ELECTROMAGNETISM

 Magnetism - caused by the motion of electric charges

 In 1820 - Oersted established the relationship between electricity and magnetism - He concluded that
a current carrying wire produces a magnetic field around it
 Electromagnetism – one of the four fundamental forces - interaction between particles with electric
charge via electromagnetic fields
 A magnet that consists of a piece of iron or steel surrounded by a coil - electromagnet
 Electromagnets can be created by wrapping a wire around and iron nail and running current through
the wire
 The electric field in the wire coil creates a magnetic field around the nail
 Magnetic field - region around a magnet where the magnetic force is exerted - a vector sign - ²
 Magnetic Field lines in a bar starts from the north pole and end at the south pole - outside the magnet
 Magnetic field lines moves from North pole to South pole, therefore they form closed continuous
curves
 Magnetic field - a quantity that has both direction and magnitude
 Direction of the magnetic field is tangential to the field line at all points in space
 Direction of placement of the coil does not affect the strength of electromagnet
 Magnetic field is the region around the magnet where are able to detect magnetic force of the magnet
 Magnetic field lines are imaginary lines - closed curves - do not intersect each other
 If magnetic field lines are crowded, the magnetic field strength in that region is high
 Magnetic strength of an electromagnet is affected by length of metallic core current flowing through
coil - number of turns in a coil
 The field produced by n turns of a coil is n times that of a single turn
 When the direction of the motion of the coil is at right angles to the magnetic field - the induced current
is maximum
 Induced potential difference in the coil increases we increase the speed of the magnet near the coil
 A current carrying wire is placed horizontally in a magnetic field with north pole in upward and south
pole in downward south direction - direction of electrons in the wire is west to east
 A solenoid is a type of electromagnet - whose intension is to produce a controlled magnetic field
 Magnetic field lines inside a solenoid are in the form of parallel lines
µ
 The formula for a magnetic field for a solenoid B = B - Magnitude of magnetic field
I - applied current | L – length of coil
 Magnetic field is directly proportional to number of turns
n - numbers of turns in the solenoid
 If the number of turns in a solenoid increase, then
magnetic field also increases
 Placing soft iron core inside the solenoid, the magnetic field produced by the solenoid will
increases
 The magnetic field produced by the long solenoid carrying current is uniform inside the solenoid and
non-uniform outside the solenoid
 Also, one end of the solenoid behaves like the north pole and the other like the south pole of a bar
magnet

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 Magnetic field due to an infinitely long straight B - Magnitude of magnetic field | I - applied current
current carrying wire B = (2πr)µ0 I r - distance from the wire where the magnetic field
 The magnitude of the magnetic field of a
current carrying conductor increase with the increase in current in the phenomena of electromagnetic
induction, when the coil carrying current and magnetic
field are stationary, the galvanometer shows null deflection
 The polarity of an electromagnet can be reversed by changing the
direction of current
 FLEMING'S RIGHT-HAND RULE
Thumb - the direction of motion of the conductor
Middle finger - Direction of the induced
Index finger - Direction of the magnetic field
Fleming's Right-hand
rule
 Fleming's right hand rule - gives the direction of current induced in a conductor moving in a magnetic
field
 Fleming's left hand rule - used to find the direction of force on a current currying conductor placed
inside a magnetic field.
Middle finger - direction of electric current | Index finger - magnetic field | Thumb - force
 When magnetic lines of forces are more crowded in the region of magnetic field, this indicates the
presence of strong magnetic field.
 Magnetic lines of forces are crowded more near the poles as that region possess the maximum
magnetic field.
 Electromagnetic induction - the production of an electromotive force across an electric conductor in a
changing magnetic field
 The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction - discovered by Michael Faraday - in 1831
 A DC generator is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
 The principle states that the emf induced in a loop due by a changing magnetic flux is equal to the
rate of change of the magnetic flux threading the loop
 If the angle between the direction of current flowing through a conduction and the direction of magnetic
field is zero the force (F) active on the conductor will be zero.
 A bar magnet is a rectangular piece of the magnet made of ferromagnetic substance.
 The lines of magnetic field are dense around the poles but for apart at the center of a for magnet,
therefore there is weak magnetic field around the centre of the magnet.
 The magnetic field strength inside a current carrying solenoid is uniform and non-zero.
 When a bar magnet is used as a source of constant magnetic field, the direction of the magnetic field
is from north pole to the south pole of the magnet
 When a bar magnet is freely suspended its south pole rests towards geographical north pole, while
its north pole rests towards geographical south pole.
 Changing the direction of current can be used to change the direction of force on a current carrying
conductor
 The degree of closeness of the magnetite field line determines the strength of magnetic field.
 When we place a compass near the north pole of a magnet, the north pole of the compass needle will
be repelled and point away from the magnet. Thus, the magnetic field lines point away from the north
of a magnet and toward its south Pole.
 The direction of a magnetic field produced by a current carrying - given by Maxwell's right hand thumb
rule
 MAXWELL'S RIGHT HAND THUMB RULE - If the thumb of the right hand represents the direction of
current flow, than direction of curl represent the direction of magnetic field

