GROUP 3 PRESENTATION

WARMING AND COOLING THE EARTH AND

CONTENT Definition Measurement

Global
Temperature
Scale Heat Transfer Temperature
Distribution

Importance Latent heat Conduction

Convection Radiation
TEMPERATURE: DEFINITION
• Temperature refers to the warmth or coldness of the atmosphere at a given
location and time.
• It is one of the important factor in weather and climate studies, influencing air
pressure, humidity, wind pattern and precipitation
• There are billions of atoms and molecules that move at a different speed.
• The energy associated to this motion is called kinetic motion or the energy
of motion
• The temperature of air is a measure of it’s average kinetic energy. Its
formulated as
KE = (1/2)mv^2 = (3/2)kT
• Therefore the higher the temperature corresponds to the faster average speed.
• When air reaches a temperature of –273C (-459F) which is the lowest (absolute
zero) that’s it possess a minimum amount of energy.
• Temperature is measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit using instrument like
thermometer, weather station and satellite sensors.
TEMPERATURE SCALE
A temperature scale is a
system of measure used to
measure the quantity of
temperature.
The three commonly used
scales are:
• Fahrenheit
• Celsius
• Kelvin

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DIFFERENT INSTRUMENT FOR MEASUREMENT

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HEAT TRANSFER
• Heat transfer refers to the process of energy moving from one object or system
to another due to a temperature difference
• The transfer of heat is process into three main methods;
• Radiation
• Conduction
• Convection

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• In cold volume of air the
molecules move slowly and
crowded together
• In warm volume, they
move faster and farther
apart.
This figure below show the
movement of air particles in
cold and warm air.

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GLOBAL TEMPERATURE DISTIBUTION
Global temperature distribution refers to the distribution of temperature across
the surface of the earth.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION
The temperature distribution of the earth at any place is influenced by the
following factors
1. The latitude of the place
2. The altitude of the place
3. Distance from the sea
4. The presence of warm and cold sea currents

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Temperature distribution can be explained in two ways
1. Horizontal temperature distribution
2. Vertical temperature distribution
Horizontal Temperature Distribution
It is the distribution of temperature across the latitude over the surface of the
earth. On the map, horizontal temperature is commonly shown by isotherms
The horizontal temperature distribution can easily be studied on the maps in the
months of January and July

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Vertical Temperature
Distribution
It refers to the distribution of
temperature in relation to
altitude in the earth’s
atmosphere. Temperature
increases in the stratosphere and
the thermosphere and decreases
in the troposphere and
mesosphere.

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• Importance of global temperature distribution
1. Agriculture and food security
2. Climate and weather patterns
3. Impact on human health
4. Human settlement and economic activity

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LATENT HEAT
• Latent heat is the amount of energy absorbed or released by a substance during
a phase change without changing it temperature such as from solid to
liquid(melting) or from liquid to gas(vaporization).
• FORMULA:
Q=mL where;
Q= the quantity of energy transferred
m=the mass of the substance
L=the specific latent heat

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TYPES OF LATENT
HEAT
1. Latent heat of fusion
It is the energy required to
change a solid to liquid without
change in temperature
2. Latent heat of vaporization
It is the amount of energy
required to convert a substance
from it liquid state to a gaseous
state without change in
temperature.

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CONVECTION
It is the transfer of heat by the mass movement of a fluid, such as water and air.
Convection takes place in liquids and gases because they can move freely, and it
is possible to set up currents within them.
Convection occurs when a fluid is heated, causing it to expand and become less
dense than its surroundings.

TYPES OF CONVECTION
1. Natural Convection 2. Forced Convection

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• 1. Natural convection - This occurs when a fluid is heated and expands,
becoming less dense than its surroundings. This causes the fluid to rise, creating
a circulation of fluid.
• 2. Forced convection - Occurs when a fluid is forced to move over a surface by
external means, such as a fan or pump. The forced movement of the fluid
enhances the heat transfer between the surface and the fluid. Forced convection
often results in turbulent flow, which further increases heat transfer.

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• Processes through which convection occurs
• Solar Heating - The sun heats the Earth's surface, warming the air closest to
the ground. Expansion and Rising - As the air warms, it expands and becomes
less dense than the surrounding air, causing it to rise.
• Cooler Air Moves In - As the warm air rises, cooler air moves in to replace it,
creating a circulation of air.
• Condensation and Cloud Formation - As the rising air cools, the water vapor
in the air condenses, forming clouds.
• Precipitation and Heat Redistribution - The clouds can produce precipitation,
which helps redistribute heat around the globe.

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Primarily, there are two types of convection
1. Dry convection: It is the type of convection that occurs without cloud formation
2. Wet convection: It is the type of convection that occurs with cloud formation

EFFECTS OF CONVECTION
1. It contributes to weather patterns like rain formation and cooling mechanisms in
electronics.
2. It can cause severe weather which can disrupt power lines and transmission I
infrastructure.
3. Efficient heat transfer in liquid and gases.
4. It can affect wind and solar energy production

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CONDUCTION
• Conducting is one the primary modes of heat transfer, alongside convection
and radiation. It occurs when a heat is transferred through a material without
the movement of the material itself. The process typically happens in solid,
where particles are closely packed together.

• KEY CONCEPTS OF CONDUCTION

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• Temperature gradient: Heat flows from areas of higher temperature to areas of
lower temperature until thermal equilibrium is reached.
• Materials: Different materials conduct heat at different rates. Metals, for
example, are generally good conductor of heat, whiles materials like wood and
rubbers are poor conductors(Insulators).
• Fourier's Law Of Heat Conduction: This law states that the rate of heat
transfer through a material is proportional to the negative gradient of the
temperature and the area through which the heat is flowing.

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HEAT CONDUCTIVITY OF COMMON SUBSTANCE

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RADIATION
• Radiation is the method of heat transfer in a vacuum through electromagnetic
waves. That makes it a unique way or method of heat transfer between the sun
and the earth. These electromagnetic waves in a radiation travels at a speed of
light which is 300,000km per second. And these electromagnetic waves include
the gamma rays, ultraviolet rays , visible light and others.
• Electromagnetic waves is characteristics by wavelength with a sign called
LAMBA(λ). The total energy radiated by a surface into the surrounding is
called Emissive Power. It is measured in W/m2 thus watts per square metre.
• Not all electromagnetic waves have the same wavelength. It can have a wide
range of wavelength, from very short wavelength to very long wavelength.

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• The wavelength is related to speed and frequency which is described as λ=c/f
• The distance between two crest is equal to the wavelength

• TYPES OF RADIATIONS
• Ionizing Radiation
• Non-Ionization Radiation
Any body with the temperature above 0kelvin emits radiation. The type of
radiation emitted is determined largely by the temperature of the body. Most
"hot" objects from working standpoint, emit infrared radiation. Hotter objects
such as the sun at 5800K emits more energetic radiation.
The higher the movement of particles the higher the heat generated.

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REFERENCE:
1. En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature
2. Temperature scales: Kelvin, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Rankine (solar-
energy.technology)
3. Heat Transfer - Conduction, Convection, Radiation (sciencenote.org)

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