Programming with C & C++ B.

Com

Unit-2
Loops and Arrays

1. Discuss about looping statements or Iterative

statements Or Repetitive statements with an example?
Or
Explain about the use of while loop, do-while loop and for
loops
 Looping statements are also called iterative statements or repetitive statements.
 A loop is used to execute the block of statements repeatedly until the condition is false.
 C language supports 3 types of looping statements they are:
While loop
Do-while
loop For
loop
1. While loop/Top checking loop/Entry Controlled
Loop
 While loop is looping statements.
 While loop is used to execute the statements repeatedly until the condition is false.
 While is loop is also called Top-checking loop and Entry Controlled loop.
 The condition is checked first. If the condition is true then executes the statements
until the condition is false.
Syntax:
while (condition)
{
Statements block;
Increment/decrement
} s;
Example:

#include<stdio.
h>
#include<conio
.h> void main()
{
int
x=1;
clrscr();
 Programming with C & C++ B.Com
while(x<6)
{
printf(“\n B.Com 2nd
Year”); x++;
}
getch();
}
Output:
B.Com 2nd
Year B.Com
2 nd
Year
B.Com 2nd
Year B.Com
2 nd
Year
B.Com 2nd
Year
2. Do-while loop/Exit controlled loop
 do while is same as while loop.
 It is also looping statement.
 Do-while loop is used to execute the statements repeatedly until the condition is false.
 First It is used to execute the statements then check the condition its true or not.
 Hence it is called Exit controlled Loop.
Syntax:
do
{
Statement block;
Increment/decremen
t;
}
While (condition);
Example:
#include<stdio.
h>
#include<conio
.h> void main()
{
int i=1;

2
 Programming with C & C++ B.Com
clrscr();
d
o
{
printf(“\n This is a program of do while
loop.”); i++;

while(i<=5);
getch()
;
}
Output:
This is a program of do while
loop. This is a program of do
while loop. This is a program of
do while loop. This is a
program of do while loop. This
is a program of do while loop.
3. for loop/Top Checking loop/Entry Controlled Loop
 The for loop is the looping statements.
 The for loop is also called Top-Checking loop or Entry controlled loop.
 It is used to execute the set of statements when the condition is true.
 The for-loop statement contains 3 expressions or conditions separated by semicolons.
 There is initialization, condition, increment or decrement at only one statement.
Syntax of for loop statement
for(initialization; condition; increment/decrement/update)
{
Statement block;
}
Output:
#include<stdio.
h>
#include<conio
.h> void main()
{

3
 int i; Programming with C & C++ B.Com
clrscr();
for(i=1;i<=15;i=i++)
{
printf(“%5d”,i);
}
getch();
}
Output:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

2. Explain about jumping statements with illustration? Write

notes on break, Continue and goto statements?
 Jumping statements are also called unconditional statements.
 Jump statements are used to interrupt the normal flow of program.
 Unconditional statements are break, continue goto statement.
 An unconditional statement does not have conditions.
Break statement:
 Break statement is jumping statement or unconditional statement.
 It is the keyword.
 No header file is not needed to use break keyword.
 Break statement is also used to terminate looping statements like while, do-while
and for loop using if statement.
 Break statement is used to terminate the switch case statement.
Syntax:
while(condition)
{
Statements;
Increment/decremen
t; if(condition)
{
break;
}
}

Example:
#include
4
 <stdio.h>
#include<conio.
Programming with C & C++ B.Com
h> void main ()
{
int a =
10;
clrscr();
while( a < 20 )
{
printf("value of a: %d\n",
a); a++;
if( a==15)
{
break;
}
}
}
Continue Statement:
 Continue statement is unconditional statement or jumping statement.
 It is the keyword.
 No header file is not required to use continue statement.
 The continue statement is exactly opposite of the break statement.
 The continue statement is used for continuing the next iteration of the loop
statements like for loop, while loop and do-while loop using if statement.
Syntax: while (condition)
{
Statements;
Increment/decremen
t; if(condition)
{
continue;
}
}

Example:
#include
<stdio.h>
#include<conio.

