, noting the readings on the manometer
at each position and converting these readings to a series of velocity profiles.

Refer to Calibration of S6-30 Pitot Tube and Manometer section 14.10 for a calibration curve
showing manometer reading against water velocity.

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14.7 Operating the S6-35 Wave Generator

The Wave Generator is an optional accessory (Armfield order code S6-35) and is used in
conjunction with the S6 MKII Glass Sided Tilting Flume to propagate waves in the working
section.

Installing the S6-35 Wave Generator

If the Wave Generator has been supplied as the same time as the flume then the fixing holes
will pre-drilled in the discharge tank. If the Wave Generator has been supplied separately
from the flume then it will be necessary to drill the appropriate fixing holes in the top flange of
the GRP tank. The Wave Generator should be positioned so that the linkage is in-line with
the bracket at the top of the paddle and the paddle is upright when the eccentric drive is at
mid stroke i.e. slot in disk is vertical at top or bottom.

The Wave Generator should be bolted to the discharge tank using the fixings supplied. It can
remain in position on top of the discharge tank when not in use.

Feed the mains cable from the Wave Generator through the trunking on the underside of the
flume, through the duct in the stand below the console then connect the cable to the
appropriate terminals inside the console. The Electrical Wiring Diagrams in section 10.6
show the connections to the electrical console. The individual wires and terminals are
labelled to aid connection. Before proceeding check which diagram is appropriate according
to the local electrical supply.

Commissioning the S6-35 Wave Generator

Disconnect the chord from the bracket at the top of the tilting overshot weir and stow the
cord on the winch drum. Connect the rod from eccentric drive on the motor/gearbox
assembly to the bracket at the top of the weir. Adjust the jacking on the flume if necessary to
set the bed of the channel level and set the weir in the vertical position.

Switch on the pump, open the inlet valve and admit water into the channel until sufficient
depth of water is obtained (typically between one third and one half of the depth of the
channel) then close the valve and switch off the pump. Set the stroke adjuster to minimum
(minimum radius on the indicator) before starting the motor.

Note: The speed adjuster on the motor/gearbox MUST only be adjusted when the motor is
running. For this reason the wave generator should always be started at minimum stroke,

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adjusted to the required speed then stopped and adjusted to the required stroke. If the
required stroke is not known then it should be increased in small increments until the
required wave pattern is achieved.

The combination of motor speed / stroke should be kept sufficiently low so that the waves
produced do not spill over the sides of the flume. If the wave generator is used without the
wave-absorbing beach (optional accessory S6-36) at the opposite end then great care
should be taken not to obtain resonance between the applied waveform and the reflected
waves because the resulting waves may overflow the sides of the flume.

14.8 Operating the S6-45 Random WaveMaker

The Random WaveMaker is an optional accessory (Armfield order code S6-45) and is used
in conjunction with the S6 MKII Glass Sided Tilting Flume to propagate random or regular
waves in the working section. The form of the waves is created using computer software via
a PC (not supplied) that is connected to the WaveMaker using a serial interface.

Operation of the WaveMaker is summarised below. Refer to the separate instruction manual
(HR WaveMaker Software Manual) supplied with S6-45 for full details on operating the
WaveMaker in conjunction with a PC using a serial interface.

Installing the S6-45 Random Wavemaker (if pre-fitted by Armfield)

Fitting the Control Panel

The fixing holes for the Control Panel mounting plate will be pre-drilled in the top flange of
the discharge tank and the tank support frame underneath. The Control Panel is supplied
with the mounting plate already attached. Attach the Control Panel to the side of the
discharge tank using the four M8 x 25 mm screws, washers and nyloc nuts supplied.

Fitting the Actuator Rest and Support Arm

The fixing holes for the Actuator Rest / Support Arm will be pre-drilled in the top flange of the
discharge tank. Fit the Ball Joint on top of the flange (on the same side as the electrical
console) by tightening the nut from the underside of the flange. Fit the bracket to the
opposite side of the discharge tank flange using the M8 x 20 mm screw, washer and nyloc
nut supplied.

Fitting the Actuator

The mounting plate for the Actuator will be fitted to the top flange of the discharge tank.
Simply connect the actuator to the mounting plate by inserting the pivot pin and replacing the
circlip. Move the Support Arm on the Actuator Rest across the width of discharge tank and
locate the end in the clip so that the Actuator is supported in the horizontal position. The
electrical connectors must be on top of the actuator when installed.

Note: The Linear Actuator can remain in position on the discharge tank when not in use
provided that it is disconnected from the weir and it is stowed on the Support Arm to prevent
contact with water in the discharge tank.

Feed the mains cable from the Control Panel through the trunking on the underside of the
flume, through the duct in the stand below the console then connect the cable to the
appropriate terminals inside the console. The Electrical Wiring Diagrams in section 10.6
show the connections to the electrical console. The individual wires and terminals are
labelled to aid connection. Before proceeding check which diagram is appropriate according
to the local electrical supply.

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Installing the S6-45 Random Wavemaker (if supplied separately from S6-MKII)

Fitting the Control Panel

Offer up the Control Panel mounting plate to the side of the discharge tank and loosely fix to
the two holes in the tank support frame with M8 x 25mm screws, washers and nyloc nuts.

Slide the mounting plate up till it touches the underside of the flange on the discharge tank.
Check that the mounting plate is vertical by using a spirit level. Mark the underside of the
flange through the slots in the mounting plate and drill 8.5 diameter holes in the flange.

Remove the mounting plate and fix the Control Panel to the mounting plate with M8 x 25mm
screws, washers and spring washers. Fix the mounting plate with the Control Panel attached
to the discharge tank. Use 4 M8 x 25mm screws, washers and nyloc nuts to fix the mounting
plate to the tank support frame and the tank flange.

Fitting the Actuator

Move the weir/paddle so that the face of the paddle is at right angles to the flange of the
flume. Check this with a square. Fit the hinge bracket to the actuator plate using 4 M5 x
16mm screws, washers and nyloc nuts. Note that the pivot should be above the centre-line
of the bracket and the electrical connectors must be on top of the actuator when installed.

Extend the actuator rod to mid-stroke, see diagram below, and connect the rod clevis to the
paddle.

Clamp the actuator plate into position, using a suitable ‘G’ cramp etc, checking that the
actuator is parallel to the inside walls of the flume and at right angles to the paddle. Mark
through the holes in the actuator plate onto the flanges of the flume and remove the plate.
Drill these holes 8.5mm diameter then fix the actuator plate using 4 M8 x 25 mm screws,
washers and nyloc nuts.

Leave the locking nut on the actuator loose and move the actuator in and out. Check that the
clevis pin can be pushed in and out easily before tightening the locking nuts.

Fitting the Actuator Rest and Support Arm

Position the Actuator Rest as shown in drawing 1/3382/001 and drill the flume flange 8.5mm
diameter. Open the hole beside the Control Panel to 12.5mm diameter. Locate the actuator
above the rest then fit the Ball Joint on top of the tank flange by tightening the nut from the
underside of the flange. Fit the bracket to the opposite side of the discharge tank flange
using the M8 x 20mm screw, washer and nyloc nut supplied.

Note: The Linear Actuator can remain in position on the discharge tank when not in use
provided that it is disconnected from the weir and it is stowed on the Support Arm to prevent
contact with water in the discharge tank.

Feed the mains cable from the Control Panel through the trunking on the underside of the
flume, through the duct in the stand below the console then connect the cable to the
appropriate terminals inside the console. The Electrical Wiring Diagrams in section 10.6

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show the connections to the electrical console. The individual wires and terminals are
labelled to aid connection. Before proceeding check which diagram is appropriate according
to the local electrical supply.

Commissioning the S6-45 Wavemaker

Fitting the Motor Cables and Limit Switches

Uncoil the 2 motor cables and connect to the motor making sure that they can be routed
down the side of the Control Panel without undue strain or twisting.

Connect the 2 Limit Switches to the Actuator. The switches have coloured stickers (red and
blue) which correspond to similar stickers on the actuator. The clip of the switch engages
with the outer rib on the actuator. The cables of each switch should be pointing towards the
middle of the actuator.

At this point, the positioning of the switches is not critical. They will be positioned more
accurately later.

Setting the Limit Switch positions

Switch on the power to the Control Panel and make sure that the Emergency Stop button is
out. The red On lamp will illuminate. Press the Start button. The white Running lamp will
flash and the indicator lights on the Limit Switches will illuminate. Push the actuator rod all
the way in and move the red switch until the light goes out. There will be a range of
movement of about 3 mm over which the light is not on. This is the dead band of the switch.
Carefully position the switch so that with the rod fully in the switch is in the middle of this
dead band. Pull the rod fully out and repeat the procedure with the blue switch.

Preparing the WaveMaker for use

Disconnect the chord from the tilting weir and stow it on the winch drum then connect the rod
from the actuator to the bracket at the top of the weir. Adjust the jacking on the flume if
necessary to set the bed of the channel level and set the weir in the vertical position.

Open the inlet valve and admit water until sufficient depth of water is obtained (typically
between one third and one half of the depth of the flume) then close the valve and switch off
the pump.

Operating the S6-45 Wavemaker

Switch on the power to the Control Panel and make sure that the Emergency Stop button is
out. The red On lamp will illuminate. Press the Start button. The white Running lamp will
flash and the indicator lights on the Limit Switches will illuminate. Press the Home button.
The actuator will then retract slowly to the rear limit switch and then move forward to the
mid-position.

The white Running lamp will stop flashing and the actuator will now respond to any input
signals.

Refer to the HR WaveMaker Software Manual (HR WaveMaker Wave generation control
program) for details on how to produce waves with the required characteristics in the
working section

The combination of frequency and amplitude should be kept sufficiently low so that the
waves produced do not spill over the sides of the flume. If the WaveMaker is used without

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the wave-absorbing beach (optional accessory S6-36) at the opposite end then great care
should be taken not to obtain resonance between the applied waveform and the reflected
waves because the resulting waves may overflow the sides of the flume.

14.9 Operating the S6-36 Beach

The Wave Absorption Beach is an optional accessory (Armfield order code S6-36) and is
used in conjunction with the S6 MKII Glass Sided Tilting Flume and the Wave Generator
(Armfield order code S6-35) or Random WaveMaker (Armfield order code S6-45).

Installation
Level the flume and set up the S6-35 Wave Generator or S6-45 Random WaveMaker at the
discharge end, with the Wave Absorption Beach situated at the mouth of the inlet tank.

Operation
Connect the hinged paddle to the Wave Generator or Random WaveMaker and set the
paddle to mid stroke (paddle upright). Open the inlet valve and admit water until a suitable
depth is reached (typically one third to one half of the channel depth). Close the inlet valve
and switch on the Wave Generator / Random WaveMaker. Observe and note the waveform
before and after reaching the Wave Absorption Beach.

Vary the waveform and note any changes.

The Wave Generator / Random WaveMaker can be operated without the Wave Absorption
Beach in position to demonstrate the effect of the Beach. However, care should be taken to
avoid large amplitude waves as the reflected waves will interfere with the incident waves and
can cause water to spill from the top of the flume.

14.10 Calibration of S6-30 Pitot Tube and Manometer

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14.11 Setting Procedure for Closed Loop Recirculation with Sediment

1. Adjust the jacking on the flume if necessary to set the bed of the channel at the
required slope. Raise the tilting overshot weir to mid height using the winch.

2. With the top isolating valve fully closed and the bottom isolating valve fully open
switch on the pump then open the flow control valve and allow the working section to
fill to the required level.

3. Open the top isolating valve and close the bottom isolating valve to allow water to
circulate through the closed loop system to prime the pipework.

4. Close the isolating valves then gradually lower the tilting overshot weir to drain water
from the working section to leave the channel invert dry.

5. Load the bed material (sediment) as required.

6. Raise the tilting overshot weir. With the top isolating valve fully closed and the bottom
isolating valve fully open switch on the pump then crack open the flow control to pond
the working section to the required depth (typically 75% depth or deeper if required).

7. Close the flow control valve, open the top isolating valve and close the bottom
isolating valve then gradually open the flow control valve to circulate water through

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the working section. Increase the flowrate to give the required velocity in the working
section.

8. If it is required to lower the depth of water in the working section while the water is
circulating, carefully lower the tilting overshot weir to drain excess water down to the
desired working depth.

Note: At all times avoid sudden changes to the flow of water as this will promote surge
waves in the working section and disturb the bed material.

