ECE 069: Engineering Data Analysis

Module #16 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: __________________________ Date: _______________

Lesson Title: HYPOTHESIS TESTING : t - TEST Materials:

Board, marker, and calculator(casio fx
350EX model)

Lesson Objectives: At the end of this session the students References:

will be able to: https://www.investopedia.com/
1. conduct hypothesis testing using the t – test. https://www.statisticshowto.com/
https://blog.minitab.com /
https://www.statisticshowto.com/
https://www.investopedia.com/

Productivity Tip: Stay Healthy.

A. LESSON PREVIEW / REVIEW

1) Introduction (2 mins)

⮚ A t-test is a statistical test used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of
two groups.

2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

Fill in the first column of what you know to answer the questions on the second column of the table below.

What I Know QUESTION What I Learned

What is a one sample t – test?

What is a two sample t – test?

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 ECE 069: Engineering Data Analysis
Module #16 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: __________________________ Date: _______________

B. MAIN LESSON

1. Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)

⮚ A t-test looks at the

● t-statistic.
● t-distribution values.
● the degrees of freedom to determine the statistical significance.

⮚ t -Test Assumptions
● The sample is collected from a representative of randomly selected portion of the total population.
● The data is normally distributed.
● Population means is known.

Types of t – test
⮚ One Sample t – test. This test the mean of a single group against a known population.
⮚ Independent Sample t – test. This test compares the mean for two groups of sample.
⮚ A Paired Sample t – test. This test compares the means of the same group at different times.

One Sample t – test

⮚ The One Sample t - Test is commonly used to test the statistical difference between a sample mean
and a known or hypothesized value of the mean in the population.

⮚ t-statistic.
where x = sample mean
x
t s = sample standard deviation
s µ = population mean
n n = sample size

Example. Test the hypothesis at α = 0.05 that taking a vitamin capsule makes an individual smarter. Average
IQ of an individual is 100. To test the hypothesis 12 engineering students take a the same vitamin capsule
for one year and then an IQ test was given to these students. The results are 116, 111, 101, 120, 99, 94,
106, 115, 107, 101, 110, and 92.

Answer. Follow the steps in hypothesis testing.

Step 1. State the Null Hypothesis and the Alternative Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis : Ho : µ = 100
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 ECE 069: Engineering Data Analysis
Module #16 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: __________________________ Date: _______________

Alternative Hypothesis : H1 : µ > 100 ( One tailed test )

Step 2. At level of significance, α = 0.05, and degrees of freedom ( n – 1 ) equals 11, the critical value of
t, crit = 1.796.

Step 3. Calculate the test statistic, t – statistic.

x 106  100

t    2.35
s 8.83
From the sample, x = 106 and s = 8.83; n 12
Step 4. The calculated or the observed value of the t – statistic (2.35 ) is greater than the critical value of
the t- statistic (at α = 0.05 and degrees of freedom = 11, 1.796), or we may say that the observed value
of the t – statistic is at the rejection region. Hence, we reject the null hypothesis in favor of the
alternative hypothesis. This suggests that the mean IQ of the sample individuals is above the
average IQ of 100.

Further using the p - approach, at t = 2.35 and at degrees of freedom = 11, the p value is between
1% and 2.5%, hence lesser than the level of significance, α = 0.05 ( or 5 % ), so we reject the
null hypothesis.

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 ECE 069: Engineering Data Analysis
Module #16 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: __________________________ Date: _______________

Independent Sample t – test.

⮚ This test compares the mean for two groups of sample that are independently selected from each
other.
⮚ There are two types of independent sample t - test.
● Equal Variance ( Pooled variance t – test) with degrees of freedom, df = n1 + n2 – 2.
● Unequal Variance (Separate variance t – test) with degrees of freedom,

𝑠2 𝑠2
( 1 + 2 )2
𝑛1 𝑛2
𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑚 = 2
𝑠 𝑠2
( 1 )2 ( 2 )2
𝑛1 𝑛2
𝑛1 − 1 + 𝑛2 − 1

⮚ The t - statistic
where :
( x1  x 2 )  Do
t x1 and x2 = mean of sample 1 and sample 2
(n1  1)  s1  (n2  1)  s2  1 1 
2 2
s1 and s2 = variance of sample 1 and sample 2
    n1 and n2 = size of sample 1 and sample 2
n1  n2  2  n1 n2  Do = - (a number that is deduced
from the statement of the situation).

