English Grammar Grade 7Contents Present and past 2 Present continuous (I am doing) 4. Present simple (I do} 6 Present continuous and present simple 1 (I am doing and I do) 8 Present continuous and present simple 2 (I am doing and I do) 10 Past simple (I did) 12 Past continuous (1 was doing! Present perfect and past 14 Present perfect 1 (Ihave done) 16 Present perfect 2 (I have done) 18 Present perfect continuous (! have been doing) 20 Present perfect continuous and simple (I have been doing and I have done) 22 How long have you (bea)... ? 24 For and since. When ... ? and How long ... ? - 26 Present perfect and past I (I have done and I did) 28 Present perfect and past 2 (I have done and I did) 30 Past perfect (I had done! 82 Past perfect continuous (J had been doing) 34. Have got and have 36 Used to (doi Future 38 Present censes (I am doing / I do) for the future 40 (I'm) going to (do! 42 Willshall 1 44 Wilshall 2 46 Twill and I'm going yo 48 Will be doing and will have done 50 When I do/ When I've done When an Modals 52 Can, could and (be) able to 54 Could (do) and could have (done) 56 Must and can't 58 May and might 1 60 May and might 2 62 Have to and must 64 Must mustn't needn't 66 Should 1 68 Should 2 70 Had beter Irs time... 72 Would 74 Can'Could/Would you ... 7 etc. |Requests, offers, permission and invitations) TR Ae PomeU ard wish 76 ldo... and If did... 78 Ui knew... wish | knew 80 If Thad known... Twish | had known 82 Wish Passive B4 Passive L (is done / was done} 86 Passive 2. (be done / becn done / being done) 88 Passive 3 90 Ieissaid thar... He is said co . 92 Have something done He is supposed co . Reborted sbeech 94 Reported speech | (He said that «..| 96 Reporred speech 2 Questions ond auxiliary verbs 98 Questions 1 100 Questions 2 (Do you know where ... ?/ He asked me where ...) 102 Auxiliary verbs (have/dolean erc.) 1 think so/ I hope so ete 104 Question tags (do you? isn’e it? etc.) ing and the ipinitive 106 Verb + -ing (enjoy doing / stop doing etc.) 108 Verb + to .u (decide £0... / forget 10 w+. ete.) 110 Verb (+ object) + t0 .». {I want you 10 ... e¢.) 112 Verb + sing o¢ to ... | (rememberiregret etc.) 11d Verb + sing ar to ... 2 (try/need/help) 116 Verb + ing oF to ... 3 (like / would like ete.) 118 Prefer and would rather 120 Preposition fin/for/about etc.) + -ing 122 Befget used to something (I'm used to 124 Verb + preposition + -ing {succeed in 126 Expressions + -ing 128 To ..., for... and s0 that... (porpose) 130 Adjective + t0 s+» 132 To ... (afraid ¢0 do) and preposicion + -ing (afraid of -ing 134. See somebody do and see somebody doing 136 -ing clases (Feeling tired, | went to bed early ) 1g / accuse somebody of -ing etc.) Articles and sows 138 Councable and uncountable 3 140 Councable and uncountable 2 142 Countable nouns with aan and some 144 Aan and the 146 The | 148 The 2 (schoo! / the school ete.) 150. The 3 (children / she children) 152 The 4 (the giraffe / the telephone / the piano etc., the + adiective) 154. Names with and without the t 156 Names with and without the 2 158 Singular and plural 160 Noun + noun (a tennis ball / a headache} 162. ~ (your sister's name) and of ... (the name of the book)il) Present continuous (I am doing) EY stody this example situation: Sarah is in her car. She is on her way to work. She is driving to work, ‘This means: she is driving sow, at the time of speaking ‘The action is nor finished, Ammlisiare + -ing is the preseut continuous: 1 helshe/ic welyoulthey are Pm) driving he'sete.) working = we're eve.) | doing et PERI) 12 doing soreshing = tn in che idle of doing is ve started doing i and T haven finished yer: Please don’t make so much noise. I'm trying co work. (not [ery) ‘Where's Mark?” ‘He's having a shower.” (nor He has a shower) Let's go out now. It isa't eaining any more. (not fe doesn’t cain) 10 (at a party) Hello, Jane. Are you enjoying the party? (not Do vou enjor) © Whae’s all chac noise? Whar’s going on? (= What's happening?) ‘The action is not necessarily happening ar che cime of speaking. For example Steve is ralking to a friend on the phone. He says: Tim reading 2 really ood bo9k at the mom Ws about a sin who ‘Steve is noc reading the book at the time of speaking, He means chat he has started it, bur has nor finished it yet. He is in the middle of reading ir. Some more examples 1 Kace wants co work in Italy, so she's learning Iraian. (buc perhaps she isn't learning Iralian ar the time of speaking) 1 Some friends of mine are building el ir own house. They hope to finish it next summer. You can use che present continvous with today / this week / this year ete. (periods around now): © a: You're working hard coday. (tot You work hard coday}) ws: Yes, Phave a lor 10 do 3 The company I work for isn’t doing so well this year. ‘We use the present continuous when we ralk about changes happening around now, especially with these verbs: get change become increase rise fall grow improve egin start Is your English gerting better? (not Does your English get bewcer} “The population of the world is increasing very fast. (no! increases) At first f didn't like my job, bor I'm beginning to enjoy it now. (ror I begin)Exercises Unit 1 Ww 13 14 Complete the sentences with the following verbs in the correct form: fet happen look lose. make start stay try wore 1 working hard today.” “Yes, | have a lot to do. 9 ioe ——n-- for Christine. Do you know where she is? 3 Was onssminsee dark. Shall Eur on the light? 