14.12 Recommended Procedures for Removing Sediment

At the completion of the test run, close the flow control valve and stop the pump.

a. To remove sediment from the working section:

1. Close the top isolating valve to prevent water / sediment returning to the
circulating pump.

2. Lower the tilting overshot weir and allow water to spill over and into the end
sump tank - a sediment trap can be constructed inside the sump tank to retain
the sediment if required (optional). Sediment may be carried through at this
stage. After removing the water, the majority of the sediment in the working
section may be removed directly with a hand trowel (optional).

3. Lower the discharge end of the channel using the jacking system.

4. Open the bottom isolating valve to allow normal operation with circulation
through the sump tanks.

5. Close the flow control valve, start the pump then crack open the flow control
valve to give the minimum possible flow rate that will assist the sediment to
move downstream and through the draft tube into the end sump tank (retained
by the trap if provided).

b. To remove sediment from the pipework:

1. Raise the overshot tilting weir fully then pond the working section with the
isolating valves set for normal operation. The level in the working section
should approach full depth to give minimum velocity in the working section.

2. Close the flow control valve. Open the top isolating valve and close the bottom
isolating valve to set closed loop recirculation.

3. Gradually open the flow control valve to promote a gentle circulation such that
the critical settling velocity is exceeded in the pipe and allow circulation until all
sediment is deposited in the working section. Now repeat procedure a) above
to remove sediment from the flume.

14.13 Operating the S6-37 Flow Monitoring System

Introduction

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The Zagni Flow Monitoring System is primarily intended for use in Hydraulics Laboratories
by researchers or students under training and may be used to accurately establish the
following basic parameters of fluid flow:

Invert (bed) slope

Surface profile / slope

Pressure profile / slope

Uniform flow

In addition, the provision of both open-to-air and an inverted paraffin U-tube manometer
enables velocities to be measured by pressure differential devices such as the Pitot-static
tube supplied with S6-37.

Introducing the Equipment into the Laboratory

The equipment is supplied complete with a support frame suitable for bench mounting. It is
important that the board assembly should be accurately levelled for use, so that the
equivalent cursor scale readings are truly horizontal.

On the lower support block for the piezometer tubes, a simple open-to-air U-tube is fitted that
will allow accurate setting of the board face from side-to-side. Fill this U-tube with water to a
convenient level, compare the level of the menisci with the readings on the cursor scale and
adjust the support feet until the menisci correlate with the equal readings on the scales. The
board is now level and should be left in this position. It is unnecessary for the board face to
be truly vertical fore-and aft, as the diameter of the piezometer tubes is not significantly
large.

The next operation is to make connections between the piezometer board and the pressure
tappings in the experimental apparatus. These connections should be made in accordance
with the schematic diagram in Figure 1 in Equipment Diagrams in section 10.6 overleaf using
the tee pieces, tube clips and flexible tubing supplied.

The levelling vessels should be attached to the extreme ends of the working section of the
flume, so that a water level may be established within the vessels coincident with the invert
(the channel bed). It will be necessary to drill mounting holes in appropriate positions on the
bed of the channel to allow the levelling vessels to be attached.

Fill the water tank behind the panel with clean water. The water tank may be pressurised by
connecting a standard automobile tyre foot-pump to the Schrader fitting. A relief valve is also
fitted to the water tank for protection. The purpose of providing a pressurised water supply is
to allow air locks to be flushed back to the experimental rig from the manometer board. This
is achieved by operating the appropriate valves for the right hand bank of tubes on the
board, or by connecting plastic tubing between the tank and the upper ends of the open
manometer tubes on the left hand bank.

14.14 The Piezometric System

De-airing the System: (for operation with a flume)

The tilting weir should be raised sufficiently to pond the flume and water supplied until it
flows over the weir. The overflow should then be reduced to a trickle. This will produce a
tranquil and essentially level water surface as a working datum.

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The following working procedure is now applied:

Each manometer tapping and its pressure line may now be flushed of air in turn, starting at
upstream position 1. Valves Al, A2 and draincock Bl are opened allowing water from the
flume to remove air from this section of the pressure line. When this operation has been
completed, water should be introduced into manometer tube 1, using the filler probe and
controlling the flow rate by valve A6 to prevent over topping. Pressure line 1, should now be
inspected for entrained air and, if necessary, re-purged. When it is considered that the line is
air free, valve A6 is closed followed by valves A2 and B1: valve Al is left open.

This procedure is repeated for each tapping. If less than 10 tappings are available then
piezometer tubes will be left spare. The process for intermediate tappings (without levelling
vessels) is rather simpler. When all lines are considered air free, the cursor linkage is
brought to the horizontal position and locked by the cursor clamp. The cursor carriage lock is
slackened and the cursor system raised or lowered until a convenient cursor edge lies over
the line of menisci in the manometer tubes. The cursor is now re-locked. If all lines are air
free, all menisci should lie in a horizontal line beneath the cursor edge. If any are not in line,
air will still be entrained in these lines.

The foregoing operations should be repeated for those showing depressed menisci. Only
when all lines are air free should the system be operated.

Setting the Flume Slope

Before proceeding with flume slope setting, it is important that the hook gauges fitted to the
levelling pots should be adjusted so that they indicate precisely the invert datum. With the
flume empty, fill the levelling pot with water, allow water to drain from the levelling pot into
the flume. When the flow of water has apparently ceased, wipe the flume invert in the area of
the pressure tappings dry and leave for one minute. This will ensure that the water surface of
the levelling pot is at invert datum. Adjust the point of the hook gauge to this level and lock.
With the level gauges pre-set, the flume may be ponded with a trickle overflow and the
piezometer system primed, as described in De-airing the System above.

The flume slope may be set approximately using the slope mechanical indicator system at
the jacking point. This scale is calibrated so that the slope of the flume is one in <scale
reading>, e.g. a scale value of 200 is a slope of 1 in 200, or 0.3°.

The levelling vessel at position 1 may be filled by opening valve A2, after which valve A1
should be closed.

Using draincock Bl the water in the vessel may now be brought down carefully until the hook
gauge just touches the surface, whereupon valve B1 is quickly closed. This operation is
repeated at the other levelling vessel, situated toward or at the downstream end.

From the relative geometry of the flume length and the manometer board, the cursor scale
difference appropriate to the slope selected may be determined (Length between first and
last piezometer centre in use / Length between levelling vessel centres).

This value is pre-set on the cursor linkage, which is then clamped in this aspect by the
locking screw.

The cursor carriage lock is now released and the cursor linkage moved upward or downward
until a convenient cursor edge lies over the menisci on the first and last manometer tubes.
Correct alignment on these two menisci will only be possible if the first setting on the flume
slope was correct. If, however, as is more likely, the first attempt was not exact, the degree
and direction of error can be noted from the deviation of the menisci and the appropriate
corrective action taken. Following each correction, the levelling vessel should be refilled and

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zeroed. Finally, when the flume slope is correctly established valves A2 are closed and
valves Al are re-opened if water level is to be monitored.

Establishing Uniform Flow

Uniform flow by definition, implies that the water surface and energy gradient are parallel to
the invert of the channel. Thus, having established the bed slope precisely, (see Setting the
Flume Slope above) the cursor linkage aspect must be maintained in order to superimpose a
parallel water surface.

The ability to establish and recognise uniform flow in a laboratory flume is difficult due to
limited flume length and water surface irregularities. The best approximation under these
conditions is when the average water surface line lies at the correct distance above the
invert level and at the same slope. The device allows these parameters to be set up quickly
and in a straightforward fashion.

To monitor local water surface elevations at each tapping point (which must be mutually
equidistant), all valves Al are opened and valves A2 closed. The cursor linkage set to the
precise flume slope, is moved upward to lie over the water surface line required. This is
computed by adding the desired water depth to the readings recorded on the cursor scales
at the final slope setting position (see Setting the Flume Slope above) The cursor carriages
are locked such that a convenient cursor edge lies over the new cursor scale values.

With the tilting weir set at approximately 50% of the required depth, discharge in the flume is
gradually built up until the water surface profile over the upstream pressure tappings is
approximately correct and is observed at the piezometric bank. When the flow reaches an
equilibrium profile, the downstream manometer tubes will indicate the amount of trimming
necessary.

Thus, if the downstream menisci are below the cursor line, it follows that the tilting weir is too
low and the discharge is too high. Alternatively, if they are above the cursor line, the tailgate
is too high and the discharge too low. Appropriate corrective action should be taken to
eliminate the errors successfully. It must be appreciated that due to surface ripples it is
unlikely that all menisci will lie in a perfectly straight line even with a smoothing float installed
in the inlet transition. Again therefore, the conditions most closely approximating to uniform
flow occur when the average menisci line lies along the cursor line, some above and some
below. Practice soon enables the operator to acquire skill and speed in exercising this
judgement.

General Purpose Pressure Monitoring

The apparatus is ideally suited to serve as a conventional piezometer bank if required, e.g.
the determination of pressure distribution in a hydraulic structure; water profile over a
controlled section; pressure gradient in a porous media, etc.

Following setting up of the apparatus under investigation, the available manometer lines are
connected in the most convenient manner to the pressure tappings on, or surrounding the
model, such that the best pressure envelope may subsequently be interpreted. After ponding
the container holding the test apparatus, air is expelled from the piezometer system as
described in De-airing the System above. In this case, however, the cursor linkage is
maintained at horizontal aspect upon completion. During testing pressure measurement at
individual tappings is rapidly achieved by moving the cursor linkage upward or downward
until a convenient edge lies over the pertinent menisci. The same edge must be used for all
readings. It is sometimes desirable to record all piezometer values simultaneously. Individual
logging is therefore impracticable. A dark dye such as methyl violet may be injected into
each manometer tube and a sheet of white paper fixed behind the tube bank. The cursor
linkage should be removed. Then, with suitable lighting and a good camera, exposures may

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be made at the desired time intervals and the print produced analysed by scaling using a
ruler.

14.15 The Velocity measurement System (Right hand half of Board)

De-airing the System

Ensuring that all associated valves, drain cocks and bleed valves are closed, the ports of the
measuring device, e.g. Pitot tube, should be submerged. Each pressure line from the
instrument to the manometer should now be de-aired by opening valves A7, A5, A8 and C2
in each line in turn. When it is apparent that all air has been expelled, valve C2 is closed. Air
expulsion is complete when bubbles cease to emit from the instrument ports.

The fixed tubing on the manometer board should now be examined visually for air locks.
These must be expelled by careful and co-ordinate operation of the head tank on drain
valves A5, A7 and Cl, inverted U-tube, valves A4 and open-to-air manometer valves A3.

Complete air expulsion may be checked by the following method. Close all values and cocks
with the exception of valve pairs A3 and A8. With static water at the instrument ports and
menisci in the open-to-air water manometer tubes should now be in line as determined by
use of the subsidiary cursor. Entrapped air will cause a differential in the levels. The above
procedure should be repeated to clear the offending line, i.e. that showing the lower level.

Velocity Measurement
The equipment provides the alternative of high velocity measurement by use of the open-to-
air water manometer or low velocity measurement, by means of the inverted paraffin U-tube
manometer.

The changeover is rapidly achieved by switching the in-line operation of valve pairs A3 and
A4.

For rapid computation of velocities for the manometer head differential, a graph relating the
two parameters is required. The operator responsible for the tests must construct this graph
as it involves the use of velocity coefficients, the introduction of the physical properties of the
liquid in use and also the liquid/oil in use in the inverted U-tube manometer.

To assist the construction of the operating graph, etc., the following relationships are given

a. Open-to-air water manometer

b. Inverted light oil U-tube manometer

Where

= pressure difference between lines

= difference in menisci levels

g = gravitational constant

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w = density of water

p = density of light oil

Units should be consistent throughout.

It is important to note that both the header tank and paraffin reservoir should be isolated
from the board when taking readings, by use of the valves A7 and A9. This will ensure that
no pressure leakage superimposes a bias that would introduce errors.

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15 Exercise A - Discharge beneath a Sluice Gate (Undershot

weir)

Objective
To investigate the characteristics of flow beneath an undershot weir and to determine the
coefficient of discharge Cd for the weir.

Equipment Required
Glass Sided Tilting Flume (S6-MkII)

Adjustable Undershot Weir (Part of S6-20)

Instrument Carrier (S6-40) with Hook and Point Gauge (S6-41) - optional

Theory
For flow beneath a sharp-edged undershot weir it can be shown that:

therefore:

Where:

Q = Volume flow rate of fluid in channel (m)

Cd = Coefficient of discharge (dimensionless)

b = Width of weir (m)

yg = Height of weir opening (m)

g = Gravitational constant, 9.81 (m/s²)

y0 = Depth of flow upstream of weir (m)

where V0 = Average velocity upstream

where V1 = Average velocity downstream

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Equipment Setup
Ensure the flume is horizontal and that the downstream tilting weir is at the bottom of its
travel.