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 When a magnetic is moved into a coil connected to a galvanometer, the current is induced in the coil
- The induced current does not depend on resistance of the galvanometer connected in the coil.
 Potential difference is induced in a closed conducting coil when either the bar magnet is moved
towards the closed coil or the closed coil is moved towards the bar magnet
 A rectangular coil is moving in a uniform magnetic field.
 The direction of magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the coil if the speed of the moving coil
in the magnetite field decreases then induced potential difference decrease.
 Electrical energy produced in a coil by relative motion of the coil and magnet.
 Magnetic field lines are the lines in magnetic field whose tangent indicates the field direction at any
given position and whose density gives the magnitude.
 If magnetic field lines intersect each other, then at the interaction point there will be two direction of
the same field which is not possible hence the field lines do not cross each other or intersect
 When magnetic field around a coil subjected to a change, induced current is produced in the coil, This
induced current increases when number of turns in the coil increased, it also increases with the
increase in relative speed of coil as well as magnet

 Energy conversion in electromagnet is form electric energy to magnetic energy. An electromagnet

involves a magnet that would be powered by electricity
 According to electromagnetic field theory, a moving charge produce a magnetic field which
is proportional to the current, thus a carrying conductor produces magnetic field around it
 The strength of magnetic field due to current carrying conductor depends on the amount of current in
the conductor and distance of the point from the conductor
 A current-carrying straight conductor is placed in a magnetic field. The conductor experiences the
maximum force when the angle between the direction of the current in it and the direction of the
magnetic field is 90º
 Some characteristics of Magnetic field lines of a straight - current carrying conductor-
It forms connective circles around the conductor
It lies in a plane perpendicular to the conductor
The reversal in direction of current reverses the direction of the field
The strength of the field is directly propositional to the magnitude of the current
The strength of the field is inversely proportional to the distance of the point from the wire
 Current will not be induced in the coil if the coil is rotated about its axis.
 The direction of the force acting on a current carrying conductor in the presence of a magnetic field
depends up on both the direction of the magnetic field and the current

 The induced current in the coil is the minimum when the angle between the direction of motion of the
magnet and the plane of the coil is 0
If the armature of an AC generator is rotated faster than induced potential difference will increases
 Unit of magnetizer -

 For a bar magnet, magnetic field lines become parallel to each other, when they passes inside the
magnet and travel along it's two poles and for the current carrying straight conducting wire magnetic
field lines around it are in the form of concentric circle.
 No two field lines are found to cross each other.
 It they did it would mean that at the point of intersection, the compass needle would point toward two
direction, which is not possible
 Soft iron materials is best suitable for making an electromagnet because of its high permeability and
low retentivity and coercivity

 A magnetic compass consists of a tiny magnetic needle attached to an aluminium pointer

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 The needle of a compass is small magnet
 The direction of magnetic field in taken to be the direction in which a north pole of the compass needle
moves inside it
 Electric motor
Converts electrical energy in to mechanical energy
Uses an electromagnet in place of a permanent magnet
Uses a soft iron core