4 They don’t have anywhere to live at the moment. They qenenenmnnnnnennnen With friends until they find somewhere, 5 Things are nor so good at work. The company ss money. 6 Have you got an umbrella? [e pacnaceSTRIR 7 You connenennnnmnenee a JOR OF noise. Can yon be quieter? | onnnn to concentrate. 8 Why are all chese people here? What. Put the verb into the correct form. Sometimes you need the negative (I'm not doing etc). 1 Please don't make so much noise. I #uiN@. (ry) to work. 2 Let's go our now. It 8! E SANE grain any more. 3. You can urn off the radio, |. (listen) co i 4 Kate phoned me lase might. She’s on holiday in France. She " (have) 4 great time and doesn’t want co come back. 5 I want to lose weight, so this week | svsneenntenesn (040) Hunch 6 Andrew has just started evening classes. H€ —-ees-rnmeeennnneeennne - {learn} German, 7 Paul and Sally have had an argument. The a-v-ees-wenene . (speak) co each other 8 (get) tired. } need acest. 9 ~ {work} this week, Hgs on holiday. Complete the conversations. 1 a: Lsaw Brian a few days ago. &: Oh, did vou? deen... these days? (what fhe / do) a: He's ar unuversity oo. 2 (whar/ he / study) \ & ici it (he / enjoy) A: Yes, he says it’s a very good course: 2 & Hi, Liz. How .. pomeessannge woes i YOur new job? {you / get on) 8: Not bad. IC wasn't so good at first, bur - now: (things / get) A: Whar shout Jonathan? Is he OK? Yes, but ase his work. a the moment. {he / not /enjoy) He's been in the same job for a long time 21d .nnue-cenisnnnnneenste coger bored with it, the / begin) . beter Complete the sentences using the following verbs: begin change get tnerease- rise The population of the world easing. very fast. The World ene nee «Things never stay the same. The sitvacion is already bad and ir ~ The cose of living - The weather as strong, Beene worse. «Every year things are more expensive. 10 improve. The rain has stopped, and the wind isn'tUnit vy Present simple (I do) Study this example situation: ‘Alex is a bus driver, bur mow he is in bed asleep. He is nor driving a bus. (He is asleep.) but He drives a bus. (He is a bus driver.) Drivets)/work(sy/dotes) ete. is the presen: simple: Uwelyoulthey drivelwork/do ec. he/shelit drives/works/does exc. We use the present simple co alle abour things in general. We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is crue in general © Nurses look after patients in hospitals. © 1 usually go away at weekends. 10 The earth goes round the sun. 1B The café opens at 7.30 in the morning. Remember: Iwork... but He works... They teach... but My sister teaches For spelling (-s or -es, see Appendix 6. We use do/does 10 make questions and negative sentences: | work? | do | welyoutthey | Yr does | he/shelit do? Uwelyoulthey done YOR | helshefi« doesn’ $M 1 Tcome from Canada. Where do you come from? 1 Ldon’t go away very often, © Whac does this word mean? (not Whar means this word?) 1 Rice doesn’t grow in cold climares. In che following examples, do is also the main verb (do you do / doesn’e do ete.): 15 ‘Whar do you do?” ‘I work in a shop,” 1 He's always so lazy. He doesn’t do anything to help. ‘We use the present simple co say how often we do things: 13 I get up at 8 o'clock every morning, 1 How often do you go to the dentist? 1 Julie doesn't drink tea very often, 1 Robert usually goes away two or three times a year. 1 promise /1 apologise etc. Sometimes we do things by saying something. For example, when you promise co do something, you can say ‘I promise ...; when you suggest something, you can say ‘T suggest I promise I won't be late. (or I'm promising) 1B ‘Whar do you suggest | do? ‘Tsuggest that you ...” In the same way we say: | apologise... / 1 advise... /I insist .. /Tagree ... /U refuse ... eteExercises Unit 2 2.1 Complete the sentences using the following verbs: cause(s) connect(s) —drink(s)_—_live(s).—open(s) -speakts —_take(s) Tanya . 222845... German very well. I 2 Ldom't offen nnn Coffee, 3. The swimming pool -onmeon vue at 7.30 every morning, 4 Bad driving many accidents, 5° My parents eves a Very small flat. 6 The Olympic Games : place every four years 7 The Panama Canal oo. the Atlantic and Pacific oveans. 