Measure and record the actual width b (m) of the undershot weir.

Install the undershot weir towards the inlet end of the flume with the chamfer on the bottom
edge facing downstream. Ensure that the assembly is securely clamped in position to resist
the force of the water.

Refer to Installing the Equipment in section 10.4 if further information is required about the
installation of the Adjustable Undershot Weir.

Procedure
Adjust the undershot weir to set the bottom edge 20mm above the bed of the channel.

Start the pump, gradually open the flow control valve then adjust the valve to give a depth of
y0 = 200mm as indicated by the S6-41 hook and point gauge upstream of the weir.

Measure and record Q from the flowmeter, y0 and y1 by moving the hook and point gauge as
required to make the measurements.

Raise the undershot weir in increments of 10mm, maintaining y0 at 200mm by varying the
flow of water. At each level of the weir measure and record the values of Q, y0, and y1.

Repeat the procedure with a constant flow Q allowing y0 to vary, recording the values of Q,
y0 and y1 as before.

Results
Width of undershot weir, b = ……….……. (m)

Upstream
Weir Upstream Downstream Flow Flow Discharge Downstream
Total
Opening Depth Depth Rate Rate Coefficient Total Head
Head
Vg yo y1 Measured Q Cd H1
Ho
3
(m) (m) (m) (l/s) (m /s) (-) (m)
(m)

Plot graphs of Q against yg for constant y0 and y0 against yg for constant Q to show the
characteristics of the flow beneath the weir.

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Plot graphs of Cd against Q for constant y0 and Cd against yg for constant Q to show the
changes in Cd of the flow beneath the weir.

Conclusion
Comment on the effect of yo and Q on the discharge coefficient Cd for flow underneath the
weir. Which factor has the greatest effect?

Comments on any discrepancies between actual and expected results.

Compare the values obtained for the total head H0 upstream and H1 downstream of the weir
and comment on any differences.

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16 Exercise B - Force on a Sluice Gate (Undershot weir)

Objective
To determine the relationship between upstream head and thrust on an undershot weir for
water flowing under the weir.

Equipment Required
Glass Sided Tilting Flume (S6-MkII)

Adjustable Undershot Weir (Part of S6-20)

Instrument Carrier (S6-40) with Hook and Point Gauge (S6-41) - optional

Theory
It can be shown that the resultant force on the gate is given by the equation:

The gate thrust for a hydrostatic pressure distribution is given by the equation:

Where:

Fg = Resultant gate thrust (N)

FH = Resultant hydrostatic thrust (N)

Q = Volume flow rate (m3/s)

 = Density of fluid (kg/m³)

g = Gravitational constant, 9.81 (m/s²)

b = Width of weir (m)

yg = Height of upstream opening (m)

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y0 = Upstream depth of flow (m)

y1 = Downstream depth of flow (m)

Equipment Setup
To save time, the measurements obtained in Exercise A can be used to perform the
calculations for this exercise.

If results are not available from Exercise A, the equipment should be setup as described in
Exercise A.

Procedure
If results are not available from Exercise A, repeat the procedure described in Exercise A.

Results
Width of sluice gate, b = ……….……. (m)

Weir Upstream Downstream Flow Flow Gate Hydrostatic

Opening Depth Depth Rate Rate Thrust Thrust

Vg yo y1 Measured Q Fg FH
3
(m) (m) (m) (l/s) (m /s) (N) (N)

Plot a graph of the ratio against the ratio .

Conclusion
Compare your calculated values for Fg and FH and comment on any differences.

What is the effect of flow rate on the results obtained?

Comment on the graph of against .

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17 Exercise C - Critical depth– Derivation of the Specific Energy

Equation

Objective
To determine the relationship between the Specific Energy and the upstream head for water
flowing beneath an undershot weir.

Equipment Required
Glass Sided Tilting Flume (S6-MkII)

Adjustable Undershot Weir (Part of S6-20)

Instrument Carrier (S6-40) with Hook and Point Gauge (S6-41) - optional

Theory
The depth and velocity of a given flow in any section of an open channel adapt themselves
to the energy available at that section. For a constant discharge this energy reaches a
minimum value at the ‘critical’ depth. This parameter is fundamental to a complete
understanding of free flow behaviour because the response of a stream to energy (and
force) depends on whether the actual depth is greater than or less than the critical depth.

In an open channel it is convenient to use the bed as the datum and to compare the Specific
Energy at different sections where the Specific Energy is defined as the sum of the Potential
Energy (the depth of flow) and the Kinetic Energy (the velocity head):

Considering unit width of channel the equation becomes:

Where:

E = Specific energy (m)

y = Depth of flow (m)

Q = Volume flow rate (m³/s)

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g = Gravitational constant, 9.81 (m/s²)

Note: When the datum coincides with the bed, E = H

A plot of Specific Energy against depth of flow gives a curve called the Specific Energy
curve, shown below. The shape of the curve shows that for a given Specific Energy there
are two possible depths called the Alternate Depths. At point C on the curve the Specific
Energy Ecrit is a minimum with only one corresponding depth called the Critical Depth ycrit.
The upper part of the curve is asymptotic to the flow depth (y = E) and the lower part of the
curve is asymptotic to the flow depth (y = 0)

Flow at depths greater than critical is described as ‘slow’, ‘sub critical’ or tranquil’ flow.

Flow at depths less than critical is described as ‘fast’, ‘supercritical’ or ‘shooting’ flow.

A family of such curves will exist for different flow rates through the channel.

When considering a rectangular channel of unit width, where the streamlines are parallel, it
can be shown that:

and

Where:

Ecrit = Minimum specific energy (m)

yc = Critical depth (m)

When the slope of a channel is just sufficient to maintain a given flowrate at a uniform and
critical depth, the slope is called the critical slope Scrit. It should be noted that the surface of
the water may appear wavy when the flow is near to the critical state. This is because a

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small change in specific energy is accompanied by a large change in depth of flow -

predicted by the shape of the Specific Energy curve.

Equipment Setup
Ensure the flume is horizontal and that the downstream tilting weir is at the bottom of its
travel.

Measure and record the actual width b (m) of the undershot weir.

Install the undershot weir towards the inlet end of the flume with the chamfer on the bottom
edge facing downstream. Ensure that the assembly is securely clamped in position to resist
the force of the water.

Refer to Installing the Equipment section 10.4 at the start of this manual if further information
is required about the installation of the Adjustable Undershot Weir.

Procedure
Adjust the undershot weir to set the bottom edge 10 mm above the bed of the channel.

Start the pump, gradually open the flow control valve then adjust the valve to give a depth of
y0 = 200 mm as indicated by the hook and point gauge upstream of the weir.

Measure and record Q from the flowmeter, y0 and y1 by moving the hook and point gauge as
required to make the measurements.

Raise the undershot weir in increments of 10 mm. At each level of the weir allow the
upstream and downstream levels to stabilise then measure and record the values of Q, y0,
and y1.

Increase the flowrate Q slightly, lower the weir until y0 = 200 mm. Measure and record Q
then repeat the above measurements by gradually raising the undershot weir.

Tilt the channel slightly in the direction of the flow (water flowing downhill), and gradually
adjust the combination of flowrate and height of undershot weir until Critical Depth exists
along the length of the channel. Note that the scale is graduated to give a slope of one in
<scale reading>, e.g. a scale value of 200 is a slope of 1 in 200, or 0.3°.

Results
Width (width) of sluice gate, b = ……….……. (m)

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Weir Upstream Downstream Flow Flow

Specific Specific Specific
Opening Depth Depth Rate Rate
Energy Energy Energy
Vg y0 y1 Measured Q
E0 E1 Ecrit
3
(m) (m) (m) (l/s) (m /s)

Plot E0 against y0 and E1 against y1 to establish the shape of the curve on either side of the
minimum energy point.

Plot your calculated values for Ecrit on the same axes.

On your graph draw a line through the Critical Point on each curve to show the critical state
(tranquil flow above the line, shooting flow below the line).

Conclusion
How is the Critical Depth ycrit affected by the flow rate Q?

How do your calculated values for Ecrit agree with the corresponding minimum energy points
on your plotted curves?

Was it easy to find the combination to give Critical Depth in the sloping channel? How did
you know that critical depth had been achieved?

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18 Exercise D - Hydraulic Jump

Objective
To investigate the characteristics of a standing wave (the hydraulic jump) produced when
water flows beneath an undershot weir and to observe the flow patterns obtained (when fast
flow changes to slow flow).

Equipment Required
Glass Sided Tilting Flume (S6-MkII)

Adjustable Undershot Weir (Part of S6-20)

Instrument Carrier (S6-40) with Hook and Point Gauge (S6-41) - optional

Theory
When water flowing rapidly changes to slower tranquil flow a hydraulic jump or standing
wave is produced. This phenomenon can be seen where water shooting under a sluice gate
mixes with deeper water downstream. It occurs when a depth less than critical changes to a
depth which is greater than critical and must be accompanied by a loss of energy. (Critical
Depth was explained in Exercise C).

An Undular Jump occurs when the change in depth is small. The surface of the water
undulates in a series of oscillations, which gradually decay to a region of smooth tranquil
flow.

A direct jump occurs when the change in depth is great. The large amount of energy loss
produces a zone of extremely turbulent water before it settles to smooth tranquil flow.

By considering the forces acting within the fluid on either side of a hydraulic jump of unit
width it can be shown that:

Where:

= Total head loss across jump (energy dissipated) (m)

Va = Mean velocity before hydraulic jump (m/s)

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ya = Depth of flow before hydraulic jump (m)

Vb = Mean velocity after hydraulic jump (m/s)

yb = Depth of flow after hydraulic jump (m)

Because the working section is short, and

Therefore, simplifying the above equation:

Equipment Setup
Ensure the flume is horizontal and that the downstream tilting weir is at the bottom of its
travel.

Measure and record the actual width b (m) of the undershot weir.

Install the undershot weir towards the inlet end of the flume with the chamfer on the bottom
edge facing downstream. Ensure that the assembly is securely clamped in position to resist
the force of the water.

Refer to Assembly if further information is required about the installation of the Adjustable
Undershot Weir.

Procedure
Adjust the undershot weir to position the sharp edge of the weir 20mm above the bed of the
channel.

Gradually open the flow control valve and adjust the flow until the water level starts to rise
upstream of the undershot weir. If necessary, increase the height of the tilting overshot weir
slightly until the downstream level just starts to rise. Adjust the flow / downstream water level
until an Undular Jump is created with small ripples decaying towards the discharge end of
the working section. Observe and sketch the flow pattern.

Increase the height of water upstream of the undershot weir by increasing the flowrate and
increase the height of the tilting overshot weir to create a Hydraulic Jump (a Direct Jump) in
the centre of the working section. If the jump travels towards the undershot weir then the
downstream level is too deep and the tilting weir should be lowered slightly until the jump is
stationary. Observe and sketch the flow pattern.

Measure and record the values of y1, y3, yg and Q. Repeat this for different flow rates Q and
different heights of the undershot weir yg.

Results
Width (width) of sluice gate, b = ……….……. (m)

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Depth Depth
Weir Upstream Flow Flow
before after
Opening depth Rate Rate V1
jump jump
Vg y0 Measured Q
y1 y3
3
(m) (m) (l/s) (m /s)
(m) (m)

Calculate V1 and plot gy1 against V1

Calculate and plot against y3 / y1

Calculate ycrit and verify y1 < ycrit < y3

Conclusion
Verify that the force of the stream on either side of the jump is the same and that the Specific

Energy curve predicts a loss equal to .

Suggest an application where the loss of energy in hydraulic jump would be desirable. How
is the energy dissipated?

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19 Exercise E - Characteristics of flow over rectangular thin plate

weirs (overshot)

Full width rectangular weir

Objective
To determine the relationship between upstream head and flowrate for water flowing over a
full width, rectangular sharp crested weir or rectangular notch. To calculate the discharge
coefficient and to observe the flow patterns obtained.

Equipment Required
Glass Sided Tilting Flume (S6-MkII)

Weir plate support frame with:

Full width rectangular weir plate (Part of S6-20)

Part width rectangular notch (Part of S6-20)

Instrument Carrier (S6-40) with Hook and Point Gauge (S6-41) - optional

Theory
For a sharp crested rectangular notch weir (part width):

Rectangular notch (contracted sharp crested weir)

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therefore

Where:

Q = Volume flow rate (m3/s)

Cd = Coefficient of Discharge (dimensionless)

b = Width of weir (m)

yc = Head above crest of weir (upstream) (m)

g = Gravitational constant, 9.81 (m/s²)

For a sharp crested rectangular full width weir:

Full width (suppressed) sharp crested weir

When the rectangular weir extends across the whole width of the channel it is called a
suppressed weir and the Rehbock formula can be applied to determine the value of Cd as
follows:

where hw = 0.150m for the weir supplied.