Equal Variance (or Pooled) t -Test

Example. An experiment was performed to compare the abrasive wear of two materials. Ten pieces of
material 1 ( group 1) and ten pieces of material 2 (group 2) were tested. The test on material 1 gave an
average wear of 85 units with a sample standard deviation of 4, and the test on material 2 gave an average
wear of 81 with a sample standard deviation of 5. Can we conclude at 0.05 level of significance that abrasive
wear of material 1 is greater than that of material 2 ? Assume the populations are normally distributed and
with equal variances.

Answer. Follow the steps in hypothesis testing.

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 ECE 069: Engineering Data Analysis
Module #16 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: __________________________ Date: _______________

Step 1. State the Null Hypothesis and the Alternative Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis : Ho : µ1 - µ2 = 0
Alternative Hypothesis : H1 : µ1 - µ2 > 0 ( One tail test )
Step 2. At level of significance, α = 0.05, and degrees of freedom (n1 + n2 - 2 ) equals 18, the critical
value of t, crit = 1.34.

Step 3. Calculate the test statistic, t – statistic.

( x1  x 2 )  Do (85  81)  0
t   1.96
(n1  1)  s1  (n2  1)  s2
2 2
1 1  (10  1)  4  (10  1)  52  1
2
1 
      
n1  n2  2  n1 n2  10  10  2  10 10 

Step 4. The calculated or the observed value of the t – statistic (1.96 ) is greater than the critical value of
the t- statistic (at α = 0.05 and degrees of freedom = 18, 1.34), or we may say that the observed value
of the t – statistic is at the rejection region. Hence, we reject the null hypothesis in favor of the
alternative hypothesis. This suggests that the abrasive wear of material 1 is greater than the
abrasive wear of material 2.

Further, at t = 1.96 and at degrees of freedom = 18, the p value is between 5% and 2.5%, hence
lesser than the level of significance, α = 0.05 ( or 5 % ), so we reject the null hypothesis.

Unequal Variance t -Test

Example. Assume that we are taking a diagonal measurement of bill boards purchased by a company.
Group 1 of samples includes 20 bill boards, while group 2 includes 10 billboards.
Statistical Data : Group 1 : mean diagonal measurement = 21.6 inches ; variance = 17.1
Group 2 : mean diagonal measurement = 19.4 inches ; variance = 1.4
Can we conclude that the mean of group 1 is greater than group 2.
Step 1. State the Null Hypothesis and the Alternative Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis : Ho : µ1 = µ2
Alternative Hypothesis : H1 : µ1 > µ2 ( One tail test )
Step 2. At level of significance, α = 0.05, and

degrees of freedom equals 24, the critical value of t, crit = 1.711.

2
 s12 s2 2 
2
   17.1 1.4 
     
Degrees of freedom =  n1 n2 
  
20 10
 24
2 2 2 2 2 2
 s1   s2   17.1   1 .4 
       
n  n   20   10 
  
1 2  
n1  1 n2  1 20  1 10  1

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 ECE 069: Engineering Data Analysis
Module #16 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: __________________________ Date: _______________

Step 3. Calculate the test statistic, t – statistic.

( x1  x 2 ) ( 21.6  19.4)
t    2.194
2 2
s1 s 17.1 1.4
 2 
n1 n2 20 10
Step 4. The calculated or the observed value of the t – statistic (2.194 ) is greater than the critical value of
the t- statistic (at α = 0.05 and degrees of freedom = 18, 1.711), or we may say that the observed value
of the t – statistic is at the rejection region. Hence, we reject the null hypothesis in favor of the
alternative hypothesis. This suggests that the diagonal length of the billboards in group 1 sample
is greater than that of group 2 sample.

Further using the p approach, at t = 2.194 and at degrees of freedom = 24, the p value is between
2.5% and 1.0%, hence lesser than the level of significance, α = 0.05 ( or 5 % ), so we reject the
null hypothesis.