2.2 Put the verb into the correct form. 1 Julie ..doven'p. drink... (nor / drink) rea very often. Whar (the banks / close} here? I've got a computer, but I ~ (not / use) it much. (Martin / come) from?" “He's Scoctish.’ (you / do)?” ‘I'm an electrician. + take} me an hour to get t0 work, How long Gir / cake} you? 7 Look ac this sentence. What ssneoreeecmen 8 David isn’t very fit, He cee enne een 1 ane se Bu mun (this word / mean}? on» (not f do} any sport. 2.3 Use the following verbs to complete the sentences. Sometimes you need the negative: believe eat flow go grow = make rise. tell’ —_ translate L The earth ..9985... round the sun 7 An interpreter .. from one 2 Rice. des Britain. language into another. 3. The sun... co jm the east. 8 Liars are people who a 4 Bess sxceme ceca honey the truth. 5 Vegetatians once =meat. 9 The River Amazon . 6 An atheist wimatniscns ii Gad, into the Atlantic Ocean. 24 — You ask Liz questions about herself and her family. Write the questions. 1 You know thar Li plays tennis. You want ro know how often. Ask her How often ...42.. you. play. tenis. Perhaps Liz’ sister plays tennis 100. You want to kno your sister 3 You know that Liz reads a newspaper every day You want to know which one. Ask her 4 You know that Liz's brother works. You want to know what he does. Ask Liz You know that Liz goes to the cinema a lot. You want to kiow how often. Ask her. 6 You don’t know where Liz’ grandparents live. You want to know: Ask Liz. 25 Complete using the followin Lapologise insist. ‘I promise recommend = suggest- les a nice day. suggest... we go our for a walk. T won't cell anybody what you said. (in a restaurant) You must let me pay for the meal, eon — for what I did. It won't happen again, The new restaurant in Hill Street is very GOOd. een ren nnnnenUnit 3 zy Present continuous and present simple 1 (I am doing and | do) Compare: Present continous (Iam doing) We use the continuous for things happening at or around the time of speaking. The action is not complete. Tam doing past owe Future The water is boiling. Can you turn it off? Listen to those people. What language are they speaking? Ler's go out. Ic isn't raining nov. ‘Ym busy.’ Whar are you doing 'm getting hungry. Let's go and eat © Kate wants to work in Italy, so she's learning Italian, 1 The population of the world is increasing very fast. 0 We use the continuous for temporary situations: I'm living with some friends until I find a place of my own. © A: You're working hard today, a: Yes, | have a lot to do. See Unit 1 for more information. 1 always do and I'm always doing 1 always do (something) = | do it every time: Present simple (1 dod ‘We use the simple tor things in general or things thar happen repeatedly Ido - past now future = Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. Excuse me, do you speak English? 5 Ie doesn’t rain very much in summer. What do you usually do at weekends? © Lalways get hungry in the afternoon. Most people learn to swim when they are children. Every day the population of the world increases by about 200.000 people, ‘We use the simple for permanent situations 1 My parents live in Landon. They have lived there all their lives john isn’t lazy. He works hard most of the time, See Unit 2 for more information, 1 I always go to work by car. (nor I'm always going) ‘Pm always doing something’ has a different meaning. For example: ‘Two more examples: Gian lost my pen.again. Im always losing things, AD iu pee be ee eee eve 'm always losing things = I lose things very often, pethaps too often, or more often than normal. 1 You're always watching television. You should do something more active. {= You watch television too often) 10 Tim is never satisfied. He's always complaining. (= He complains too much)Exercises Unit 3 31 32 33 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them where necessary. 1 Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius OK. 2 The water boils. Can you turn it off? ig. boding. 3 Look! That man tries to open the door of your car. 4 Can you hear chose people? What do they talk about? 5 The moon goss round the earth in about 27 days. 6 I must go now. Ir gets late. 7 L usually go to work by car. 8 "Hurry up! Irs time to leave.” “OK, 1 come.” 9 Thear you've got a new job, How do vou get on? 10 Paul is never late, He's alway’ getting to work on time 11 They don’t get on well. They'ze always arguing. Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple. 1 Lets go out. Ir .s5nlt. rauring . (not /rain) now. 2 Julia is very good at languages. She ..$P&4KS... (speak) four languages very well. 3 Hurry up! Everybody - _-- (wait) for you. 4 {you / listen) to the radio® “No, you can turn it off." a {you / listen) to the radio every day?" ‘No, just occasionally.” 