Equipment Setup
Ensure the flume is level, with the downstream tilting overshot weir at the bottom of its travel.

Measure and record the actual width b (m) of the sharp crested overshot weir (full width
rectangular weir).

Install the rectangular weir mid way along the flume. For accurate results seal any gaps
between the rectangular weir and the flume sides, using Plasticine.

Refer to Installing the Equipment section 10.4 if further information is required about the
installation of the rectangular weir.

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Procedure

Rectangular weir plate (Full width)

The datum for all measurements will be the top edge of the weir plate. Carefully adjust the
level gauge to coincide with the top of the weir, taking care not to damage the edge of the
weir then record the datum reading. Alternatively, to avoid damage to the weir, open the flow
control valve and admit water into the channel until it discharges over the weir then close the
flow control valve to stop the flow of water. When water stops flowing over the weir adjust
the level gauge to coincide with the surface of the water and record the datum reading.

Adjust the position of the level gauge to measure the height to the top of the weir hw (m)
relative to the bed of the channel. Reposition the level gauge some way upstream from the
weir to avoid the drawdown at the surface of the water. For accurate results the level gauge
must be far enough upstream to be clear of the draw-down adjacent to the rectangular weir.

Adjust the flow of water into the working section to obtain heads yc upstream of the weir,
increasing in about 10mm steps. For each step measure the flowrate Q and the head yc. The
flowrate Q can be determined using the direct reading flowmeter.

If the nappe tends to cling to the back face of the rectangular weir then the ventilation tubes
are filled with water. Ventilate the nappe by inserting the end of a piece of hollow tube into
the space behind the weir. The nappe should spring away from the weir.

Sketch the flow pattern as the water flows over the rectangular weir when the nappe is
ventilated properly. Reduce the flowrate slightly then block the ventilation tubes and sketch
the flow pattern with the nappe clinging to the weir. Measure the flowrate Q and
corresponding head yc while the nappe is clinging to the weir.

Rectangular Notch (Part width)

Measure and record the actual width b (m) of the notch in the rectangular notch weir (part
width rectangular weir).

Remove the full width rectangular weir and install the notched weir in its place.

Adjust the position of the level gauge to measure the height to the top of the weir hw (m)
relative to the bed of the channel. Reposition the level gauge some way upstream from the
weir to avoid the drawdown at the surface of the water. For accurate results the level gauge
must be far enough upstream to be clear of the draw-down adjacent to the rectangular weir.

Repeat the measurements as before for the full width rectangular weir.

Note: The ventilation tubes are not used with the rectangular notch.

Results for Rectangular Weir Plate (Full width)

Width of weir, b = ……….……... (m)

Height of weir above bed, hw =………………(m)

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Upstream
Flow
Head Flow Rate Log Log Cd Cd
Depth
Rate
over Weir Q Vc Q Rehbock
Meas
y0
3
Vc (m /s)
(l/s)
(m)

Compare the values obtained for Cd with the values predicted by the Rehbock formula.

Plot Q against yc, log Q against log yc and Cd against yc. From the straight-line graph of log Q
against log yc find the intercept log k on the log Q axis and the gradient m. The relationship
between Q and yc is then Q = k ycm.

Also calculate Cd for the condition when the nappe is not properly ventilated.

Results for Rectangular Notch (Part width)

Width (width) of notch, b = ……….……... (m)

Height of weir above bed, hw =………………(m)

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Flow
Upstream Head Flow
Log Log Cd Cd
Rate
Depth over Weir Rate
Meas
Vc Q Rehbock
y0 Vc Q
3
(m) (m) (m /s)
(l/s)

Conclusion
Is Cd constant for this weir? If not, under what conditions does it vary?

What average value of Cd would you use for this weir? How does the value for Cd predicted
by the Rehbock formula compare with your average value? Does your value for Cd when the
nappe is ventilated differ from your average value? If so, why?

How do your values for k and m in the equation Q = kycm agree with the theoretical equation
for a sharp crested rectangular weir?

Comment on the profile of the nappe when ventilated and unventilated.

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20 Exercise F - Characteristics of flow over profiled thin plate weirs

(Overshot)

Objective
To determine the relationship between upstream head yc and flowrate Q for water flowing
over different shapes of notched weirs. To calculate the discharge coefficient and to observe
the flow patterns obtained.

Equipment Required
Glass Sided Tilting Flume (S6-MkII)

Weir plate support frame with:

90° Vee Notch (Part of S6-20)

60° Vee Notch (Part of S6-20)

Trapezoidal (Cipolletti) Notch (Part of S6-20)

Sutro Notch (Part of S6-20)

Instrument Carrier (S6-40) with Hook and Point Gauge (S6-41) - optional

Theory

Vee notch weirs (90° and 60°)

The Vee notch weir has a triangular opening and is highly accurate for measuring low
discharges because the head rises more quickly than with other weir profiles and it is not
noticeably affected by velocity of approach. Two different Vee notch weirs are included with
S6-20, having enclosed angles (θ) of 90° and 60°, to demonstrate the effect of angle on the
head / discharge characteristic.

90 degree Vee notch

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60 degree Vee notch

For a Vee notch weir, it can be shown that:

Where:

Cd = Coefficient of discharge

 / 2 = Half the enclosed angle of the Vee (degrees)

yc = Head above bottom of notch (measured undisturbed upstream) (m)

Trapezoidal (Cipolletti) notch weir

A trapezoidal notch is a combination of rectangular notch with Vee notch, i.e. a rectangular
notch with sloping sides. The narrower opening at the base of the notch improves the
resolution at lower flowrate when compared with a full width rectangular notch and improves
the effect of velocity of approach.

A Cipolletti notch is a trapezoidal notch with side slopes having the ratio 1 part horizontal to
4 parts vertical, resulting in side slopes of 14°. The weir supplied with S6-20 is a Cipolletti
notch with a 0.20m wide base to the notch and 14° sides.

Trapezoidal (Cipolletti) notch

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The discharge through a Cipolletti notch can be determined using the following formula:

Where:

1.84 is the standard constant used with metric SI units

b = Width of weir at base of notch (0.200m)

yc = Head above bottom of notch, measured undisturbed upstream (m)

Sutro notch weir (Linear proportional weir)

A Sutro notch has a horizontal crest at the base of the notch with curved sides (hyperbolic
curves) that create an approximately linear head / flowrate profile, i.e. the head over the
notch is directly proportional to the flowrate. The range of measurement is somewhat limited
because of the relatively narrow opening but for some applications the convenience of a
linear characteristic is more important than a large measuring range.

For a Sutro notch weir:

Most weirs use the crest of the notch as the datum for measurements. However, in the case
of the Sutro weir the discharge is proportional to the head yd measured above a reference
datum that is located at one third of the height of the rectangular part of the weir (dimension
a in the diagram below).

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The total flowrate through the weir is the sum of the flow over the rectangular cut out (q w)
and the flow through the profiled upper section (qu), known as the complementary weir.

i.e.

It can be shown that

And where:

Q = Volume flowrate (m3/s)

C0 = the proportionality constant for the weir

a = 0.030 (m)

b = 0.050 (m)

ydatum = depth above datum (m)

ybase = depth above base of rectangular weir (m)

yorigin = depth above origin of upper part of weir (m)

Equipment Setup
Ensure the flume is level, with the downstream tilting overshot weir at the bottom of its travel.

Measure and record the actual dimensions of the various sharp crested overshot weirs.

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Install the 90° V notch weir mid way along the flume on the support frame. For accurate
results seal any gaps between the edges of the weir and the flume sides, using Plasticine.

Refer to Installing the Equipment section 10.4 if further information is required about the
installation of the 90° V notch weir.

Procedure

90° Vee Notch weir

Introduce water until it discharges over the weir plate. Stop the flow of water and when the
water stops flowing over the weir plate, set the hook and point gauge some way upstream
from the weir plate and obtain the datum reading. This will give the upstream depth y0 at
zero flow which is equivalent to the weir height hw.

Adjust the flow of water into the flume to obtain heads, y0, increasing in approximate 10mm
steps. For each step, measure the flow rate, Q, and the upstream head, y0.

60° Vee Notch weir

Replace the 90° Vee with the 60° Vee notch.

Repeat the procedure as for the 90° Vee notch.

Trapezoidal (Cipolletti) notch weir

Replace the 60° Vee notch with the Cipolletti notch.

Repeat the procedure as for the 90° Vee notch.

Sutro notch weir

Replace the Trapezoidal notch with the Sutro notch.

Repeat the procedure as for the 90° Vee notch.

Note that the datum for depth measurements when using the Sutro notch is not the base of
the rectangular part but 0.01 m above this due to the Sutro convention.

Results for 90° and 60° Vee Notch Weirs

Datum height (hw) ……………..… (m)

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Head
Upstream Flow Flow Half Angle
Cd
above
Depth Rate Rate of Notch
Datum
y0 Measured Q /2
Vc
(-)
3
(m) (l/s) (m /s) (degrees)
(m)

Plot against yc and find Cd from the slope of the graph.

Results for Cipolletti (Trapezoidal) Notch Weir

Width of weir at base (b) ……………… (m)

Datum height (hw) ……………………… (m)

Upstream Head Flow Flow

Cd
Depth above Datum Rate Rate

y0 Vc Measured Q
(-)
3
(m) (m) (l/s) (m /s)

Plot against yc and find Cd from the slope of the graph.

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Results for Sutro Notch Weir

Height of rectangular cutout (a) ...…………… (m)

Width of rectangular cutout (b) ……………… (m)

Datum height (hw) ……………………… (m)

Upstream Head Flow Flow

C0 Cd
Depth above Datum Rate Rate

y0 Vc Measured Q
(-)
3
(m) (m) (l/s) (m /s)

Plot Q against yc and find C0 from the slope of the graph.

From C0 find the value of Cd at each flow condition

Conclusion

Vee notch weirs

What is the average value of Cd for the 60 and 90 notches.

Is Cd constant for the conditions of the experiment?

What are the advantages of plotting against yc instead of Q against ?

Cipolletti notch
How does the average value of Cd obtained compare with the standard value of 1.84?

Compare the results with those obtained using the full width (suppressed) and part width
(contracted) rectangular weirs in Exercise E. Comment on the advantages and
disadvantages of the Cipolletti notch.

Sutro notch

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The Sutro notch is designed to operate with a linear characteristic, namely depth upstream
increasing linearly with increasing flowrate. Comment on how effectively this is achieved?

How does Cd vary with changing flow conditions?

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21 Exercise G - Characteristics of flow over a sharp cornered broad

crested weir

Objective
To determine the relationship between upstream head and flowrate for water flowing over a
sharp cornered broad crested weir (long base weir). To calculate the discharge coefficient Cd
and to observe the flow patterns obtained.

Equipment Required
Glass Sided Tilting Flume (S6-MkII)

Sharp Cornered Broad Crested Weir (Part of S6-21)

Instrument Carrier (S6-40) with Hook and Point Gauge (S6-41) - optional

Theory
The broad crested weir is commonly used for control and measurement of river flow because
it is simple to construct and operates over a wide range of flow conditions because its
calibration is not affected by ventilation of the nappe at the downstream end. The calibration
of the weir is affected if the downstream water level rises above the level flowing over the
crest. One disadvantage of this type of structure is debris collecting against the upstream
face, possibly causing damage to the weir.

A weir behaves as a broad crested weir if the length of the crest exceeds approximately half
of the head of water above the weir. Water flowing over the crest achieves critical depth
allowing the standard equation Q = Cbyc1.5 to be applied.

Providing that the weir is not submerged (‘drowned’, occurring when the downstream flow
level is high) the volume flowrate over a broad crested weir can be calculated from the
equation:

and

Where:

Qactual = Volume flow rate (m)

Cd = Coefficient of discharge (-)

b = Width of weir (m)

yc = Head above weir crest (measured upstream) (m)

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Therefore:

For accurate calculation of the volume flowrate the Total head above the weir crest (H0 – hw)
should be used in the above calculation, where:

Total head upstream of the weir

y0 = Upstream flow depth (m)

V0 = Upstream velocity (m/s)

However, the velocity and hence the Total head cannot be calculated without already
knowing the flowrate which involves iteration to determine appropriate values. In practice the
velocity head is relatively small and can be included in the weir discharge coefficient Cd,
allowing a simple measurement of yc to be used for the calculations.

