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Probability _ Short Notes

This document provides an overview of probability, defining key concepts such as trials, events, sample space, and types of probability (experimental and theoretical). It explains how to calculate the probability of an event, emphasizing that probabilities range from 0 to 1 and that the sum of probabilities for all outcomes equals 1. Additionally, it discusses impossible events and sure events based on the number of favorable outcomes.

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Camb 6 nimit kumar
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2 views

Probability _ Short Notes

This document provides an overview of probability, defining key concepts such as trials, events, sample space, and types of probability (experimental and theoretical). It explains how to calculate the probability of an event, emphasizing that probabilities range from 0 to 1 and that the sum of probabilities for all outcomes equals 1. Additionally, it discusses impossible events and sure events based on the number of favorable outcomes.

Uploaded by

Camb 6 nimit kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mathematics

Short Notes
Probability

DEFINITIONS

● Words 'chance' probably, or most probably etc. shows uncertainty in our statements.
● The uncertainty of 'probably' etc. can be measured numerically by means of 'probability'.

Trial and Event:


An experiment is called a trial if it results in anyone of the possible outcomes and all the possible
outcomes are called events.
For Example
(i) Participation of player in the game to win a game, is a trial but winning or losing is an event.
(ii) Tossing of a fair coin is a trial and turning up head or tail are events.
(iii) Throwing of a dice is a trial and occurrence of number 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 are events.
(iv) Drawing a card from a pack of playing cards is a trial and getting an ace or a queen is an
event.

Favorable Events:
● Those outcomes of a trial in which a given event may happen, are called favorable cases for
that event.
For Example -
(i) If a coin is tossed then favourable cases of getting H is 1.

Sample Space:
The set of all possible outcomes of a trial is called its Sample space.
It is generally denoted by S and each outcome of the trial is said to be a point of sample of S.
For example
(i) If a die is thrown once, then its sample space
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Equally likely events: The outcomes of an experiment are said to be equally likely events if the chances
of their happenings are neither less nor greater than other.
In other words, a given number of events are said to be equally likely if none of them is experiment
to occur in preference to the others.

Example: In tossing a coin, getting head (H) and tail (T) are equally likely events.

EXPERIMENTAL (OR EMPIRICAL) PROBABILITY

The experiment or empirical probability P(E) of an event is defined as


i.e., P (E) =

NOTE:
(i) These probabilities are based on results of an actual experiment.
(ii) These probabilities are only ‘estimates’, i.e., we may get different probabilities for the same
event in various experiments.

THEORETICAL (OR CLASSICAL) PROBABILITY

The theoretical or classical probability of an event E, written as P(E), is defined as

Where the outcomes of the experiment are equally likely.

Example:
(i) throwing a die
(ii) tossing a coin
(iii) drawing a card from a pack of playing cards
(iv) selecting a student in a class without preference.

Note: Probability deals with Random Experiments.

Definition of Probability

Let E be any event related to a Random experiment whose sample space has n outcomes and out of
these n outcomes, the event can be performed by m outcomes, then probability of occurrence of
event E will be

Its clear, since

i.e. probability of any event lies between 0 and 1.

NOTE:
(i) Probability of any event cannot be less than 0 and cannot be more than 1. So, it can be any
fraction from 0 to 1.
(ii) It P(E) is the probability of occurrence of an event E and P(E’) is the probability of
non-occurrence of that event then
P(E) + P(E’) = 1 P(E’) = 1 – P(E)
(iii) The sum of the probabilities of all the possible outcomes of a trial is 1.

Impossible Event
If the number of favourable outcomes for an event is zero then the probability of occurrence of that
event will be zero and such type of event is known as Impossible Event.

SURE EVENT OR CERTAIN EVENT:


It the number of favourable outcomes for an event is equal to the total number of possible outcomes
then the probability of occurrence of that event will be one and such type of event is known as sure
or certain event.

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