6 The River sonuee-nonne (How) into the Mediterranean, 7 The river .. (low) very fast today ~ much faster than usual. 8 We usually sneer (BROW) vegetables in our garden, but this year we ross (not / grow) any. 9 a: How's your English? 8: Not bad. I think it cone Gimprove) slowly. 10 Rachel is in London at the moment. She .. - (stay) at the Park Hotel She always .. -vovnee (Stay) there when she’s in London, 11 Can we stop walking $600? I o.soco-ronn-snnnnnsnnnen (StAFt) (0 feel tired. 12: Can you drive? a1 sveneeeeenennee Hearn), My Father osoonn snevesem (teach) me, 13 Normally 1... (finish) work at five, but this week I ssc (work) until six to earn a little more money. 14 My patents ono ow (live) in Manchester. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else. Where (your parents / live)? 1S. SoMtia. nem (look) for a plgce to live. She (stay) with her sister until she finds somewhere. 16 a: What... ~ we (your brother / do}? & He's an architect, but he (not / work) at the moment. 17 (ata party) Cusually siicincnas femjoy) partlesy but Tacit seats {not / enjoy) this one very much, Finish B's sentences, Use always ~ing. 14: T've lost my pen again. 8: Not againt Youre always. sing. your pen. _ a: The car has broken down again. : That car is useless. It a: Look! You've made the same mistake again, 8 Oh no, not again! 1 4a: Oh, I've forgomten my glasses again. &: Typical! aaUiThe Present continuous and present simple 2 (I am doing and | do) We use continuous forms for actions and happenings that have started but not finished (they are cating / it is raining etc.|. Some verbs (for example, know and like) are not normally used in this way. We don't say ‘I am knowing’ or ‘they are liking’; we say ‘I know’, ‘they like’ The following verbs are not normally used in the present continuo\ I need prefer e love hate want know realise suppose mean understand believe remember consist seem belong fit con 15 I'm hungry. I want something to eat. (not I'm wanting) 1 Do you understand what I mean? 3 Ann doesn't seem very happy at the moment. Think When think means ‘believe’ or ‘have an opinion’, we do not use the continuous: (I think Mary is Canadian, but I'm not sure. (not I'm thinking) 15 What do you (= What is your opinion?) When think means ‘consider’, the continuous is possible: © E'm thinking about what happened. I often think about it. 10 Nicky is thinking of giving up her job. (= she is considering it) 4 about my plan? He is selfish and He is being selfish He's being = He's behaving / He's acting. Compare: I can’t understand why he’s being so selfish. He isn't usually like chat. (being selfish = behaving selfishly at the moment) 2 He never thinks about other people. He is very selfish. (not He is being) (= He is selfish generally, not only at the.moment) We use anvis/are being to say how somebody is behaving. It is not usually possible in other sentences: 10 Ie’ hot today. (vot It is being hoe) 10 Sarah is very tired. (nor is being tired) See hear smell taste ‘We normally use the present simple (not continuous) with these verbs: 1 Do you see that man over there? ot Are you seeing) 10 This room smells. Ler’s open a window. We often use can + seethear/smelltaste: © | can hear a strange noise. Can you hear i? Look feel ‘You can use the present simple or continuous to say how somebody looks or feels now: © You look well today. or You're looking well today. © How do you feel now? or How are you feeling now? but 12 T usually feel tied in the morning. (vot I'm usually feeling)Exercises Unit 4 al 42 43 4a Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them where necessary. icky is thinking of giving up her job. OK... Are you believing in Go Um feeling hungry. Is there anything to eat? This sauce is grear. It's tasting really good. I'm thinking this is your key. Am I right? _ Use the words in brackets to make sentences. (You should also study Unit 3 before you do this exercise.) (you not [sem very happy today) You don't. seem very happy, today. Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple. Are you hungry? De. you / want) something to eat? 1 2 Don’t put the dictionary away. I... = (use) ite 3. Don’t put the dictionary away. T (need 4 Who is that man? What the / want)? 5 Who is that man? Why ssa (he / look) at us? 6 Alan says he's 80 years old, bur nobody (believe) him. 7 She told me her name, but I is not / remember) it now. 81 (think) of selling my cat. Would jou be interested in buying it? a (think) you should sell your car. You ’ (not / use) it very often. 10 Air — ~~ (consist) mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. Complete the sentences using the most suitable form of be. Sometimes you must use the simple {amiis/are) and sometimes the continuous is more suitable (amis/are being). 