Paired t - Test

⮚ A paired t-test is used when we are interested in the difference between two variables for the
same subject. Often the two variables are separated by time or something other than time.
⮚ Compares the means of two related groups of samples.
⮚ The t –statistic with degrees of freedom df = n-1

t
D
n   D 2   D 
2

n 1 where: D = sample difference

Paired t – Test Example.

Compare the fuel economy of the two cars , where the cars in each pair is operated using different
types of gasoline ( Type 1 gasoline & Type 2 gasoline)

Car 1 Car 2 D, D^2,

Model (Using Type 1 gasoline ) (Using Type 2 gasoline ) Difference ( Difference)^2
1 17 17 0 0
2 13.2 12.9 0.3 0.09
3 35.3 35.4 -0.1 0.01
4 13.6 13.2 0.4 0.16
5 32.7 32.5 0.2 0.04

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 ECE 069: Engineering Data Analysis
Module #16 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: __________________________ Date: _______________

6 18.4 18.1 0.3 0.09

7 22.5 22.5 0 0
8 26.8 26.7 0.1 0.01
9 15.1 15 0.1 0.01

Follow the steps in hypothesis testing.

Step 1. State the Null Hypothesis and the Alternative Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis : Ho : µ1 = µ2
Alternative Hypothesis : H1 : µ1 > µ2 ( One tail test )
Step 2. At level of significance, α = 0.05, and degrees of freedom (n - 1 ) equals 8, the critical value of t, t
crit = 1.86.

Step 3. Calculate the test statistic, t – statistic.

t
D 
1.3
 2.6
nD   D  9  (0.41)  (1.3) 2
2 2

n 1 9 1

Step 4. The calculated or the observed value of the t – statistic (2.6 ) is greater than the critical value of the
t- statistic (at α = 0.05 and degrees of freedom = 8, 1.86), or we may say that the observed value of
the t – statistic is at the rejection region. Hence, we reject the null hypothesis in favor of the
alternative hypothesis. This suggests that the Type 1 gasoline is more economical fuel than the
Type 2 gasoline.

Further ( using the p-value approach), at t = 2.6 and at degrees of freedom = 8, the p value is
between 2.5% and 1.0%, hence lesser than the level of significance, α = 0.05 ( or 5 % ), so we
reject the null hypothesis.

2. Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking) .

The table gave the observations of the control group and the treatment group. Use paired t-test to at 0.05
level of significance to determine if there is a significant difference between the mean of the two groups.
Sample Control Treatment
No. Group Group
1 3 20
2 3 13

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 ECE 069: Engineering Data Analysis
Module #16 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: __________________________ Date: _______________

3 3 13
4 12 20
5 15 29
6 16 32
7 17 23
8 19 20
9 23 25
10 24 15
11 32 30

Answer Sheet:

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 ECE 069: Engineering Data Analysis
Module #16 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: __________________________ Date: _______________

3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, Part 2 (2 mins)

You may now answer the third column of table in activity 1 based on what you know now.
What I Know QUESTION What I Learned

What is a one sample t – test?

What is a two sample t – test?

4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. A one sample t – test uses the following statistics: n = 5; x  5.5 and s =0.70 .
The null hypothesis is µ = 5.0 is . . .
a. accepted at the 10% level of significance; accepted at the 5 % level of significance.
b. accepted at the10% level of significance; rejected at the 5 % level of significance.

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 ECE 069: Engineering Data Analysis
Module #16 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: __________________________ Date: _______________

c. rejected at the 10% level of significance; accepted at the 5 % level of significance.

d. rejected at the 10% level of significance; rejected at the 5 % level of significance.

2. In testing the differences between the means of two independent populations, the null hypothesis
is . . .
a. H o : 1   2  1 b. H o : 1   2  0 c. H o : 1   2  0 d. H o : 1   2  1

3. The result is statistically significant when. . .

a. the null hypothesis is true. c. when the p value is less than or equal to the α.
b. the alternative hypothesis is true. d. when the p value is larger than α.