If the upstream edge of the weir is square then the flow becomes disturbed at the start of the
crest causing air to become entrained and delaying the formation of critical depth. This will
affect the Discharge Coefficient for the weir.

The weir can be used for flow measurement using a single measurement of level upstream,
provided that a standing wave exists downstream of the weir. The condition at which the
standing wave ceases is called the modular limit, and is investigated in the following
experiment using a streamlined broad crested weir.

Equipment Setup
Ensure the flume is level, with the downstream tilting overshot weir at the bottom of its travel.

Position the sharp cornered broad crested weir mid way along the flume. For accurate
results seal any gaps between the broad crested weir and the flume sides (at the upstream
end), using Plasticine.

Refer to Installing the Equipment section 10.4 if further information is required about the
installation of the broad crested weir.

Procedure
Introduce water into the working section until it discharges over the broad crested weir.

Stop the flow of water and when the water stops flowing over the broad crested weir, set the
hook and point gauge some way upstream from the weir and obtain the water datum
reading.

Adjust the flow into the working section to obtain upstream heads yc, above crest of weir,
increasing in steps of approximately 10mm. For each step, measure Q, y0, yc and y1. Also
note the water profile above the weir and downstream of the weir at each step.

Results
Width of weir (b) ……….………….. (m)

Height of weir (hw) ……………………(m)

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Depth Depth Depth Flow Flow Calculated Total

Upstream Upstream locally Rate Rate Discharge Head

above bed above crest above crest measured calculated Coefficient Upstream

y0 Vc y1 Q Cd H0
3 3
(m) (m) (m) (m /s) (m /s) (-) (m)

Calculate the coefficient of discharge Cd at each flow condition using yc.

Determine the change in the discharge coefficient if H0 is used to determine the Cd.

Conclusion
Does the value of Cd vary with the discharge?

How does Cd vary if yc is used for simplicity rather than H0?

What effect has a higher discharge on the constant 1.705, does it increase or decrease?

Does flow remain parallel over the top of the weir?

Will the length of the weir affect the discharge coefficient Cd?

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22 Exercise H - Characteristics of flow over a streamlined broad

crested weir

Objective
To calculate the discharge coefficient and to observe the flow patterns obtained.

To determine the effect of weir height on the characteristics and the correct choice of weir
height to ensure critical flow conditions and required upstream water level.

Equipment Required
Glass Sided Tilting Flume (S6-MkII)

Streamlined Weir Broad Crested Weir (Part of S6-21)

Sharp Cornered Broad Crested Weir (Part of S6-21)

Instrument Carrier (S6-40) with Hook and Point Gauge (S6-41) - optional

Theory
The theory presented in exercise G is appropriate to the streamlined broad crested weir
whereby the flowrate can be determined from the equation:

However, the rounded corners on the weir will affect the flow patterns over the weir resulting
in a different value for the discharge coefficient.

Where:

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Q = Volume flow rate (m)

Cd = Discharge Coefficient (-)

b = Width of weir (m)

yc = Head above weir crest (measured upstream) (m)

For accurate calculation of the volume flowrate the Total head above the weir crest (H0 – hw)
should be used in the above calculation. However, the velocity and hence the Total head
cannot be calculated without already knowing the flowrate which involves iteration to
determine appropriate values. In practice the velocity head is relatively small and can be
included in the weir discharge coefficient Cd, allowing a simple measurement of yc to be used
for the calculations.

The weir can be used for flow measurement using a single measurement of level upstream,
provided that a standing wave exists downstream of the weir. The condition at which the
standing wave ceases is called the modular limit, and is investigated in this experiment. The

modular limit is defined as the ratio of downstream depth to upstream depth i.e. at which
the weir ceases to operate in modular fashion.

Equipment Setup
Ensure the flume is level, with the downstream tilting overshot weir at the bottom of its travel.

Measure and record the width (b) of the streamlined broad crested weir.

Install the streamlined broad crested weir mid way along the flume. For accurate results seal
any gaps between the broad crested weir and the flume sides (at the upstream end), using
Plasticine.

Refer to Installing the Equipment section 10.4 if further information is required about the
installation of the broad crested weir.

Procedure
Adjust the level gauge to coincide with the bed of the working section well upstream of the
weir, and note the datum reading.

Introduce water into the working section until it discharges over the broad crested weir.
Close the flow control valve and wait until water stops flowing over the broad crested weir.

Measure the height of the water, which will also be the height of the weir.

Adjust the flow of water to obtain heads dw, increasing in about 10mm steps. For each step
measure the flowrate q, the upstream depth of flow do, and the depth of flow over the weir dc
(where the flow becomes parallel to the weir).

At each setting, observe and sketch the flow patterns over the weir.

Gradually increase the depth of water downstream of the weir by closing the downstream
weir.

For each step, measure the flowrate Q, the upstream depth of flow y0, and the depth of flow
over the weir, yc. Observe and sketch the flow patterns over the weir.

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Switch off the pump, but leave the flow control valve open. Lower the downstream weir and
allow the channel to completely drain. Increase the height of the weir by fitting the sharp
crested weir to the underside of the streamlined weir (all water must be drained from the
channel to perform this).

Repeat the experiment at this increased height, noting in particular the value of yc for critical
flow. Observe in particular the depth upstream of the weir at equivalent flowrates to the
measurements using the lower weir.

Results
Width of Weir: ……….………(m)

Depth
Height Upstream over Downstream Flow Flow Discharge

of Weir depth weir Depth Rate Rate Coefficient

crest
hw y0 y2 Measured Q Cd
Vc
3
(m) (m) (m) (l/s) (m /s) (m)
(m)

Calculate the coefficient of discharge Cd at each flow condition using yc.

Determine the value of at which the weir reaches its modular limit i.e. upstream head is
no longer capable of predicting Q.

Conclusion
How do the values of Cd obtained compare with values from the sharp edged broad crested
weir?

Comment on the modular limit and the change in Cd as the weir becomes drowned..

Comment on any changes in the specific energy E when hw is increased.

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23 Exercise J - Characteristics of flow through a Venturi flume

Objective
To determine the relationship between upstream head and flowrate for water flowing through
a Venturi flume. To calculate the discharge coefficient and to observe the flow patterns
obtained.

Equipment Required
Glass Sided Tilting Flume (S6-MkII)

Venturi Flume Assembly (S6-22)

Instrument Carrier (S6-40) with Hook and Point Gauge (S6-41) - optional

Theory
Locally widening or narrowing the width of a channel has the same effect as locally raising or
lowering the bed of the channel. Therefore the throat created by a Venturi flume has similar
characteristics to the Broad Crested Weir (Exercise H) and the discharge is given by:

where 1.704 id the discharge coefficient Cd

In the drowned condition where the flow is sub critical at the throat, the rise in level upstream
due to the obstruction caused by the structure is called the afflux.

Afflux = y0 – y2

Equipment Setup

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Ensure the flume is level, with the downstream tilting overshot weir at the bottom of its travel.

Form the Venturi Flume mid way along the flume by placing an asymmetrical throat insert
against each wall with the narrow section facing downstream.

Ensure that the two sections are secure then measure and note the throat width (b1). For
accurate results seal any gaps between the Venturi Flume and the flume sides (at the
upstream end), using Plasticine or similar material

Refer to Installing the Equipment section 10.4 if further information is required about the
installation of the Venturi Flume.

Procedure
Open the flow control valve until water flows through the Venturi flume with a visible
disturbance to the free surface.

Allow the condition to stabilise then measure and note y0, y1, y2 and Q. Observe the flow
patterns through the Venturi flume Increase the flowrate in stages and at each stage
measure and note the above measurements and observe any changes in the standing wave
created downstream of the throat. Repeat the measurements until the flume is operating at
maximum flowrate.

Reduce the flowrate to a low flow condition where the flume is well below flooding (i.e.
standing wave well downstream of the throat).

Leave the flowrate fixed then raise the downstream tilting overshot weir in stages to increase
the downstream depth. At each setting of the weir measure and note y0, y1, y2 and Q and
observe the change in the flow patterns as the standing wave disappears and the weir
becomes flooded.

If time permits increase the flowrate in stages and repeat the measurements at different
downstream depths.

Results
Throat width b: ……….……(m)

Upstream Throat Flow

Upstream Throat Head
Flow Afflux
Loss
Flow Flow Rate
Total Total
Rate
Head Head
Depth Depth Measured
Q y0 - y2
H0 H1 H0 - H1
y0 y1
3
(m /s) (m)
(m) (m) (m)
(m) (m) (l/s)

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Plot Q against y0, Q against H0, and Q against (H0-H1)

Determine the actual value of Cd for the Venturi Flume.

Conclusion
How does the value obtained for Cd compare with the standard value of 1.704?

Comment on the effects of narrowing the channel. Is the effect the same as raising the bed?

What factors influence the efficiency of the Venturi Flume?

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24 Exercise K - Characteristics of flow over an Ogee Weir

Objective
To determine the pressure variation at the surface of an Ogee Weir at different flow
conditions and observe the flow patterns obtained.

To determine the relationship between flow rate and upstream head and determine the
discharge coefficient Cd.

Equipment Required
Glass Sided Tilting Flume (S6-MkII)

Ogee Weir and Eight Bank Manometer (S6-23)

Instrument Carrier (S6-40) with Hook and Point Gauge (S6-41) - optional

Theory
Early crest shapes of overflow spillways were usually designed to fit the trajectory of a falling
nappe, such as would be obtained over a sharp-crested weir. Theoretically, this should
produce no negative pressures on the spillway. However, due to factors such as surface
friction and variation of nappe with flow rate, a spillway will seldom operate under its
optimum design conditions. The presence of negative pressures is significant, as it can
cause cavitation damage of the spillway surface.

The discharge over a weir can be calculated by the equation:

By determining the value of Cd experimentally, the head over a weir may then be used to
calculate the flow rate.

Equipment Setup
Ensure the flume is level, with the downstream tilting overshot weir at the bottom of its travel.

Position the Ogee Weir in the flume, connecting the flexible tubes to the multi-bank
manometer board. The weir has eight pressure tappings: two upstream, five downstream,
and one at the apex. For accurate results seal any gaps between the Ogee Weir and the
flume sides (at the upstream end), using Plasticine.

Refer to Installing the Equipment section 10.4 if further information is required about the
installation of the Ogee weir.

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Procedure
Open the flow control valve and introduce water until it flows over the Ogee weir. Close the
valve again and wait until water stops flowing. Position the level gauge to measure the
upstream head, and take a datum reading at the water surface. This will correspond to the
height of the weir.

Open the flow control valve and adjust the flow rate to give a head of 10 mm above the
height of the Ogee weir. Ensure that the flexible connections to the manometer are all free
from air. If not, insert the plastic syringe supplied into the top of each tube and draw water
through the tubing until all air bubbles are eliminated. Measure Q, yc, and the pressures on
the surface of the weir indicated on the multi-bank manometer board.

Adjust the flow rate to increase the head in 10mm increments. Repeat the measurements at
each step, and make notes and sketches of the flow pattern over the weir.

Reduce the head in similar increments, checking for repeatability of the readings already
taken.

Increase the downstream depth in stages by raising the downstream tilting weir and repeat
the above measurements.

Continue raising the downstream depth until the weir becomes flooded i.e. there is no
downstream standing wave.

Results
Width of weir (b) ………………. (m)

Determine Cd for each variation in yc.

Comment on the effect of flooding the weir.

Illustrate the relationship between yc and the pressure positions.

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Conclusion
Comment on the shape of the Ogee Weir and the nappe of an overshot weir.

What are the advantages of a solid weir compared to a sharp crested weir?

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25 Exercise L - Characteristics of flow over a Dam Spillway

Objective
To observe the flow patterns associated with the flow of water over a dam spillway when the
spillway is fitted with various interchangeable downstream sections.

Equipment Required
Glass Sided Tilting Flume (S6-MkII)

Dam Spillway with removable piers (Part of S6-24)

Spillway Toe (Part of S6-24)

Ski Jump (Part of S6-24)

Energy Dispenser with Pegs (Part of S6-24)

Gravel Box with Stop Logs (S6-24)

Instrument Carrier (S6-40) with Hook and Point Gauge (S6-41) – optional

Dam Spillway fitted with Spillway Toe

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Dam Spillway fitted with Ski Jump

Dam Spillway fitted with Energy Dissipater using pegs

Dam Spillway fitted with Gravel Box and Stop Logs

Theory
Many designs of dam spillway exist, designed to accommodate such factors as flow volume,
head, measurement requirements, and the need to avoid or reduce scouring of the
downstream channel. The addition of piers, which are required in the design of gated
spillways, further affect the flow characteristics. The Armfield Dam Spillway model provides a
basic round-crested overflow spillway with a range of toe fittings, a downstream gravel box,
and a pier accessory, allowing investigation of flow characteristics and energy dissipation in
spillway flow.