 A motor works on the principle that a current carrying coil when placed in a magnetic field
 experiences as torque.
 The arrangement consists of a coil suspended in a region of magnetic field.
 Magnetic field intensity H =
 Magnetic field intensity dimensions =
 Directive property of target - When a magnet is suspended freely in air with the help of a thread then
it tends to align itself in the geographic north-south direction
 Diamagnetic Substances Paramagnetic Substances Ferromagnetic Substances
Substances which are magnetized Substances that are moderately Substances that are placed
in the opposite direction of the field magnetized in the direction of the in a magnetic field become
when placed in the magnetic field field when placed in the magnetic field. strongly magnetized in the
direction of the field
Zinc, silver, bronze, copper, gold, Aluminium, sodium, platinum, oxygen,
diamond etc. copper chloride etc. Iron, nickel, cobalt etc

 Vacuum is a condition when the gaseous pressure is much lower than the atmospheric pressure. Due
to this, the vacuum does not have magnetic properties and is considered as non-magnetic material
 Magnet stones do not have magnetic properties like permanent magnets
 Permanent magnetic properties - Iron, nickel, cobalt, iron-steel etc.
 Bronze is not attracted by a simple magnet
 Natural magnet - iron oxide (Fe2O3)
 Faraday's laws

First law Second law

When there is a change in the magnetic flux The induced electric motive force is directly
associated with a coil, the induced electric proportional to the rate of change in the
motive force is generated in that coil. magnetic flux

 James Maxwell - proposed the electromagnetic theory in 1856 - led to the invention of radio and
television
 He demonstrated that light is an electromagnetic wave by combining electricity, magnetism and light
 Visible light, X-rays, Y-rays, Radio waves etc. - electromagnetic Waves
 Due to the properties of magnetism inside the earth, if the liquid plane plate collector is located in the
northern hemisphere, the liquid plane plate collector will be inclined towards the south.
 The weight of body (force) is not electromagnetic in nature

 The material that behaves like a magnet in the electric field, and the magnet's properties cease on
removal of the electric field - Artificial magnet.
 Soft iron is used to make artificial electromagnets
 Reluctivity is the reverse of the Permittivity resonance

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 Electric dynamo - converts mechanical energy of electrical energy, for transmission and distribution
over powerlines to domestic, commercial and industrial customers.
 Amplifier - a device that changes the value of an electrical signal (often making the signal larger) the
electrical signal can be in the form of voltage or current - used to increase the voltage, power or current
of the input signals
 Rectifier - a device that works by converting alternating current(AC) to direct current (DC)
 Diode - used as a rectifier.
 MOS stands for Metal Oxide Semiconductor. It is a semi-conductive technique used in transistors
manufactured in most parts of a computer's microchips
 Semi-conductors are made of silicon and germanium.
 A semiconductor material have the no. of free electrons more than insulator and less than conductor
 Germanium - four valent element - used mainly for semiconductor
 Germanium - atomic number 32 - Eka-silicon is known as germanium (Ge) - a lustrous hard, brittle,
greyish white metalloid in the carbon group.
 Blank space was left for the elements which were not known by Mendeleev in his periodic table, eka-
silicon is one of the elements - its properties were similar in antimony and arsenic
 Ge, As, Se, Br - electronic configuration of atoms has four orbits - all elements of the fourth period
 Pure germanium is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elements silicon
 Doping - Process of mixing impure substances in a semi-conductive substance – a process of
increasing the electrons or holes.
 The number of charge carriers increases when the semiconductive materials are doped.
 Doping increases the number of majority charge carriers by decreasing the number of minority charge
carriers.

 The tunnel diode is a highly doped carries concentration p-n junction diode in which the electric current
decreases as the voltage increases.
 In tunnel diode electric current is caused by "tunneling". The tunnel diode is used as a very fast
switching device.
 IC chips are used in integrated circuits - It is a group of electronic circuits made of silicon
 Light Emitting Diode (LED) - used in electronic devices such as television emits radio waves

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