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 EXERCISE 2-3 2-1

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2 01.FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

EXERCISE 2-1

2. 4.

6. 8.

10. The table specifies a function, since for each domain value there corresponds one and only one range
value.
12. The table does not specify a function, since more than one range value corresponds to a given domain
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
2-2 CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS
value.
(Range values 1, 2 correspond to domain value 9.)
14. This is a function.
16. The graph specifies a function; each vertical line in the plane intersects the graph in at most one point.
18. The graph does not specify a function. There are vertical lines which intersect the graph in more than one
point. For example, the y-axis intersects the graph in two points.
20. The graph does not specify a function.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 EXERCISE 2-3 2-3

22. y 103x is linear. 24. x2 y 8 is neither linear nor constant.

2 x 2 x 2 x 2x3
26. y 28. 9x 2 y 6 0 is linear.
4
which is constant.
3

30. 32.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

2-4 CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

34. 36.

3x2
38. f(x) = . Since the denominator is bigger than 1, we note that the values of f are between 0 and 3.
x2 2

Furthermore, the function f has the property that f(–x) = f(x). So, adding points x = 3, x = 4,
x = 5, we have:
x –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
F(x) 2.78 2.67 2.45 2 1 0 1 2 2.45 2.67 2.78

The sketch is:

40. y = f(4) = 0 42. y = f(–2) = 3

44. f(x) = 3, x < 0 at x = –4, –2 46. f(x) = 4 at x = 5
48. All real numbers 50. All real numbers except x = 2
52. x  −5
6
54. Given 6x − 7 y = 21 . Solving for y we have: −7 y = 21 − 6x and y =
x − 3.
7
This equation specifies a function. The domain is R, the set of real numbers.
2 4 − x2
56. Given x( x + y) = 4 . Solving for y we have: xy + x = 4 and y = .
x
This equation specifies a function. The domain is all real numbers except 0.
Given x + y = 9. y2 = 9 − x2 and y =  9 − x2 .
2 2
58. Solving for y we have:
This equation does not define y as a function of x. For example, when x = 0, y =  3.
60. Given x − y3 = 0. . Solving for y we have: y3 = x and y = x1/6.
This equation specifies a function. The domain is all nonnegative real numbers, i.e., x0.
f (−5) = (−5) − 4 = 25 − 4 = 21 64. f ( x − 2) = ( x − 2) − 4 = x − 4x + 4 − 4 = x − 4x
2 2 2 2
62.

66. f (10x) = (10x) − 4 = 100x − 4

2 2
68. f ( x ) = ( x ) 2
−4 = x −4
70. f (−3) + f (h) = (−3)2 − 4 + h2 − 4 = 5 + h2 − 4 = h2 + 1
72. f (−3 + h) = (−3 + h)2 − 4 = 9 − 6h + h2 − 4 = 5 − 6h + h2
74. f (−3 + h) − f (−3) = (−3 + h)2 − 4 − (−3)2 − 4 = (9 − 6h + h2 − 4) − (9 − 4) = −6h + h2
   
(A)
76.
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 EXERCISE 2-3 2-5
(B)

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

2-6 CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

(C)

78. (A)

(B)

(C)
82. Given A = 8𝑙1w = 81.
81 162
Thus, w = . Now P = 2 𝑙 + 2w = 2 𝑙 + 2 =2𝑙+ .
𝑙 𝑙
The domain is 𝑙 > 0.
84. Given P = 2 𝑙 + 2w = 160 or 𝑙 + w = 80 and 𝑙 = 80 – w.
2
Now A = 𝑙 w = (80 – w)w and A = 80w – w .

The domain is 0 < w < 80. [Note: w < 80 since w  80 implies 𝑙  0.]

86. (A) (B) p(11) = 1,340 dollars per computer

p(18) = 920 dollars per computer

88. (A) R(x) = xp(x)

= x(2,000 – 60x) thousands of dollars
Domain: 1 ≤ x ≤ 25

(B) Table 11 Revenue (C)

x(thousands) R(x)(thousands)
1 $1,940
5 8,500
10 14,000
15 16,500
20 16,000
25 12,500

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 EXERCISE 2-3 2-7

90. (A) P(x) = R(x) – C(x)

= x(2,000 – 60x) – (4,000 + 500x) thousand dollars
2
= 1,500x – 60x – 4,000
Domain: 1 ≤ x ≤ 25

(B) Table 13 Profit (C)

x (thousands) P(x) (thousands)

1 –$2,560
5 2,000
10 5,000
15 5,000
20 2,000

25 –4,000
92. (A) 1.2 inches (C) x = 1.23 to two decimal places

(B) Evaluate the volume function for x =

1.21, 1.22, …, and choose the value of x
whose volume is closest to 65.