1 Lean’t understand why ..Me’s being _ so selfish. He isn’t usually like that. 2 Sarah very nice to me at the moment. I wonder why. 3. You'll like Debbie when you meet her. She .. very nice. 4 You're usually very patient, so why —. ten more minutes? 5 Why isn’t Steve at work today? eTithe yee Past simple (I did) FY study this example: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian musician and composer. He lived from 1756 co 1791. He started composing ar the age of five and wrote more than 600 pieces of music. He was only 35 years old when he di Lived/started/wrote/was/died are all past simple. PE) 1) often the past simple ends in -ed (regular verbs): © I work in a travel agency now. Before that | worked in a department store. 13 We invited them ro our party, bur they decided nar to come. © The police stopped me on my way home last night. © Laura passed her examination because she studied very hard. 6. For spelling (stopped, studied etc.) sce Appen But many verbs are irregular, The past simple does not end in -ed. For example: write + wrote (2 Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music. see > saw 13 We saw Rose in town a few days ago. go > went CT went to the cinema three times last week. shut + shut 1 It was cold, so I shut the window. For a lst of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1. In questions and negatives we use did/didn't + infinitive (enjoy/secigo ete.): you | enjoy? 1 enjoy she | see? | she didn't see they | gor | they xo 10 A: Did you go our last night? 8: Yes, I went to the cinema, but I didn't enjoy the film much, 3 When did Mr Thomas die?” ‘About ten years ago.” 1 They didn’t invite her to the party, so she di 8 ‘Did you have time to write the lercer?” In the following examples, do is the main verb in the sentence (did ... do / didn’t do): © What did you do at the weekend? (not What did you at the weekend?) 6 Ididn't do anything, (not I didn’t anything) TR) hee past of be (amvis/are) is waslwere: Uhelshelit_was/wasn't was Uhe/shelit? welyoulthey were/weren’t were welyoulthey? Note that we do not use did in negatives and questions with was/were: 1 Twas angry because they were late 1G Was the weather good when you were on holiday? 1 They weren't able to come because they were so busy: 6 Did you go out last night or were you too tired? 10Exercises Unit 5 5.1 Read what Laura says about a typical working day: usually get up at 7 o'clock and have 2 big breakfast. I walk to. work, which takes me about half an hour. start work at 845. 1 never have lunch. I finish work at § o'clock. I'm always tied when | get home. | usually cook a meal in the evening, { don't usually 90 out. | go to bed at about 11 o'clock, and 1 always steep well laura Yesterday was a typical working day for Laura. Write what she did or didn’t do yesterday. 1 She got.up.at To'dlock. 7 cnn ar $ o'clock. 2 She ee nw ig Breakfast, 8 nn tied when _—. home, 3 She . -9 s+ a meal yesterday evening, 4c to get ro work. 10 out yesterday evening. Son ar845. 11. at 11 o'clock. 6 ene WYER, 12 eee nennnnnneenen Well last night. 5.2 Complete the sentences using the following verbs in the correct form: buy catch cost. fall ~shurt_— sell spend teach throw write. 1 Mozart ..Wwt0te._.. more than 600 pieces of music. 2 ‘How did you learn to drive?” ‘My father ..... 3 We couldn't afford to keep our car, so we - 4 Dave down the stairs this morning and his leg 5 Jim __-... the ball to Sue, who ~ =a 6 Ann. ---». a lot of money yesterday. She . a dress which sevonenennwnanne £100, 5.3 You ask James about his holiday. Write your questions. Hi, How are things? Fine, thanks. I've just had a grear holiday. 1 Where did. you.g0... > To the U.S. We went on a trip from San Francisco to Denver. eveconeen ? By Gat? Yes, we hired a car in San Francisco. It’s a long way to drive. Héw long HOW enenve . ‘Two weeks. 4 Where 2 In hotels? Yes, small hotels or motels. 5 eee ‘Yes, but it was very hot ~ sometimes too hot. 6 . sue. the Grand Canyon? Of course. It was wonderful 5.4 Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative. 