Equipment Setup
Ensure the flume is level, with the downstream tilting overshot weir at the bottom of its travel.

Place the Dam Spillway in the working section towards the inlet end, with the crest facing
upstream and the spillway toe fitted. Seal any gaps between the Dam Spillway and the flume
sides (at the upstream end), using Plasticine.

Refer to Installing the Equipment section 10.4 if further information is required about the
installation of the Dam spillway.

Procedure
Position the level gauge on the instrument rail, and record the datum reading, using the bed
of the flume as the datum point.

Adjust the flow control valve to vary the head in stages, with water flowing over the spillway.
At each stage, record the flow rate, measure the upstream and downstream water levels,
and make sketches and notes on the flow patterns observed. The downstream water levels
may be altered using the downstream tilting overshot weir, and the effects this has on flow

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patterns should be observed and sketched. Downstream level should be increased for each
model until the toe of the spillway is fully submerged.

Fit the piers to the top of the spillway, and repeat the procedure. This will provide a
comparison between restricted and unrestricted flow conditions.

Repeat the entire experiment with each model in turn. In the case of the gravel box and stop
logs model, further variations can be accommodated by altering the height of the stop logs.
The extent of the disturbed flow may be seen from the movement of the gravel.

Results

Datum Upstream Downstream Flow Height Flow Flow

Height Flow depth Flow depth over Weir Rate Rate
hw y0 y1 Vc Measured Q
3
(m) (m) (m) (m) (l/s) (m /s)

Conclusion
Compare the various flow characteristics, and relate the observations made to problems
concerning scour etc. in everyday practice.

Comment on the different methods of dissipating the kinetic energy of the water. Which
method is the most efficient?

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26 Exercise M - Characteristics of flow over a Siphon Spillway

Objective
To determine the relationship between upstream head and flowrate through a siphon
spillway in the ‘Blackwater’ fully primed condition. To calculate the discharge coefficient and
to observe the operation of the siphon as it primes and de-primes.

Equipment Required

Glass Sided Tilting Flume (S6-MkII)

Siphon Spillway (S6-25)

Instrument Carrier (S6-40) with Hook and Point Gauge (S6-41) – optional

Theory
The traditional siphon spillway is shown in the above diagram, and consists of a weir with a
crest which is covered by a hood to create a barrel. In normal operation, the inlet and outlet
are both submerged so that air cannot enter the barrel from the outside atmosphere.

No flow of water can occur until the upstream level rises above the crest. Flow then spills
over in much the same way as a normal weir. As the level rises further the velocity increases
and the falling nappe, assisted by a deflector in the down-leg, entrains and removes air from
inside the barrel. As the barrel becomes sealed, air cannot enter from outside so the
pressure falls - increasing the flow rate until the barrel is running full of water. At this stage
the siphon is said to be primed and the flow condition is called “blackwater flow” because no
air is entrained in the water. (Entrained air gives the water a milky appearance.)

During priming the discharge increases rapidly from zero to full capacity. Any further rise in
the upstream level has little effect on the flowrate through the siphon, only increasing it
slightly.

Provided that the flow through the siphon is in excess of the flow into the channel, the
upstream level will continue to fall, even when the level falls below the top of the crest. The
siphon will stop acting when the level falls below the hood and air enters the barrel. The
accompanying fall in flowrate through the siphon will cause the upstream level to rise again
and the siphon will prime again. This cycle will continue until the flowrate upstream reduces.

To achieve closer control of the level upstream a siphon breaker (breather tube) can be fitted
to the top of the hood above the crest. By positioning the free end of the tube just above the
crest of the weir the change in level between the primed and de-primed condition can be
minimised.

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When running full (fully primed) the theoretical discharge through a siphon can be calculated
using the equation:

Therefore:

Where

q = Volume flowrate (m³/ s)

At = Area of throat in siphon (m²)

= Width b x Height z

y0 = Upstream water level (m)

y1 = Downstream water level (m)

Cd = Coefficient of Discharge (Dimensionless)

Equipment Setup
Measure and record the width, b, and height, z, of the throat above the crest inside the
siphon.

Ensure the flume is level, with the downstream tilting overshot weir at the bottom of its travel.
Place the siphon in the working section towards the inlet tank end. Seal any gaps between
the siphon and the flume sides (at the upstream end), using Plasticine.

Refer to Installing the Equipment section 10.4 if further information is required about the
installation of the Siphon spillway.

Procedure
Close the valve on the siphon breaker tube, at the top of the hood on the siphon. Open the
flow control valve and gradually increase the flow to the siphon. Reduce the flowrate as the
water level reaches the crest of the siphon tube, then gradually increase flow again.
Increasing flow too quickly will overload the siphon, and result in water flooding over the top
of the hood.

Allow the upstream and downstream channels to fill until both the inlet and the outlet of the
siphon are submerged. If the outlet does not become submerged over the normal range of
flow rates, raise the downstream tilting overshot weir until the outlet is just submerged.
Adjust the flow control valve so that the upstream water level falls slowly when the siphon
has fully primed. Observe the level changes upstream, and the operation of the siphon as it
primes and de-primes in a continuous cycle. Observe that the water level falls below the
crest and does not de-prime until the hood is exposed and air enters the barrel.

Position the end of the siphon breaker (breather tube) so that it is just above the level of the
crest then open the valve on the tube. Observe that the siphon action breaks when the end

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of the tube is exposed to air, resulting in a much smaller change in upstream level. Change
the level of the breather tube, and note the effect that this has on the upstream water levels
during the priming and de-priming cycles.

Close the valve on the siphon breaker. When the siphon is primed, adjust the flow so that
the upstream head remains constant. When conditions are stable, measure the flow rate Q,
the upstream flow depth y0, and the downstream flow depth y1. Measure the pressure at
each of the tappings p1 to p5.

Raise the tail water level in small steps by adjusting the downstream tilting overshot weir. At
each step, wait for the flow to stabilise then repeat the measurements of Q, y0, y1, and p1-p5.

Results
Width of weir (b) …………………(m)

Throat height (z) ………………......(m)

Upstream Downstream Flow Flow Manometer Manometer Manometer Manometer Manometer

Depth Depth Rate Rate
y0 y1 Measured Q P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
3
(m) (m) (l/s) (m /s) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)

Calculate the pressure at the centre of the throat, and compare with the results from the
pressure tappings.

Conclusion
What are the advantages and disadvantages of siphon spillways?

Comment on the characteristics when the siphon operates in the “Blackwater” condition
(throat fully primed).

What is the purpose of deflecting the nappe downstream of the throat?

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27 Exercise N - Characteristics of flow through a self-regulating

siphon

Objective
To determine the relationship between upstream head and flowrate through a self-regulating
(air regulated) siphon. To calculate the discharge coefficient, and to observe the operation of
the siphon as it primes and de-primes.

Equipment Required
Glass Sided Tilting Flume (S6-MkII)

Self-regulating Siphon (S6-26)

Instrument Carrier (S6-40) with Hook and Point Gauge (S6-41) – optional

Theory
The air-regulated siphon is a more recent development than the traditional siphon
demonstrated in exercise M. It will automatically adjust its discharge over a wide range while
maintaining a relatively constant water level upstream. This is achieved by the siphon
passing a mixture of air and water continuously. The upstream level is more stable and not
prone to hunting.

The shape of the air-regulated siphon is similar to the blackwater siphon and relies on the
barrel being enclosed and sealed by the upstream and downstream water levels. However,
the main difference is that the inlet to the hood or upstream lip is set at a level above the
crest. A step is also included in the down-leg to promote turbulence and air entrainment.

The air-regulated siphon has five distinct phases as shown in the following diagrams:

Phase 1 – Weiring flow

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Phase 2- Deflected Nappe

Phase 3- Depressed Nappe

Phase 4- Air Partialised

Phase 5- “Blackwater” flow

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The transition from one phase to another is quite gradual and there is no distinct or abrupt
change over point.

When running full (Phase 5 – blackwater flow) the theoretical discharge through the air-
regulated siphon is the same as the blackwater siphon and can be calculated using the
equation:

Therefore:

Where

q = Volume flowrate (m³/ s)

At = Area of throat in siphon (m²)

= Width b x Height z

y0 = Upstream water level (m)

y1 = Downstream water level (m)

Cd = Coefficient of Discharge (Dimensionless)

Equipment Setup
Ensure the flume is level, with the downstream tilting overshot weir at the bottom of its travel.

Measure and record the dimensions - width b (m) and height z (m) of the throat above the
crest inside the siphon.

Place the siphon in the flume towards the inlet end of the working section with the upper lip
facing upstream. Ensure that the siphon is secured using the fixing through the bed of the
flume. Seal any gaps between the siphon and the flume sides (at the upstream end), using
Plasticine.

Position the hook and point level gauge on the instrument rails. The datum for all
measurements will be the bed of the flume. Carefully adjust the level gauge to coincide with
the bed of the flume and record the datum reading.

Refer to Installing the Equipment section 10.4 if further information is required about the
installation of the Venturi Flume.

Procedure
Gradually open the flow control valve and allow the channel upstream of the siphon to fill
with water. Reduce the flowrate as the water level reaches the crest of the siphon tube then
gradually increase the flow again.

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Open the flow control valve and gradually increase the flow to the siphon taking great care
not to overload the siphon. It takes a little time for the siphon to prime and increasing the
flow too quickly will cause the flow to flood over the top of the siphon. Gradually allow the
downstream channel to fill with water so that the siphon outlet is submerged. Raise the
downstream tilting overshot weir a little if the downstream channel flow level is too shallow to
reach the top of the downstream channel.

Adjust the flow control valve to a very low flow and observe the free weiring flow. Increase
the flowrate so that the upstream water level rises and seals the inlet.

Observe the priming action and deflected nappe flow as air is drawn in through the inlet and
evacuated through the outlet. Increase the flow and observe the gradual change to the
depressed nappe flow. At certain flows the siphon may alternate between deflected nappe
and depressed nappe flow.

Increase the flow further and observe the air-partialised and “blackwater” flow conditions.
Because of the increased flow, the downstream water level will have risen above the original
priming level. To ensure a vigorous air flow, gradually lower the tailwater level by lowering
the downstream tilting overshot weir, but make sure the outlet is always drowned.

While operating in the blackwater condition, measure the flowrate q, upstream water level y0,
and the downstream level y1.

Observe the effect of different tailwater levels on the initial priming action and on air
regulation for the different flow phases.

Results
Channel width (b) ……………. (m)

Throat height (z) ……………….(m)

Upstream Downstream Flowrate Flow Height Coefficient

Flow Depth Flow Depth Measured Rate Difference of Discharge
y0 y1 Q (y0 - y1) Cd
3
(m) (m) (l/s) (m /s) (m) (-)

In the results table, highlight the coefficient of discharge Cd for the “blackwater” flow
condition.

Plot the stage discharge characteristics.

Conclusion

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Comment on the discharge characteristics and compare the characteristics with the standard
siphon spillway (S6-25, Exercise M) if results are available.

What is the function of the deflecting nappe downstream of the throat?

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28 Exercise P - Characteristics of Flow over a Gravel Bed

Objective
To investigate the effect of a roughened bed on the depth of water at different flow rates, and
to obtain appropriate coefficients to satisfy the Manning formula.

Equipment Required
Glass Sided Tilting Flume (S6-MkII)

Gravel Bed (S6-27)

Instrument Carrier (S6-40) with Hook and Point Gauge (S6-41) – optional

Theory
For uniform flow in an open channel, the Manning formula states that:

Where:

n = Coefficient of roughness (Dimensionless)

V = Mean fluid velocity (m / s)

R = Hydraulic mean radius (m)

= Flow area A / Wetted perimeter P

where:

, and

where:

b = channel width (m)

S = Slope of energy line

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= sin  = (y0 – y1) / x (m)

where:

x = Distance between level measurements (m)

y0 = Upstream depth of flow (m)

y1 = Downstream depth of flow (m)

Note: For simplicity, the slope S can be assumed to be the slope of the water surface, if the
small change in velocity head between inlet and outlet is ignored. When using the flume with
the bed inclined, the slope of the bed must be added to calculations of S, when using the
hook and point gauge with the bed as a datum.
The actual fluid velocity can be calculated as:

Where:

V = Mean fluid velocity (m / s)

Q = Volume flow rate (m³ / s)

h = Average depth of flow above gravel bed (m)

= (y0 + y1) / 2

A = Area of flow (m²)

= Width of channel (b) x average depth of flow (y0-y1)

Equipment Setup
Ensure that the flume is horizontal and the downstream tilting overshot weir is at the bottom
of its travel.