4. A one sample t – test was conducted to test the IQ of engineering students. The observe
t – statistic in the study with 15 samples at 0.05 level of significance is 2.0. What is the p – value
of this study?
a. within a value of 0.05 and 0.025.
b. greater than 0.05.
c less than 0.025.
d. none of the above

5. Two different alloys are being considered for making lead-free solder used in the wave soldering
process for printed circuit boards. A crucial characteristic of solder is its melting point, which is
known to follow a Normal distribution. A study was conducted using a random sample of 21 pieces
of solder made from each of the two alloys. In each sample, the temperature at which each of the
21 pieces melted was determined. The mean and standard deviation of the sample for Alloy 1 were
x1 = 218.9ºC and s1 = 2.7ºC; for Alloy 2 the results were x2 = 215.5ºC and s2 = 3.6ºC. If we were
to test H0: µ1 = µ2 against Ha: µ1 ≠ µ2. In this study what is the degrees of freedom equal to?

a. 21 b. 20 c. 40 d. 42

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)
You are done with the session! Let's track your progress.
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

⮚ The t test is the commonly used statistical test to test the means of two groups of sample.
⮚ You can also use the data menu of Microsoft excel to find the critical value of t and the observe
value of t.

⮚ Let us use Microsoft excel to find the critical value of t and the observed t for the data in activity 3
above.

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 ECE 069: Engineering Data Analysis
Module #16 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: __________________________ Date: _______________

The table gave the observations of the control group and the treatment group. Use paired t-test to
at 0.05 level of significance to determine the significance of the mean of the two groups.
Sample Control Treatmen
No. Group t Group
1 3 20
2 3 13
3 3 13
4 12 20
5 15 29
6 16 32
7 17 23
8 19 20
9 23 25
10 24 15
11 32 30

Steps:

● Enter the control group and the treatment group columns in excel.

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 ECE 069: Engineering Data Analysis
Module #16 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: __________________________ Date: _______________

● Click Data, then Data Analysis , the t-test: Paired Two Sample for Means, then press OK.

● Input Variable 1 Range, then Variable 2 Range, enter Alpha, click New Worksheet Ply, then OK.

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 ECE 069: Engineering Data Analysis
Module #16 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: __________________________ Date: _______________

The observed / calculated value of t

The critical value of t

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 ECE 069: Engineering Data Analysis
Module #16 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: __________________________ Date: _______________

KEY TO CORRECTION
Activity #3
Follow the steps in hypothesis testing.

Step 1. State the Null Hypothesis and the Alternative Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis: Ho: µ1 = µ2
Alternative Hypothesis: H1: µ1  µ2 ( Two tailed test )
Step 2. At level of significance, α/2 = 0.025, and degrees of freedom (n - 1) equals 10, the critical value of
t, t crit = 2.228

Step 3. Calculate the test statistic, t – statistic.

t
D 
 73
 2.73
n   D 2   D  11  (1,131)  ( 73) 2
2

n 1 11  1

Control Treatment
Sample Group Group D
No.
1 3 20 -17 289
2 3 13 -10 100
3 3 13 -10 100
4 12 20 -8 64
5 15 29 -14 196
6 16 32 -16 256
7 17 23 -6 36
8 19 20 -1 1
9 23 25 -2 4
10 24 15 9 81
11 32 30 2 4

Step 4. The calculated or the observed value of the t – statistic (- 2.73 or 2.73 since two tailed test is
conducted) is greater than the critical value of the t- statistic (at α = 0.05 and degrees of freedom =
10, 2.228), or we may say that the observed value of the t – statistic is at the rejection region.
Hence, we reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis. This suggests that the
control group and the treatment group do not have equal mean.

This document is a property of PHINMA EDUCATION

 ECE 069: Engineering Data Analysis
Module #16 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: __________________________ Date: _______________

Further (using the p-value approach), at t = 2.73 and at degrees of freedom = 10, the p value is
between 2.5% and 1.0%, hence lesser than the level of significance, α = 0.05 (or 5 %), so we reject
the null hypothesis.

This document is a property of PHINMA EDUCATION

 ECE 069: Engineering Data Analysis
Module #16 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: __________________________ Date: _______________

This document is a property of PHINMA EDUCATION