5
 h> void main ()
{
Programming with C & C++ B.Com
int a = 10; clrscr();
while( a < 20 )
{
printf("value of a: %d\n",
a); a++;
if( a==15)
{
continue;
}
}
}
goto statement:
 The goto statement is unconditional statement or jumping statement.
The goto is the Keyword.
 No header file is not required to use goto statement.
 The goto statement is used to jump from one line to another line in the program.
Syntax:
goto label;
Example:
#include<stdio.
h>
#include<conio
.h> void main()
{
clrscr();
printf(“’hellow world\n”);
goto label1;
printf(“’how are
you?”); printf(“are
you ok”); label1:

printf(“hope yoou are fine”);

}
3. Write about array? Explain its Declarations and
initialization? Definition:
 Array means collection.An array is a collection of elements of the same data
type.
 It can store elements in unique (different) and successive (Side by Side)
memory locations.
6
  An array is a linear data structure. It means all it items form a sequence.
Programming with C & C++ B.Com
Some Array
Terms:
Siz
e
 Number of elements or capacity to store elements in an array is called its size.
 It is always mentioned in square bracket ([]).

Type
:
 Types refer to data type.
 It decides which type of element is stored in the array.

Bas
e:
 The address of the first element (0th) is a base address.
Index/
subscript:
 Index or subscript is used to access the items in array.
 An index starts with 0 and ends with n-1.

Word
:
 It indicates the space required for an element.

Declarations of Array/Creating An array:

7
  Declaration of a one-dimensional array can be done with data type first.
Programming with C & C++ B.Com
 Then followed by the variable name.
 Lastly the array size is enclosed in square brackets.
Syntax:
Datatype Arrayname [size];

Ex: int x[5];

Initialization of One-dimensional Arrays:

The initialization of one-dimensional array means it creates the memory for the
array based on size and it assigns some values during the creating of the memory.
Syntax: data-type variable-name[size] = {value0, value1, value2,... };

4. A) Write about two dimensional arrays?

B) Write about three dimensional arrays?
Multidimensional Arrays
 Data in multidimensional arrays are stored in tabular form (in row major
order) or (column major order).
 The two dimensional (2D) array in C programming is also known as matrix.
 A matrix can be represented as a table of rows and columns. So 2d array is
useful to implement matrix or table.
Two-dimensional Arrays (2-d arrays)
 An array with two subscripts is termed as two-dimensional array.
 It means it have two subscripts or index. First index for row and second
index for columns.
 One-dimensional array can store a row of elements. So a two-dimensional
array permits us to store multiple rows of elements that are a table of
values or a matrix.
Declaration of two-dimensional arrays:
Syntax of two-dimensional array:
data-type variable-name[rowsize][colsize];
8
Example
int b[3][3];
Programming with C & C++ B.Com

[0] [0] [0][1] [0][2]

[1][0] [1][1] [1][2]
[2][0] [2][1] [2][2]
Initialization of two-dimensional arrays:
First form:
First form of initializing a 2-d array is as follows:
data-type variable-name[rowsize][colsize]={initializer-list};
Example:
int a[2][3] = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7};
2 3 4
5 6 7
Second form:
data-type variable-name[rowsize][colsize] = { {initializer-list1},
{initializer-list2}, …….};

Example:
int a[2][3] = { { 4, 5, 9 }, {6, 7, 8 }};
4 5 9
6 7 8
Three-dimensional Arrays: OR Multi Dimensional arrays
 An array with three subscripts is termed as three-dimensional array.
 A three-dimensional array is a collection of one or more two-dimensional
arrays, all of which share a common name.
 Two-dimensional array is used to store a table of values. So, a three-
dimensional array is used to form a group of tables and perform collective
manipulations.
Declaration of three-dimensional arrays:
Syntax of declaration of a 3-d array is as follows:
data-type variable-name[size1][size2][size3];
size1 indicates the no. of tables being grouped together.
size2 indicates the no. of rows of each table.
size3 indicates the no. of columns of each table.
Example:
int a[2][4][5];

9
 Programming with C & C++ B.Com

Unit -3 .

Chapter 1: Strings
1. What is meant by String? How can you Read and write A string in C? Or

1. Write about string accessing modes with examples? Or

1. Discuss in a detail about String Storing functions? Or

1. Write about declaration and Initialization of Strings?

 A string is defined as a collection of characters.

 Strings are used to handle text, word and sentence.
 Every string is terminated with ‘\0’ (NULL) character.
 The length of the string is defined as number of characters in string.
 The letters are accessed using index or subscript.
 The first letter is indexed as 0.
Declaration of string/Creating of String:
 The declaration of string means creating memory for string variables.

