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Bio - Non-Mendelian Genetics Packet

Incomplete Dominance
In snapdragons, flower color is controlled by RR = Red WW = White RW = Pink
incomplete dominance. The two alleles are red WR = Pink
(R) and white (W). The heterozygous genotype is
expressed as pink. Red flowers and white flower
are both homozygous. Complete a Punnett
square for each of the questions.

1. A white-flowered plant is crossed with a red-flowered plant. Complete a Punnett Square.

a. Parent Genotypes: WWx RR

b. Percent offspring that are Red: 0%

c. Percent offspring that are White: 0%

d. Percent offspring that are Pink: 100%

2. A pink-flowered plant is crossed with a white-flowered plant. Complete a Punnett Square.

a. Parent Genotypes: RWx WW

b. Percent offspring that are Red: 0%

c. Percent offspring that are White: 50%

d. Percent offspring that are Pink: 50%

3. A pink-flowered plant is crossed with a pink-flowered plant. Complete a Punnett Square.

a. Parent Genotypes: RWx RW

b. Percent offspring that are Red: 25%

c. Percent offspring that are White: 25%

d. Percent offspring that are Pink: 50%

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 Incomplete Dominance
In certain breeds of horses, there are two WW = Pearl Horse BB = Chestnut BW or WB =
alleles for fur color, W = White and B = (White) (Brown) Palomino (Tan)
Brown. There are three different
genotypes, WW = Pearl (White), BB =
Chestnut (Brown), and BW or WB=
Palomino (tan).

4. A white horse is crossed with a Palomino horse.

a. Parent Genotypes: WWx BB

b. Percent offspring that are White: 0%

c. Percent offspring that are Brown: 0%

d. Percent offspring that are Tan: 100%

5. Two Palomino horses are crossed.

a. Parent Genotypes: BW x BW

b. Percent offspring that are White: 0%

c. Percent offspring that are Brown: 25%

d. Percent offspring that are Tan: 50%

6. A white horse is crossed with a chestnut horse.

a. Parent Genotypes: WW X BB

b. Percent offspring that are White: 0%

c. Percent offspring that are Brown: 100%

d. Percent offspring that are Tan: 0%

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 Codominance
Rhododendrons exhibit a type of RW or WR = Mixed
inheritance called codominance. In this RR = Red Petals WW = White Petals
Petals
flower type, there are two alleles that are
codominant to each other. R produces red
petals and W produce white petals. In the
case of rhododendrons, the crossing of a
red and white flower may yield a flower
that has both red and white petals.

7. Cross between a red and white Rhododendron.

a. What would the genotypes of the two parents be? RRx WW

b. Percent offspring that are Red: 0%

c. Percent offspring that are White: 0%

d. Percent offspring that are Mixed: 100%

8. Cross between two mixed petal flowers.

a. What would the genotypes of the two parents be? RWx RW

b. Percent offspring that are Red: 25%

c. Percent offspring that are White: 25%

d. Percent offspring that are Mixed: 50%

9. Cross a mixed and a red Rhododendron.

a. What would the genotypes of the two parents be? RW x RR

b. Percent offspring that are Red: 50 %

c. Percent offspring that are White: 0%

d. Percent offspring that are Mixed: 50%

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 Codominance
Roan Cattle: Roan cattle are a mix between
red and white cattle. Roan cattle have both RR = Red WW = White RW, WR = Roan
red and white fur because they are
heterozygous for fur color and both alleles
are expressed. White cattle is homozygous
for the W allele. Red cattle is homozygous
for the R allele. Remember bulls are male
and cows are female.

10. What offspring are expected from mating a roan bull and a roan cow?
a. What would the genotypes of the two parents be? RWx RW

b. What’s the probability the offspring will be red? 25%

c. What’s the probability the offspring will be white? 25%

d. What’s the probability the offspring will be roan? 50%

11. What phenotypes would you expect from a cross between a red bull and a white cow?
a. What would the genotypes of the two parents be? Mm

x _________

b. What’s the probability the offspring will be red? _______%

c. What’s the probability the offspring will be white? _______%

d. What’s the probability the offspring will be roan? _______%

12. What phenotypes would you expect from a cross between a red bull and a roan cow?
a. What would the genotypes of the two parents be? _________ x _________

b. What’s the probability the offspring will be red? _______%

c. What’s the probability the offspring will be white? _______%

d. What’s the probability the offspring will be roan? _______%

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 Blood Typing
Human blood types are determined by genes that follow the CODOMINANCE pattern of inheritance. There are
two dominant alleles (A and B) and one recessive allele (o). Both of the A and B alleles are dominant to “o”.
Phenotype A Blood B Blood O blood AB Blood
Genotype AA or Ao BB or Bo oo AB
13. Dad is homozygous for B blood and mom is type “O” blood. Complete a Punnett Square.

a. What are the genotypes of the parents? BBx oo

b. What are the chances the offspring is type A blood? 0%
c. What are the chances the offspring is type B blood? 100%
d. What are the chances the offspring is type AB blood? 0%
e. What are the chances the offspring is type O blood? 0%
14. A mother and father both have type AB blood. Complete a Punnett Square and answer the questions.