1 Ie was warm, so 1 229... off my coat. (take) 2 The film wasn’t very good. I ..didn't. enjoy. it very much. (enjoy) 3. Tknew Sarah was very busy, so I... hee. (disturb) 4 Lwas very tired, so [—~ — the party early. (leave) 5 The bed was very uncomfortable. very well. (sleep) 6 The window was open and a bird .. into the room. (fly) 7 The hotel wasn't very expensive. Ir ~~ very much, (cost) 8 1 was in a hurry, so 1 time to phone you. (have) 9 Ir was hard carrving the bags. They very heavy. (be) Wihe 6 5 Past continuous (I was doing) Study this example situation: Yesterday Karen and Jim played cennis, They began ar 30 o'clock and finished at 11.30. So. at 10.30 they were playing tennis, ‘They were playing = they were in the middle of playing. They had not finished playing, Wasiwere -ing isthe past continuous 8 Uhelshefit was Pl welyoutthey were | 008 working ec PRE 8x doing conerning =1 was inthe vidal of doing sontthing a cai time, The ation of situation had already started before this time, but had nor finished: {stared doing Las doing Unibed doing. past past mow © This rime lage year I was living in Brazil. . © What were you doing ar 10 o'clock last night? © T waved to Helen, bur she wasn't looking. Compare the past continous (I was doing) and past simple (I did): Past continuous (im the middle of an action) | Past simple (complete action) © | was walking home when I mer Dave. I walked home after che party’ last night. {in the middle of an action) (- all che way, completely) 1 Kate was watching television when. Kace watched relevision a lor when she wwe arrived. vas ill ast year, We often use che past simple and the past continuous together to say that something happened in the middle of something else: © Matt phoned while we were having dinner. 5 fe was raining when I got up. 5 T saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book 1 Thurt my back while I was working in the garden. But we use the past simple to say chat one thing happened after another: i L was walking along the road when I saw Dave. So I stopped, and we had a chat Compare O When Karen arrived, we were having, = When Karen arrived, we had dinner, dinnes. {= we had already starced before (= Karen arrived, and then we had she arrived) ner) [ERE] «some verbs (for exemple, know and want) are nor normally used in the continuous (see Uni 4A): 12 1 We were good friends. We knew each other well, (not We were knowing) 1 Twas enjoying the parcy, but Chris wanted ro go home. (not was wanting)Exercises Unit 6 61 62 63 6a What were you doing at these times? Write sentences as in the examples. The past continuous is not always necessary (see the second example). 1 tat 8 o'clock yesterday evening) —.|..n4s, having dinner. és 2 (ar 5 o'clock last Monday) —|_08s, - 3 (at 10.15 yesterday morning) 4 (at 4.30 this morning) - no - $ at 7.45 yesterday evening) ee sas 6 (half. an hour ago) ann. ecient ni Use your own ideas to complete the sentences. Use the past continuous. 1 Matt phoned while we were having dinner... 2 The doorbell rang while 1 a 3 We saw an accident while we - 4 Ana fell asleep while she penne 5 The television was on, but nobody... Put the verb into the correct form, past continuous or past simple. 5. 2 aarss Ho] yy ts J 7s 3 & — A i oat > Sa “ A~ 1..2048.. (sce) Sue in town I oe (meet) Tom | 1 —- (eycle) home | yesterday, but she and Jane at the airport a few yesterday when a man " not /see) me, weeks ago. They eee | meoeemner-nnnsmenne (SEP) OUL She look)... (go) to Paris and I into the road in front of me. | the other was. (go) to ---» (G0) quite fast, Rome. We (have) | but luckily 1 a chat while we (manage) to stop in ts (ovaie) for our flights. | (not/ Put the verb into'the correet form, past continuous or past simple 1 Jenny ...8%¢,.aMg (wai) for me when I ...dmrived._ (arrive). 2 Whar (you / do) at this time yesterday?” ‘I was asleep.” 3 (vou / go) out last night?” *No, I was too tired.” 4 How fast (you / drive) when the accident ihappen)? ° 5 Sam... (cake) a photograph of me while I. — {not / look). 6 We were in a very difficult position, We - (not / know) what t0 do. 7 Thaven’t seen Alan for ages. When I last...» (see) him, he (try! to find a job, 8 - (walk) along the street when suddenly [o.oo \hear) footsteps behind me. Somebody (follow) me. I was scared and | (start) to run, 9 When Iwas young, | _. (want) t0 be a pilot. 10 Last night f (drop) a plate when Pennine nenennnnnnnnees (dO) the washing up. Fortunately it x (not / break). 13ite Present perfect 1 (I have done) Study this example situation: ‘Tom is looking for his key: He can’t find it. o- =A iS p> He has lost his key. < Bb He has lost his key = He lost it recently, and he still Fa CE TS aoessrt have it ) Haverhas lost is the present perfect simple: = Wwelthey/vou have [= Fve ete) | finished lost FSS helt bas (eevee | SOME The present perfect simple is haverhas + past participle. The past participle often ends in -ed (finished/decided etc.), but many important verbs are irregular (losudone/written etc.) Fora list of iregular verbs, see Appendix 1. When we say that ‘something has happened’, this is usually new information: 15 Ow! I've eut my finger. 1 The road is closed. There's been (there has been) an accident. 