2 (D)(D)
94. (A) V(x) = x (108 4x)

(B) 0 < x < 27

(C) Table 16 Volume

x V(x)
5 2,200
10 6,800
15 10,800
20 11,200
25 5,000
96. (A) Given 5v – 2s = 1.4. Solving for v, we have:
v = 0.4s + 0.28.
If s = 0.51, then v = 0.4(0.51) + 0.28 = 0.484 or 48.4%.
(B) Solving the equation for s, we have:
s = 2.5v – 0.7.
If v = 0.51, then s = 2.5(0.51) – 0.7 = 0.575 or 57.5%.

EXERCISE 2-2
2. f ( x) = −4x + 12 Domain: all real numbers; range: all real numbers.

4. f (x) = 3 + x Domain: [0, ) ; range: [3, ) .

6. f ( x) = −5 x + 2 Domain: all real numbers; range: (−, 2].

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

2-8 CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

8. f ( x) = 20 −103 x Domain: all real numbers; range: all real numbers.

10. 12. 14.

16. 18. 20.

22. 24.

26. The graph of h(x) = –|x – 5| is the graph 2 2

28. The graph of m(x) = (x + 3) + 4 is the graph of y = x
of y = |x| reflected in the x axis and shifted 3 units to the left and 4 units up.
shifted 5 units to the right.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 EXERCISE 2-3 2-9

30. The graph of g(x) = –6 + 3 x is the 2 2

32. The graph of m(x) = –0.4x is the graph of y = x
reflected in the x axis and vertically contracted by
graph of y = 3 x shifted
a factor of 0.4.
6 units down.

34. The graph of the basic function y = |x| is shifted 3 units to the right and 2 units up. y = |x – 3| + 2

36. The graph of the basic function y = |x| is reflected in the x axis, shifted 2 units to the left and 3 units up.
Equation: y = 3 – |x + 2|

38. The graph of the basic function 3 x is reflected in the x axis and shifted up 2 units. Equation: y = 2 – 3 x

3
40. The graph of the basic function y = x is reflected in the x axis, shifted to the right 3 units and up 1 unit.
3
Equation: y = 1 – (x – 3)

2
42. g(x) = 3 x 3+2 44. g(x) = –|x – 1| 46. g(x) = 4 – (x + 2)

48. g

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

2-10 CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

52.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 EXERCISE 2-3 2-11

54. The graph of the basic function y = x is reflected in the x axis and vertically expanded by a factor of 2.
Equation: y = –2x
56. The graph of the basic function y = |x| is vertically expanded by a factor of 4. Equation: y = 4|x|
3 3
58. The graph of the basic function y = x is vertically contracted by a factor of 0.25. Equation: y = 0.25x .
60. Vertical shift, reflection in y axis.
Reversing the order does not change the result. Consider a point
(a, b) in the plane. A vertical shift of k units followed by a reflection in y axis moves (a, b) to (a, b + k)
and then to (–a, b + k). In the reverse order, a reflection in y axis followed by a vertical shift of k units
moves (a, b) to (–a, b) and then to (–a, b + k). The results are the same.
62. Vertical shift, vertical expansion.
Reversing the order can change the result. For example, let (a, b) be a point in the plane. A vertical shift
of k units followed by a vertical expansion of h (h > 1) moves (a, b) to (a, b + k) and then to (a, bh + kh).
In the reverse order, a vertical expansion of h followed by a vertical shift of k units moves (a, b) to (a, bh)
and then to (a, bh + k); (a, bh + kh) ≠ (a, bh + k).

64. Horizontal shift, vertical contraction.

Reversing the order does not change the result. Consider a point
(a, b) in the plane. A horizontal shift of k units followed by a vertical contraction of h (0 < h < 1) moves
(a, b) to (a + k, b) and then to (a + k, bh). In the reverse order, a vertical contraction of h followed by a
horizontal shift of k units moves (a, b) to (a, bh) and then to (a + k, bh). The results are the same.

66. (A) The graph of the basic function y = 68. 2

The graph of the basic function y = x is reflected in
x is vertically expanded by (A) the x axis, vertically contracted by a factor of 0.013,
a factor of 4. and shifted 10 units to the right and 190 units up.

(B) (B)

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

2-12 CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

70. (A) Let x = number of kwh used in a (B)

winter month. For 0 ≤ x ≤ 700, the
charge is 8.5 + .065x. At
x = 700, the charge is $54. For x >
700, the charge is
54 + .053(x – 700) = 16.9 + 0.053x.
Thus,

72. (A) Let x = taxable income.