Syntax:

Data type variable name [size];

Example:
char name[12];

Initialization of string:
 The initialization of strings means creating memory and assigning values for

10
 string variables.
Programming with C & C++ B.Com
Syntax:
Data type variable name[size]={characters];

Memory map of a string:

Example: Write a c Program to display a

string. #include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h

> void main()

char str[] = "computer";

clrscr(); printf("%s",str);

Output: Computer

2. Explain the string reading and writing functions? Or

11
2. Write about How to read a string and writing functions?
 Programming with C & C++ B.Com

Reading functions and Writing functions

 Reading functions are input functions and writing functions are output
functions.
 Reading functions are scanf(), gets(), getch().
 Writing functions are printf(), puts(),
putch().
The string can read from the user by using 3 ways:
1.scanf() function

2. gets() function

3. getchar() getch() functions

1. scanf() function:
 It is the input statement.
 This function is used to receive the characters or strings and store them in
variables.
Syntax:
scanf(“control string”, variable name);

2. printf() function:
 The printf() function is output statement.
 This function is used to display the values of the variables.
 The printf() displays the entered character or string.
Syntax:
printf(“control string”, variable name);

Example:
#include<stdio.h

> void main()

char name[5];

printf(“entered string is:%s”);

12
 scanf(“%s”,name);
Programming with C & C++ B.Com

gets() function:
 The gets function stands for get string.
 This function is used to read keystrokes and assigns to the variable.

Syntax:
gets(variable name);

puts function:
 The puts function stands for put string.
 This function is used to display/print the string or character array.

Syntax:
puts(variable name);

Example:
#include<stdio.h

>

#include<conio.h

>

void main()

char c[30];

clrscr();

gets(c);

puts(c);

13
 Programming with C & C++ B.Com

getchar() or getch() or getche():

 These functions read any alphanumeric characters from the standard input
device.
 The getch() accepts character but does not display the character.
 The getche() accept character and display the character.
Syntax:

getche();

putchar() or putch() function:

 This function prints one character on the screen at a time.
Syntax:
Variable name=putchar(variable name);

Example:

#include<stdio.h

> void main()

char ch;

ch=getchar();

putchar(ch);

3. Write about String manipulation functions or String Handling functions?

Or

Explain about Standard C string library functions?

String manipulation functions / string handling functions:

 String manipulation is defined as maintain the string.

 Every c compiler supports a large number of strings handling library
functions.
 You must use header file #include<string.h> to utilize
the following functions.

Functions Description
strlen() Length Function
14
 strcpy()
strncpy()
Programming
Copy Function
with C & C++ B.Com
Copy of „n‟ character Function
strcat() Concatenate Function
strcmp() Compare Function
strchr() Search character Function
strlwr() Lower Case Function
strupr() Upper Case Function
strrev() Reverse Function

1. strlen(): - Length Function : This returns the number of characters in the

sting.

Syntax: - strlen(“string”); Example: - strlen(“computer”);  returns : 6

2. strcpy(): - Copy Function: This function is used to copy one string to

another string.
Syntax: - strcpy(“String1”, “String2);
Example: - char str1[10] = {“programming”}
char
str2[10] = {“Language”} strcpy(str1,
str2)  returns : Language
3. strncpy(): - Copy of „n‟ character Function: This copies „n‟ characters of
the second string to the first string.
Syntax: - strncpy(“string1”, “string2”, n );
Example: - strncpy(“Delhi”, “Bangalore”, 6); returns: Bangal.
4. strcat(): - Concatenate Function: This function is used to concatenate
two strings. That is, it appends one string at the end of the specified string.

Syntax: - strcat(“string1”, “string2”);

Example: - strcat(“goood”, “morning”); return: goodmorning
5. strcmp(): - Compare Function: This function compares two string
character by character (ASCII Comparison) and returns one of the three
values { -1, 0 , 1}.
Syntax: - strcmp(“string1”, “string2”);
Example: - strcmp(“ABC”, “abc”); return : -32 (65-97)
= -32.
NOTE: -Here ASCII value of „A‟ (i.e 65) is less than the „a‟ (i.e 97). Thus the
above statements return -32.

6.strchr(): - Search character Function: This function searches for a

specified

character in a given string. It return Null if the desired character is not found.

Syntax: - strchr(“string1”, desired_char);

15
 Example: - strchr(“Degree”, „D‟); returns: D
Programming with C & C++ B.Com
Example: - strchr(“BCOM”, „H‟); returns: Null.

7. strlwr(): - Lower Case Function: This function is used to convert any

uppercase letters into lowercase.

Syntax: - strlwr(“string”);
Example: - strlwr(“TELUGU”); return: telugu

8. strupr(): - Upper Case Function: This function is used to convert any

lowercase letters into uppercase.