Line the bottom of the flume with the gravel bed sections.

Position the hook and point level gauge on the instrument rails. Use the surface of the gravel
bed as a datum, and measure the datum height.

Refer to Installing the Equipment section 10.4 if further information is required about the
installation of the Roughened beds.

Procedure
Open the flow control valve and admit the water into the flume. Once a small head of flowing
water has been achieved do not adjust the flow control valve again, in order to maintain a
constant flowrate throughout the experiment. Measure the volume flowrate Q, and the
depths of flow y0 and y1 above the roughened bed at each end.

Raise the downstream tilting overshot weir in small stages, repeating the measurements at
each stage.

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Further sets of readings can be obtained by repeating the above measurements with
different flow rates, and by increasing the slope of the flume.

Results
Weir width: …………………(m)

Slope
Upstream Hydraulic
Downstream Distance Flow Flow Flow of Roughness
Flow Mean
Flow Depth (y0-y1) Rate Rate Velocity Energy coefficient
Depth Radius
y1 x Meas Q V Line n
y0 3 R
(m) (m) (l/s) (m /s) (m/s) S (-)
(m) (m)
(m)

Conclusion
Does the value of n obtained correspond with the expected value?

Comment on the results obtained.

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29 Exercise Q - Characteristics of flow over a Corrugated Bed

Objective
To investigate the effect of a corrugated bed on the depth of water at different flow rates, and
to obtain appropriate coefficients to satisfy the Manning formula.

Equipment Required

Glass Sided Tilting Flume (S6-MkII)

Corrugated Bed (S6-27)

Instrument Carrier (S6-40) with Hook and Point Gauge (S6-41) – optional

Theory
The theory for this experiment is the same as for the previous experiment, flow over a gravel
bed. The equation under investigation is the Manning Formula:

Equipment Setup
Ensure that the flume is horizontal and downstream tilting overshot weir is at the bottom of
its travel.

Line the bottom of the flume with the corrugated bed sections.

Position the hook and point level gauge on the instrument rails. Use the top of the
corrugations in the bed as a datum, and measure the datum height.

Refer to Installing the Equipment section 10.4 if further information is required about the
installation of the Roughened beds.

Procedure
Open the flow control valve and admit the water into the flume. Once a small head of flowing
water has been achieved do not adjust the flow control valve again, in order to maintain a
constant flowrate throughout the experiment. Measure the volume flowrate Q, and the
depths of flow y0 and y1 above the roughened bed at each end.

Raise the downstream tilting overshot weir in small stages, repeating the measurements at
each stage.

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Further sets of readings can be obtained by repeating the above measurements with
different flow rates, and by increasing the slope of the flume.

Results
Channel width (b) ……………..…(m)

Slope
Upstream Hydraulic
Downstream Distance Flow Flow Flow of Roughness
Flow Mean
Flow Depth y0 to y1 Rate Rate Velocity Energy coefficient
Depth Radius
y1 x Q V Line n
y0 3 R
(m) (m) (l/s) (m /s) (m/s) S (-)
(m) (m)
(m)

Conclusion
Does the value of n obtained correspond with the expected value?

Comment on the results.

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30 Exercise R - Characteristics of flow around a Cylindrical Pile

Objective
To investigate the effect of flow rate and Reynolds’ number on the flow patterns around a
vertical pile.

To investigate the effects of resonance on the pile.

Equipment Required
Glass Sided Tilting Flume (S6-MkII)

Vibrating Pile (S6-28)

Instrument Carrier (S6-40) with Hook and Point Gauge (S6-41) – optional

Theory

Reynolds’s number,

, therefore

Where:

Q = Volume flowrate (m3/s)

V = Velocity upstream (m/s)

d = Diameter of pile = 0.10m (m)

 = Kinematic viscosity (m²/s)

Note: The Kinematic viscosity of water varies with the temperature of the water typical
values are:

5°C 1.519 x 10-6 (m2/s)

10°C 1.307 x 10-6 (m2/s)

20°C 1.004 x 10-6 (m2/s)

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30°C 0.801 x 10-6 (m2/s)

40°C 0.658 x 10-6 (m2/s)

As shown in the diagrams above:

If Re < 2 (approx.), there are no eddies

If 2 < Re < 40, there are two simultaneous eddies

If 40 < Re < 5 000, there are alternate eddies

If Re > 5 000 (approx.), there is a highly turbulent wake

Equipment Setup
Check that the flume is level with the tilting weir in its lowest position.

Install the S6-28 Vibrating Pile accessory mid way along the working section and ensure that
it is securely clamped in position.

Refer to Installing the Equipment section 10.4 if further information is required about the
installation of the Vibrating Pile.

Procedure
Open the flow control valve slowly, and admit the water into the flume. Adjust the
downstream tilting overshot weir to raise the water level to about 50mm from the top of the
flume sides. Position the adjustable clamp at the bottom of its travel (L is minimum), and
observe the flow of water around the pile.

Raise this clamp in approximately 50 mm increments to increase the length L of the

unsupported pile, observing the flow around the pile and looking for any vibration of the pile.

Repeat the above procedure for increases in flow rate, adjusting the downstream tilting
overshot weir to maintain the same water level and making observations throughout.

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It is suggested that the above be repeated for varying levels of water in steps of
approximately 50 mm.

Record the flow conditions, the behaviour of the pile and if and when resonance is achieved
(note the plane of the vibration).

Results

Flow Flow Length Water

Rate Rate L Depth
Observations
Meas Q y0
3 3
(l/s) (m /s) (m) (m /s)

Conclusion
Comment on the effect of changing water velocity and depth on the pile.

What causes the changes in direction of the oscillations?

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31 Exercise S - The Lift and Drag Force on Submerged Structures

Objective
To determine and compare the drag force on two cylinders with different diameters at
different water velocities.

To compare the drag force on a symmetrical hydrofoil and a cylinder with the same frontal
area.

To determine the lift and drag forces produced by a symmetrical hydrofoil at different angles
of attack and at different water velocities.

Equipment Required
Glass Sided Tilting Flume (S6-MkII)

Lift and Drag Balance with models (S6-29)

Instrument Carrier (S6-40) with Hook and Point Gauge (S6-41) – optional

Theory
When flow occurs past a surface parallel to the flow direction, viscous forces within the fluid
produce a drag force on the body. This frictional force is usually known as skin friction drag.

When flow occurs past a surface that is not totally parallel to the flow direction, the change in
fluid momentum and corresponding change in pressure at the body surface produces
another drag force, usually known as the pressure drag.

The sum of the skin friction drag and pressure drag acting on a body is termed the profile
drag. It is the profile drag that will be measured for the two cylinder models, and for the
symmetrical hydrofoil model when it is aligned with the direction of flow.

When a body is producing lift, an additional drag force usually known as induced drag is also
experienced. This is related to the lift produced. The theory behind dynamic lift is beyond the
scope of this manual, and students should refer to the teaching material for their own
syllabus.

For the hydrofoil model, the measured drag will be the sum of the profile drag and the
induced drag. The total drag experienced by the model is then

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D = d + di

As the hydrofoil is symmetrical about the centre line, it will produce no lift when it is parallel
to the direction of fluid flow. Therefore the drag at this condition may be taken as a
reasonable approximation of the profile drag for the model. The induced drag, when the
aerofoil is angled, can be calculated by subtracting the Profile drag from the Total Drag.

With the S6-29 apparatus, the total drag experienced by the model under test is balanced by
a moment produced by an adjustable balance arm. The position of the balance weight is
directly proportional to the force acting on the model. In this way, a relationship between fluid
velocity and corresponding drag can be found.

If the counterbalance is adjusted to give equilibrium when the sliding weight is at the zero
position, with no fluid flow, then the total moment produced when the sliding weight is moved
is:

Moment = xm M g (Nm)

Where:

xm = Distance of weight from pivot (m)

M = Mass of the weight, 0.024 (Kg)

g = Gravitational constant, 9.81 (m/s²)

This counters the moment due to the drag force on the model, which is taken to act at the
midpoint of the submerged section of the model.

Moment = (zm – 0.5 ym) D (Nm)

Where:

D = Drag force exerted by fluid on model (N)

zm = Distance from pivot to base of model (m)

= 0.625m for the small cylinder

= 0.635m for the large cylinder and the hydrofoil

ym = Depth of submersion of model (m)

At equilibrium, these moments equate to give:

(N)

The lift force on the hydrofoil model may be determined in the same way as the drag force
but with the balance installed at 90 degrees to the flow.

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The velocity V can be calculated from the flowrate Q, the width of the channel (b = 0.30m)
and the water depth y0 since:

Equipment Setup
Check that the channel is level then assemble the balance and attach the frame to the
instrument rails, mid way along the channel, by tightening the clamping screws. The balance
arm should be inline with the channel and facing downstream to allow measurement of Drag
forces.

Refer to Installing the Equipment section 10.4 if further information is required about the
installation of the balance assembly.

The small cylinder, large cylinder or hydrofoil is attached to the underside of the balance as
and when required.

After performing the drag measurements, the balance will be installed with the lever arm
normal to the working section to allow measurement of the Lift forces that are generated
when the hydrofoil is rotated.

Procedure - Determination of Drag

With the balance installed on top of the flume, fit the small cylinder model to the mounting
point on the underside.

Open the flow control valve and allow water into the flume. Raise the downstream tilting
overshot weir and adjust the flow control valve until the water level is approximately 50mm
below the top of the glass, with the flow control valve closed.

Wait until all water movement has ceased. Position the sliding weight at zero on the scale
then adjust the counterweight so that the lever arm is horizontal and in equilibrium.

Open the flow control valve slightly to give a low flow then adjust the downstream tilting
overshot weir to return the flow to the original level. When the conditions are stable, move
the sliding weight to return the balance to equilibrium then record the flowrate and the
distance from the zero mark that the weight has travelled.

Continue to open the flow control valve in stages, adjusting the downstream weir at each
setting to return the flow to the original water level. At each step record the flowrate and the
distance from the zero mark that the weight has travelled.

Replace the model with the large cylinder and repeat the procedure as for the small cylinder
so that the two can be directly compared.

Replace the model with the hydrofoil model and repeat the procedure as before but, at each
flowrate, also take readings with the hydrofoil rotated in 2° steps to determine the change.

Determination of Lift
With the hydrofoil model installed, rotate the balance through 90° and clamp it securely.
Check that the hydrofoil is positioned in line with the flow with the rotation scale indicating
zero.

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With no flow, adjust the water level to the original depth used for drag measurements then
adjust the balance weight until equilibrium is reached when the sliding weight is giving a zero
reading.

Open the flow control valve slightly to give a low flow then adjust the downstream tilting
overshot weir to return the flow to the original level. When the conditions are stable, move
the sliding weight to return the balance to equilibrium then record the flowrate and the
distance from the zero mark that the weight has travelled.

Change the angle θ of the hydrofoil in 2° stages, using the cursor knob on top of the balance
assembly. At each setting balance the lever arm and record the position of the sliding
weight. Observe and note the flow characteristics as the angle increases.

Continue to open the flow control valve in stages, adjusting the downstream weir at each
setting to return the flow to the original water level. At each step record the flowrate and the
distance from the zero mark that the weight has travelled for different angles of attack.

If time permits the readings can all be repeated with different water levels in the channel, i.e.
reduced depth of water.

Results
Note that not all columns will be required for every model

Model used:………………………………………..

Measuring drag or lift?…………………………….

Plot  against scale readings for lift and drag.

Plot the calculated values for lift against the induced drag.

From the flowrate calculate the velocity against scale reading for each model.

Plot velocity squared against drag for each model.

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Conclusion
Comment on the forces acting on each shape.

From the curve of the graphs of the scale readings, state at what angle the force is at a
maximum on the hydrofoil.

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How does the lift on the hydrofoil vary with increasing angle to the flow direction? How does
this compare with the total force experienced?

What are the implications of these results for the design of a submerged pile or flow splitter?

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32 Exercise T - Characteristics of flow over a Crump Weir

Objective
To determine the relationship between upstream head and flowrate for water flowing over a
Crump weir.

To determine the modular limit, and to observe the flow patterns obtained.

To determine the head at the apex of the weir and its relationship with flowrate and depths
upstream and downstream.