a. What are the genotypes of the parents? ABx AB

b. What are the chances the offspring is type A blood? 25%
c. What are the chances the offspring is type B blood? 25%
d. What are the chances the offspring is type AB blood? 50%
e. What are the chances the offspring is type O blood? 0%
15. A mother that is heterozygous for A blood and a father who has O blood. Complete a Punnett Square and
answer the questions.
a. What are the genotypes of the parents? Aox oo
b. What are the chances the offspring is type A blood? 50%
c. What are the chances the offspring is type B blood? 0%
d. What are the chances the offspring is type AB blood? 0%
e. What are the chances the offspring is type O blood? 50%
16. A father and mother both have type O blood. Complete a Punnett Square and answer the questions.
a. What are the genotypes of the parents? oox oo
b. What are the chances the offspring is type A blood? 0%
c. What are the chances the offspring is type B blood? 0%
d. What are the chances the offspring is type AB blood? 0%
e. What are the chances the offspring is type O blood? 100%

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 Blood Typing
The Rh factor is inherited either as a “+” which has the Rh antigens or “-“ which does not. The positive allele is
dominant to the recessive “-“ allele.

Phenotype Positive Blood Negative Blood

Genotype ++ or + — — —

17. A woman and man are both heterozygous for the Rh factor.
a. What are the genotypes of the parents? ______ x ______
b. What are the chances the offspring has positive blood? ______%
c. What are the chances the offspring has negative blood? ______%

18. A woman and man are both homozygous positive for the Rh Factor.
a. What are the genotypes of the parents? ______ x ______
b. What are the chances the offspring has positive blood? ______%
c. What are the chances the offspring has negative blood? ______%

19. A woman and man are both homozygous recessive for the Rh factor.
a. What are the genotypes of the parents? ______ x ______
b. What are the chances the offspring has positive blood? ______%
c. What are the chances the offspring has negative blood? ______%

20. A man is heterozygous for type A blood and is homozygous positive for the Rh factor. A woman is
heterozygous for type B blood who is homozygous negative for the Rh factor. Complete one Punnett
square for the ABO blood type and one for the Rh factor. Complete the answers below.

a. What are the chances the offspring is type A blood? ______%

b. What are the chances the offspring is type B blood? 25%

c. What are the chances the offspring is type AB blood? 25%

d. What are the chances the offspring is type O blood? 25%

e. What are the chances the offspring has positive blood? 50%

f. What are the chances the offspring has negative blood? 50%

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 Sex-Linked Genetics
Colorblindness: Colorblindness is a disorder in which parts of the eye don’t develop correctly because of a
defective allele located on the X chromosome. The defective allele is recessive because if you receive one
normal allele, you will still see in color. Males only need one copy of the gene while females need two
recessive alleles to be colorblind.
Sex Chromosomes
B
X - X chromosome with unaffected dominant allele
Xb - X chromosome with recessive colorblind allele
Y - Y chromosome (does not contain comparable gene)

Genotypes
XBXB = Female, Unaffected XBXb = Female, Carrier XbXb = Female, Colorblind

XBY = Male, Unaffected XbY = Male, Colorblind

21. Cross a Carrier Female with an unaffected Male in a Punnett square.

a. Parent’s genotypes: ______ and ______
b. What’s the probability their offspring will be colorblind? _____%
c. What’s the probability of a male child being colorblind? _____%
d. What’s the probability of a female child being colorblind? _____%

22. Cross a Carrier Female with a Colorblind Male in a Punnett square.

a. Parent’s genotypes: ______ and ______
b. What’s the probability their offspring will be colorblind? _____%
c. What’s the probability of a male child being colorblind? _____%
d. What’s the probability of a female child being colorblind? _____%

23. Cross an unaffected Female with an unaffected Male in a Punnett square.

a. Parent’s genotypes: ______ and ______
b. What’s the probability their offspring will be colorblind? _____%
c. What’s the probability of a male child being colorblind? _____%
d. What’s the probability of a female child being colorblind? _____%

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 Sex-Linked Genetics
Hemophilia: Hemophilia is a disease where a defective allele prevents the synthesis of a factor needed for
blood clotting. Patients who have hemophilia will bleed uncontrollably from even the smallest cuts which can
become infected easily. Men only need one recessive allele to have hemophilia, while females need two. \
Sex Chromosomes
H
X - X chromosome with unaffected dominant allele (no hemophilia)
Xh - X chromosome with recessive hemophilia allele
Y - Y chromosome (does not contain comparable gene)

Genotypes
XHXH = Female, Unaffected XHXh = Female, Carrier XhXh = Female, Affected

XHY = Male, Unaffected XhY = Male, Affected

24. Cross a carrier female with an unaffected male.

a. Parent’s genotypes: X^H and X^H Y
b. Probability their offspring will have hemophilia? 25%
c. Probability of a male having hemophilia? 50%
d. Probability of a female having hemophilia 0%

25. A woman who is a carrier for hemophilia marries a hemophiliac man.

a. Parent’s genotypes: X^H X^h and X^h Y
b. Probability their offspring will have hemophilia? 50%
c. Probability of a male having hemophilia? 50%
d. Probability of a female having hemophilia? 50%

26. A woman who has hemophilia marries an unaffected man.

a. Parent’s genotypes: X^h X^h and X^H Y
b. Probability their offspring will have hemophilia? 50%
c. Probability of a male having hemophilia? 100%
d. Probability of a female having hemophilia 0%