Syntax: - strupr(“string”);
Example: - strlwr(“english”); return: ENGLISH.

9. strrev(): - Reveres Function: This function can convert into right to left
characters.

Syntax: - strrev(“string”);
Example: - strrev(“MOBILE”); return: ELIBOM
4.What is meant by Function? Explain about Function Prototype /Function
Declaration?
(or) Explain about different types of functions in C? (or)
Define function? Explain the implementation of the functions in C?
A function is a self-contained block or a sub-program of one or more statements that perform a
special task when called.
A function is identified by function name, parentheses, opening braces and closing parentheses.

main()
{
func1( )
.......
{
.......
}
fun1()
........
return 0;
}

In the above figure illustrate there are two functions are there main function and func1 is
another function.

16
 Programming with C & C++ B.Com

Figure 1 A program divided in multiple functions

Types of functions:
The C language supports two types of functions
(1) Library functions or Built-In functions or System Defined Functions
 Library functions are also called Built-in functions or system defined functions.
 These functions can be developed by the special programmers
 The library functions are pre-defined set of functions.
 Their task is limited.
 One can only use the functions but cannot change or modify them.
Ex:
main(), clrscr(), getch() put()and getche()
(2) User-defined functions
 The User-defined functions can be developed by the user.
 The user-defined functions are not pre-defined functions.
 A user can modify the functions according to the requirement.
Function terminology
Called function and calling function:
 main() function calls the function name func1(). Therefore main() is called as calling
function and func1 is known as called function.
Argument or parameter types:
 The function takes input from main function is called argument or parameter.
 Arguments can be divided into 2 types like actual parameter and formal parameters.
 Actual parameters refers to the arguments of calling functions are called actual
arguments.
 Formal parameter refers to the arguments of called functions are called formal
parameters.
return statement:
 return statement is used to return the values to the calling function.
Function declaration/ Function Prototype
 Function declaration means creating of memory for that function.
 It is terminated by semicolon;

Syntax:
 return type data type function name(data type variable name1…….);
Function definition:
 Function definition means body of the function. It contains executable code.
Syntax:

17
 Programming with C & C++ B.Com

Ex:
Write a program to show how user-defined function is called.
#include<stdio.h>
int add(int a, int b) /*function definition*/
{
return(a+b);
}
void main()
{
int x=1,y=2,z;
z=add(x,y); /* FUNCTION call/
printf(“z=%d”,z);
}
Output:
Z=3

2. Describe the approach of passing argument/parameters to functions?

(OR)
Explain the following briefly:
Call by value or pass by value
Call by reference or pass by reference
There are two ways in which we can pass arguments to the function.
 Call by value
 Call by reference
Call by Value
 Arguments are passed by value is called call by value or pass by value.
 New variable are created to store the values of the arguments.
 In call by value return statement is used.

Syntax of the Call by value

return type function name (argument 1, argument2)
{
return statement;
}

Call by reference:
 Arguments are passed by address is called call by reference or pass by reference.
 Called function can work on address of the arguments than values.
 In call by reference the return statement is not required.

18
Syntax:
Programming with C & C++ B.Com
return type function name(*argument1, *argument2)
{
Statements;
}
5. Define Recursive function? Explain with illustration
A function is calls itself to solve the problem is called recursive function. The best
example of recursive function is finding the factorial number.

Example:

n ! = n x ( n - 1)

Let us say we need to find the value of 5!.....

n!= n x ( n - 1)
5!= 5 x (5-1) 2!= 2x1

5!= 5x4 1!= 1 x (1-

1)
4!= 4 x (4-1) 1!= 1 x0

4!= 4x3

3!= 3 x (3-1)

3!= 3x2

2!= 2 x (2-1)

Recursions are of two types:

(i) Direct recursion (ii) Indirect recursion.

Direct

A function calls itself; this type of recursion is direct recursion. Only one function
is involved in direct recursion.

19
 Programming with C & C++ B.Com
Ex:

int num()

___

num(

);

Indirect

Two function calls each other is known as indirect recursion.

Ex:

int num()

___

sum()

;
}

sum(
)

___

num(
}
);

20
Write a C program to compute factorial number using recursive function

#include <stdio.h>

int Fact(int); // FUNCTION DECLARATION

void main ()

int num;

printf("\n Enter the number: ");

scanf (“%d", &num) ;

printf("\n %d , num,);

Fact(num)); // FUNCTION CALL

int Fact( int n) // FUNCTION DEFINITION

if(n=

=l)

return

1;

return (n * Fact(n-l));