Equipment Required
Glass Sided Tilting Flume (S6-MkII)

Crump Weir (Part of S6-31)

Single tube manometer (Part of S6-31)

Instrument Carrier (S6-40) with Hook and Point Gauge (S6-41) – optional

Theory
The crump weir is widely used as a flow measuring device. It works in exactly the same way
as a broad crested weir but does not suffer from some of the drawbacks such as debris
collecting upstream of the weir. Provided that the height of the weir allows critical depth to
occur at some point on the weir then the flowrate can be determined from the standard
equation Q = CbH1.5 as described in Exercises G and H relating to the broad crested weir.

There is however one drawback with the crump weir in that the apex must be reinforced or
protected to avoid damage from debris etc passing over the weir. A change in weir shape
will change the discharge coefficient resulting in errors in measurement.

Modular flow

Modular flow occurs when the weir operates undrowned with low downstream water level as
shown above. When flow is modular, the upstream level is not affected by changes in the
downstream level. A single measurement of upstream level can therefore be taken to
determine the volume flowrate over the weir.

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Therefore

Where:

Qm = Modular volume flow rate (m³/s)

Yc = Depth upstream above weir crest (m)

Cd = Discharge coefficient

b = Width of weir (nominally 0.30) (m)

g = Gravitational constant (9.81) (m/s²)

H0 = Total head upstream of weir crest (m)

H1 = Total head downstream of weir crest (m)

Note: For accurate calculation of the volume flowrate the Total head above the weir crest
(H0 – hw) should be used in the above calculation. However, the velocity and hence the Total
head cannot be calculated without already knowing the flowrate which involves iteration to
determine appropriate values. In practice the velocity head is relatively small and can be
included in the weir discharge coefficient Cd, allowing a simple measurement of yc to be used
for the calculations.

Non-modular flow

Non-modular flow occurs when the weir crest becomes drowned with high downstream
water level as shown above. In this condition a single measurement of upstream water level
is not sufficient to determine the volume flowrate over the weir, because the upstream level
is affected by changes in level downstream of the weir and actual flow .

The weir ceases to operate in modular fashion when

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A correction factor, f, can be used to correct for non-modular flow:

(Dimensionless)

where Q is the non-modular flowrate.

Equipment Setup
Ensure the flume is level, with the downstream tilting overshot weir at the bottom of its travel.
Measure and record the actual width, b (m) of the Crump weir.

Install the weir in the flume towards the inlet end of the working section, with the short face
of the weir facing the inlet. For accurate results seal any gaps between the Crump Weir and
the flume sides (at the upstream end), using Plasticine.

Connect the flexible tube from the tapping at the apex to the single manometer that attaches
to the side of the flume. Note: the tapping is located 4mm behind the apex of the weir and
consists of a hole 2.4 mm diameter that is connected to the manometer with flexible tubing.

Install the S6-41 Hook and Point gauge on the instrument rails and adjust the gauge to
coincide with the bed of the channel, which will be the datum point for all depth
measurements.

Procedure
Open the flow control valve and allow water to flow into the weir. Adjust the valve to maintain
an upstream depth y0 of approximately 70 mm. Ensure that the connection to the manometer
is free from air bubbles (temporarily lower the manometer if necessary to completely fill the
tubing and manometer with water). The plastic syringe supplied can be inserted in to the top
of the manometer tube to draw water through the tubing if air bubbles persist when the weir
is submerged.

When the flow conditions are stable measure and record the flowrate Q, the upstream depth
y0, the downstream depth y1 and the manometer height h above the bed. Also observe the
flow patterns above and downstream of the weir. Depth measurements must be taken far
enough upstream to avoid any draw-down over the weir.

Raise the downstream tilting weir in stages to increase the downstream level in steps of
10mm. At each stage measure and record Q, y0, y1 and h as before. Observe that the initial
increases downstream do not affect the upstream level but as the weir becomes drowned,
the upstream level rises.

Lower the tilting weir fully, increase the flowrate to raise the upstream level by 10mm then
repeat the above procedure. Repeat this, increasing the upstream water level in steps of
10mm.

Results

Width of weir, b…………...……(m)

Height of weir, yw………………(m)

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Complete the table using the measured values obtained.

Plot values of f against then determine the modular limit (the value of where f
ceases to be unity).

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Plot values of h from the manometer against Q and against yc.

Conclusion
How does your value for the modular limit compare with the recognised value of 0.7?

How does the value of f change when the weir is drowned?

How are the flow patterns affected when flow over the weir changes from modular to non-
modular flow?

At various modular flow conditions calculate the flow over the weir Q using (H0-yw) as the
depth over the weir crest then compare the values of Cd obtained with the original values
obtained using yc. How much does this simplification affect the value of Cd?

Comment on the characteristic of the measured head at the apex of the weir obtained using
the manometer.

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33 Exercise U - Characteristics of flow through a Parshall Flume

Objective
To investigate the flow of fluid through a Parshall flume and compare the experimental
measurements with standard reference graphs.

Equipment Required
Glass Sided Tilting Flume (S6-MkII)

Parshall Flume (S6-32)

Instrument Carrier (S6-40) with Hook and Point Gauge (S6-41) – optional

Theory
Parshall flumes are Venturi-style flumes characterised by small head losses, good passage
of sediment, and consistent performance when situated in line with the flow. They differ from
the basic Venturi flume in having a contoured bed as well as shaped sides.

Parshall flumes are designated by their throat widths, and are built to standard dimensions.
Each width of flume has a separate calibration curve that relates upstream head to
corresponding flowrate.

The S6-32 Parshall flume supplied by Armfield incorporates a throat that is nominally 76mm
wide (i.e. based on a standard 3” Parshall Flume).

The standard equation for the Parshall flume is:

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where:

Q = Volume flowrate (m3/s)

C = An empirical coefficient that varies with throat width

n = Exponent that varies with throat width

yc = Upstream depth above base of weir (m)

For the 76mm wide throat supplied by Armfield the corresponding values are

C = 0.177 and n = 1.55

Therefore

This equation is only valid if the Parshall flume does not become drowned, i.e. the

Submergence ratio does not exceed 0.5. This value is typical for a throat width of
76mm. However, for larger flumes this value increases to 0.7 for throat widths exceeding
0.3m wide. The effect of submergence is investigated as part of this exercise.

The flume is designed with built-in stilling wells, which allows head measurements for the
inlet (y0 relative to the bed and yc relative to the floor of the weir) and at the throat (y1) to be
taken in still fluid, using a hook and point gauge.

Equipment Setup
Ensure the flume is level, with the downstream tilting overshot weir at the bottom of its travel.
Insert the Parshall flume into the working section of the S6 with the ramp and longer taper
facing upstream. Ensure that the moulding is secured via the fixing through the bed of the
channel.

For accurate results seal any gaps between the Parshall Flume and the flume sides (at the
upstream end), using Plasticine or similar material.

Refer to Installing the Equipment section 10.4 if further information is required about the
installation of the Parshall flume.

Procedure
Open the flow control valve and allow water into the flume. Increase the flowrate until water
just flows through the Parshall Flume.

At a constant flow rate, measure and record the values of flowrate Q, upstream depths
y0 and yc, throat depth y1and also downstream depth y2.

Gradually increase the flowrate in steps, recording the values of Q, y0, yc, y1and y2 at each
step. Observe and make notes on the flow characteristics throughout the experiment.

Increase the depth downstream (y2) in increments by raising the tilting weir. At each setting
repeat the above adjustments of flowrate from minimum to maximum and record the values
of flowrate Q, upstream depth y0, throat depth y1and downstream depth y2.

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Results

Depth
Submergence
Depth above Depth at Depth Flow Flow
Ratio
Upstream base of Throat Downstream Rate Rate
y0 weir y1 y2 Measured Q
3
(m) Vc (m) (m) (l/s) (m /s)
(m)

Produce a calibration curve (flowrate Q against upstream depth yc).

Plot flowrate Q against the submergence ratio and compare the results with the
calibration curve obtained.

Confirm that the change from free flow to submerged flow occurs when submergence ratio

exceeds approximately 0.6.

Conclusion
Give reasons for any discrepancies between the results obtained and the graph provided.

Comment on the effects on the upstream depth and the flow pattern through the throat as
the downstream depth increases and the submergence ratio exceeds approximately 0.5.

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34 Exercise V - Characteristics of flow through a WSC Flume

Objective
To investigate the characteristics of flow of water through a Washington State Flume (WSC
flume) and to compare the experimental measurements with a standard calibration chart.
To investigate the effect of submergence on the accuracy of measurements using a WSC
Flume when the flume becomes drowned.

Equipment Required
Glass Sided Tilting Flume (S6-MkII)

WSC Flume (S6-33)

Instrument Carrier (S6-40) with Hook and Point Gauge (S6-41) – optional

Theory
The Washington State College (WSC) flume is a critical-depth flume, similar in principle to
the Parshall Flume which, when installed in a furrow or ditch, provides a simple, convenient
and reliable method of measuring the rate of irrigation water flowing in a field. It is both
simple to install and easy to operate and gives quick flow rate information. One of its
advantages over other types of flume is its wider range of discharge for a given range of
water depth.

The flumes can be easily carried by hand and in their normal form, are simply placed into
position by pressing down into the ground so that the front plate takes purchase in the soil.
The flume supplied as an accessory to S6-MKII is the same basic shape as a flume used in
the field but includes additional structure to allow it to be installed and sealed into a
rectangular channel rather than soft ground.

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A linear scale, calibrated in mm, is fitted to the inclined side wall at the upstream end and
this scale is used in conjunction with a Calibration Chart (overleaf) to convert the scale
reading directly to actual volume flowrate without knowing the actual water depth. This
calibration is only valid provided that the WSC flume does not become drowned i.e. the

Submergence ratio does not exceed 0.8. The effect of drowning is investigated as part
of this exercise.

Equipment Setup
Ensure the flume is horizontal and that the downstream tilting weir is at the bottom of its
travel.

Install the WSC Flume mid way along the working section of the S6-MKII with the direction
arrow pointing towards downstream (wide end of WSC Flume facing the inlet tank). Ensure
that the assembly is securely clamped in position to resist the force of the water.

Refer to Installing the Equipment section 10.4 if further information is required about the
installation of the WSC Flume.

Procedure
Note: The downstream tilting weir must remain in its lowest position for the first part of this
exercise.

Gradually increase the flowrate in small steps from zero until the level upstream of the flume
reaches the top of the measuring scale. At each setting allow the flow conditions to stabilise
then measure and record:

Flowrate Q

Scale reading (inclined scale on WSC Flume)

Upstream water level y0 (using a hook and point gauge)

Estimated depth at throat y1 (using a hook and point gauge)

Downstream water level y2 (using a hook and point gauge)

Note: Because the scale on the WSC Flume is mounted on the sloping side of the
fabrication it does not give a measurement of the actual upstream water depth y0. The
calibration curve is produced using the sloping scale so that a single reading from the scale
can be used to obtain the flowrate.

Effect of drowning the WSC Flume

Adjust the flowrate to achieve typically 4 litres/sec (137 mm scale reading). Gradually
increase the depth of water downstream in small steps by raising the tilting weir. At each
setting, allow the flow conditions to stabilise then measure and record the readings as
above.

Continue increasing the downstream depth until the water level reaches the top of the scale
on the WSC Flume.

If time permits repeat these measurements at lower and higher flowrates, typically 1, 2, 6
and 8 l/s.

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Results

Submergence
Depth Depth at Depth Flow Flow
Ratio
Upstream Throat Downstream Rate Rate
y0 y1 y2 Measured Q
3
(m) (m) (m) (l/s) (m /s)

From the measurements of flowrate and scale reading on the flume, create a Calibration
Curve.

Compare the scale reading with the upstream water depth at each flowrate.

Determine the submergence ratio (depth at the throat y1 to upstream depth y0) at which the
accuracy of measurement starts to become affected.

Conclusion
Compare the results obtained by measurement with the Calibration Curve below and
comment on any differences.

At what point is the accuracy of the measurement affected by the depth of water
downstream of the WSC Flume. Is it possible to apply a correction factor when the Flume
becomes drowned?

Comment on the effects on the upstream depth and the flow pattern through the throat as
the downstream depth and submergence ratio increase.

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35 Contact Details for Further Information

Main Office: Armfield Limited

Bridge House
West Street
Ringwood
Hampshire
England BH24 1DY

Tel: +44 (0)1425 478781

Fax: +44 (0)1425 470916

Email: [email protected]
[email protected]

Web: http://www.armfield.co.uk

US Office: Armfield Inc.

9 Trenton - Lakewood Road
Clarksburg, NJ 085

Tel: (609) 208 2800

Email: [email protected]

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