If 0 ≤ x ≤ 15,000, the tax due is
$.035x. At x = 15,000, the tax due is
$525. For 15,000 < x ≤ 30,000, the tax due is
525 + .0625(x – 15,000) = .0625x –
412.5. For x > 30,000,
the tax due is 1,462.5 + .0645(x – 30,000) = .0645x – 472.5.
Thus,
(C) T(20,000) = $837.50
T(35,000) = $1,785

3 76. (A) The graph of the basic function y = 3 x is

74. (A) The graph of the basic function y = x is
vertically expanded by a factor of 463. reflected in the x axis and shifted up
10 units.
(B) (B)

EXERCISE 2-3

x2 +16x (standard form) 4. x − 12x − 8

2
2. (standard form)
x2 + 16x + 64 −64 (completing the square) ( x − 12x) − 8
2

( x + 8) − 64 ( x − 12x + 36) + 8 − 36 (completing the

2 2
(vertex form)
square)
( x − 6) − 44 (vertex form)
2

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 EXERCISE 2-3 2-13

3x + 18x + 21 (standard form)

2
6.

3( x2 + 6x) + 21

3( x2 + 6x + 9 − 9) + 21 (completing the square)

3( x + 3)2 + 21 − 27
3( x + 3)2 − 6 (vertex form)

8. −5x2 + 15x − 11 (standard form)

−5( x 2 − 3x) − 11

−5( x2 − 3x + 94 − 94) − 11 (completing the square)

−5( x − 23 ) − 11 + 445
2

−5(x − 32 )2 + 14 (vertex form)

2
The graph of g(x) is the graph of y = x shifted right 1 unit and down 6 units; g( x) = ( x − 1) − 6.
2
10.

2
12. The graph of n(x) is the graph of y = x reflected in the x axis, then shifted right 4 units and up 7 units;
n( x) = −( x − 4)2 + 7.

14. (A) g (B) m (C) n (D) f

16. (A) x intercepts: –5, –1; y intercept: –5 (B) Vertex: (–3, 4)

(C) Maximum: 4 (D) Range: y ≤ 4 or (–∞, 4]

18. (A) x intercepts: 1, 5; y intercept: 5 (B) Vertex: (3, –4)

(C) Minimum: –4 (D) Range: y ≥ –4 or [–4, ∞)

2
20. g(x) = –(x + 2) + 3
2
(A) x intercepts: –(x + 2) + 3 = 0
2
(x + 2) = 3
x+2=±3
x = –2 – 3 , –2 + 3
y intercept: –1
(B) Vertex: (–2, 3) (C) Maximum: 3 (D) Range: y ≤ 3 or (–∞, 3]

2
22. n(x) = (x – 4) – 3
2
(A) x intercepts: (x – 4) – 3 = 0
2
(x – 4) = 3
x–4=±3
x=4– 3,4+ 3
y intercept: 13

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

2-14 CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS
(B) Vertex: (4, –3) (C) Minimum: –3 (D) Range: y ≥ –3 or [–3, ∞)

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 EXERCISE 2-3 2-15

2
24. y = –(x – 4) + 2

2 2
26. y = [x – (–3)] + 1 or y = (x + 3) + 1

2 2 2
28. g(x) = x – 6x + 5 = x – 6x + 9 – 4 = (x – 3) – 4
2
(A) x intercepts: (x – 3) – 4 = 0
2
(x – 3) = 4
x – 3 = ±2
x = 1, 5
y intercept: 5
(B) Vertex: (3, –4) (C) Minimum: –4 (D) Range: y ≥ –4 or [–4, ∞)
2  3  1
30. s(x) = –4x – 8x – 3 = –4 x2 + 2x + = –4 x2 + 2x + 1−

 4    1 4  2
= –4 ( x + 1)2 − = –4(x + 1) + 1


4 
2
(A) x intercepts: –4(x + 1) + 1 = 0
2
4(x + 1) = 1
2 1
(x + 1) =
4
1
x+1=±
2

3 1
x=– ,–
2 2
y intercept: –3

(B) Vertex: (–1, 1) (C) Maximum: 1 (D) Range: y ≤ 1 or (–∞, 1]

2 2 2
32. v(x) = 0.5x + 4x + 10 = 0.5[x + 8x + 20] = 0.5[x + 8x + 16 + 4]
2
= 0.5[(x + 4) + 4]
2
= 0.5(x + 4) + 2
(A) x intercepts: none
y intercept: 10
(B) Vertex: (–4, 2) (C) Minimum: 2 (D) Range: y ≥ 2 or [2, ∞)
2
34. g(x) = –0.6x + 3x + 4
2
2 (B) g(x) = 5: –0.6x + 3x + 4 = 5
(A) g(x) = –2: –0.6x + 3x + 4 = –2 2
2 –0.6x + 3x – 1 = 0
0.6x – 3x – 6 = 0
2
0.6x – 3x + 1 = 0

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

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