10 (from the news) Police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery. When we use the present perfect, there is a connection with now. The action in the past has a result now: Where's your key?" ‘I don’t know, Fve lost it. (© He told me his name, bur I've forgotten it. (= I can’t remember it now) Is Sally here?" *No, she’s gone out.” (= she is our 01} 1 Lean't find my bag. Have you seen it? (= Do you know where itis now?) don’t have it now) HES) 01 can use the present pertect with just already and yer. Jus short time ago: ‘Are you hungry?” “No, I've just had lun: © Hello, Have you just arrived? We use already to say that something happened sooner than expected: Don't forget to send the letter’ ‘I've already sent it” “What time is Mark leaving?" “He's already gone.” Yer = until now. Yet shows thar the speaker is expecting something co happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences: Has it stopped raining yer? I've written the letter, bur I haven't sent it yet PEI) 0h iterenceberween gone (0) and been to: 14 Jim is on holiday. He has gone to Italy. (= he is there now or on his way there) © Jane is back home now. She has been to Italy. (= she has now come back)Exercises Unit 7 mW 72 73 1A Read the situations and write sentences. Use the following verbs: arrive break fall goup grow improve tose. ‘Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it. Margaret can’t walk and her leg isin plaster. Last week the bus fare was 80 pence, Now it is 90. Maria's English wasn’t very good. Now it is better. Dan didn’t have a beard before. Now he has a beard, This morning I was expecting a letter. Now I have it. The temperature was 20 degrees. Now itis only 12. Complete B's sentences. Use the verb in brackets + just/already/yet. ASN, re ‘Would you like something to eat? (No, thanks. ..!'ve. just had. lunch. (LZ juse/ have / lunch) YO8. (L/ just / see / her) Do you know where Julia is? Whar time is David leaving? peace the / already / leave) I don’t know. (1/ nor f read / it yet) Wohar's in the newspaper today? Is Sue coming to che cinema with us? Noy rence (she / already / see / the film) ‘Are your friends here yet? | | Yes, (they / just / arrive) What does Tim think abour your plan? {we / nor / ell / him yet) Read the situations and write sentences with just, already or yet. 1 After lunch you go to see a fiend ar her house. She says, ‘Would you like something to eat?” You say: No thank you. _!'ve. just had lunch... (have lunch) 2 Joe goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says, ‘Can I speak to Joe?* You say: I'nt afraid ... oe + (go our) 3 You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have Finis starts to take your plate away. You say: Wait a minute! — «= (not / finish) 4 You are going to a restaurant tonight. You phone to reserve a table. Later your friend says, “Shall | phone to reserve a rable.’ You say: No, (do it) 5 You know that a friend of yours is looking for a place to live. Pechaps she has been successful, Ask her. You say: aansnnnnnne ? (find) 6 You ate still thinking about where ro go for your holiday. A friend asks, ‘Where are you g « (not decide) Linda wene to the bank, bur a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks, ‘Is ‘Linda still a the bank?" You say: + (come back) Put in been or gone. 1 Jim is on holiday. He's ..92r€.. to aly. 2 Hello! I've just to the shops. I've bought lots of things. 3 Alice isn’ here at the moment. She's ._ 10 the shop to get a newspaper. A Tom 8 eonvee-snnon- OUt, He'll be back in about an hour 31 to the ban you fo, I've already ro the bank.” 15Unit 16 Present perfect 2 (I have done) Study this example conversation: ave: Have you travelled a lot, Jane? JANE: Yes, I've been to lots of places. ave: Really? Have you ever been to China? Jane's life JANE: Yes, I've been to China twice. (@ period until now) Dave: What about India? JANE: No, I haven't been to India. bast now When we talk about a period of time that continues from the past until now, we use the present perfect (have been / have travelled etc.), Here, Dave and Jane are talking about the places Jane has visited in her life (which is a period thar continues until now), Some more examples: © Have you ever eaten caviar? © We've never had a car 0 ‘Have you read Hamlet?” *No, | haven't read any of Shakespeare's plays.” © Susan realy loves that film. She's scen it eight times! © What a boring film! It's the most boring film I've ever scen. (in your life) Been (to) = visited: 15 I've never been to China. Have you been there? In the following examples too, the speakers are talking about a period that continues until now (recently /in the last few days / so far / since breakfast etc.): (© Have you heard from Brian recently? recently 5 [ve met a lot of people inthe last few days. --| © Everything is going well. We haven't had any problems __in the last few on so far. ° © U'm hungry. | haven't eaten anything since breakfast. ner Uaralfase = from breakfast until now) past now Tes good to see you again. We haven't seen each other for a long time. We use the present perfect with today / this evening / this year etc. when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking (sce also Unit 14B): I've drunk four cups of coffee today. oday— - past ow © Have you had a holiday this year (yer)? 2 [haven't seen Tom this morning. Have you? We say: Ie’s the (first) time something has happened. For example: 1 Don is having a driving lesson. Ie his first one irgieeean Ie’s the first time he has driven a car. (not drives) cs or — He has never driven a car before. This isthe fist time Sarah has lost her passport again. This is the second time this has happened. (rot happens) © Bill is phoning his girlfriend again. That's the third time he’s phoned her this evening.Exercises Unit 8 81 82 a3 84 You are asking people questions about things they have done. Make questions with ever using the words in brackets. 1 (ride / horse?) Have. you ever ridden. a. horse?, . 2 the / California?) Have — 3 (run / marathon? 4 (speak / famous person’ 5 5 (most beautiful place / visit?) What's * Complete B's answers. Some sentences are positive and some negative. Use the following verbs: be be cat happen have meet. play read see see, try ASN. fe 1 What's Mark's sister like?) /T've no idea, ..'ve never met her, 2 How is Diane these days? |_| Idon’'t know. 1 her revently. 3 Are you hungry? a 4 Can you play chess? | | Yes, but 5 | Are you enjoying your holiday? | | Yess it’s the best holiday ... for a long rime. What's that book like? | | I don’t know. Is Brussels an interesting place? I've no idea. 8) Mike was late for work again || Again? He —. today, every day this week. 9 Do you like cavia I don't know. 10 T hear your car broke down Yes, it’s the second time ........ again yesterday. | | this week, 11 \_ Who's that woman by the door?) (1 don't know. -... Cs Complete the sentences using today / this year / this term etc. 1 I saw Tom yesterday; bur | haven't, seen, him. today. 3 Lead a newspaper yesterday, but | 4 Last year the company made a profit, but this year 4 Tracy worked hard at school last term, but 5 Iesnowed a or lase winter, DUE... 6 Our football team won a lor of games last season, but we Read the situations and write sentences as shown in the example. 1 Jack is driving a car but he’s very nervous and not sure whar to do. You ask: Have you driven a. car before? senses He says: NO, this. 1s the furst ume, I've dren a. car. Ben is playing rennis. He's not good at it and he doesn’t know the rules. You ask: Have — He says: No, this is the first ....~ aoa = Sue is riding a horse. She doesn't look very confident or comfortable. You ask: She says: att 4 Maria is in London. She has just arrived and i's very new for her. You ask: She says: 7Wiis Present perfect continuous i (| have been doing) EY ic has been raining Study this example situation: 1s ic raining? No, but the ground is wer. Ithas been raining. Hayeshas been -ing is the present perfect continuous: Uwelthey/you have (2 Te ete.) gy doing helshefit has (= he's enc.) DEE™ waiting playing ete. ‘We use the present perfect continuous for an activi ‘There is a connection with now: © You're out of breath. Have you been running? (= you're our of breath now) © Paul is very tired. He's been working very hard. (= he's tired now) © Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing? © I've been talking to Amanda about the problem and she agrees with me. © Where have you been? I've been looking for you everywhere. TERY) as been raining for two hours. ‘Study this example situation: that has recently stopped or just stopped. It began raining wo hours ago and itis still raining. How long ha: It has been rai been raining? for two hours. ‘We use the present perfect continuous in this way with how long, for ... and since ... . The activity is sail happening (as in this example) or has just stopped. © How long have you been learning English? (= you're still learning English) 10 Tim is still wacching television. He's been watching television all day. 1D Where have you been? I've been looking for you for the last half hour. 10 Chris hasn't been fecling well recently. You can use the present prefect continuous for actions repeated over a period of time: © Debbie is a very good tennis player. She's been playing since she was eight. 1 Every morning they meet in the same café. They've been going there for years. ‘Compare Lam doing (see Unit 1) and I have been doing: | Tam doing Thave been doing present continuous resent perfect continuous ’ © Don’t disturb me now. I'm working ve been working hard. Now I'm going to have a break, 10 We need an umbrella. It's raining. The ground is wet. It's been raining, © Hurry up! We're waiting, = We've been waiting for an hour.