1) TISSUES IS THE GROUP OF CELLS WHICH WORK TOGETHER TO PERFORM A SPECIFIC
FUNCTION.
ARRANGEMENT OF CELLS IN A TISSUE DEPENDS ON THE FUNCTIONS TO BE PERFORMED BY THEM
2) THOSE TISSUES WHICH TRANSPORT WATER, MINERALS AND FOOD TO DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE
PLANT ARE CALLED
VASCULAR TISSUES.
3) IN BIO, TRANSPORT IS A LIFE PROCESS IN WHICH A MATERIAL ABSORBED OR MADE IN ONE
PART OF THE BODY
OF AN ORGANISM AND IS CARRIED TO OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY.
4) VASCULAR TISSUE ARE CALLED CONDUCTIVE TISSUE
5) XYLEM TISSUE IS MADE OF DEAD XYLEM CELLS (EXC - XYLEM PARENCHYMA),
WHEREAS PHLOEM TISSUE IS MADE OF LIVING PHLOEM CELLS(EXC - PHLOEM FIBRES)
ARRANGED ONE OVER THE OTHER
6) ROOTS ARE COVERED BY A SINGLE CELL LAYER KNOWN AS EPIDERMIS.
7) THE EPIDERMAL CELLS HAVE FINGER LIKE TUBULAR OUTGROWTH KNOWN AS ROOT HAIR THAT
INCREASE THE SA
FOR THE ABSORPTION OF WATER.
8) AS TEH PLANT GROWS, THE ROOTS BRANCH AND RE-BRANCH AND GET FIXED IN THE SOIL. AT
THE TIPS OF ROOTS,
A LARGE NO. OF CELLS ABSORB WATER AND MINERALS FROM THE SOIL. THESE CELLS HAVE A
SEMI PERMEABLE PLASMA
MEMBRANE, WHICH HAS TINY PORES THAT ALLOW ONLY SELECTED SUBSTANCES TO PASS THROUGH
IT BY A PROCESS -
OSMOSIS
9) OSMOSIS IS A PROCESS BY WHICH THE MOLECULES OF SOLVENT MOVE FROM A REGION OF
HIGHER CONCENTRATION
TO A REGION OF LOWER CONCENTRATION THROUGH A SEMI PERMEABLE MEMBRANE.
10) WWHEN WATER ENTERS THE ROOTS, THE XYLEM GETS FILLED UP AND THIS PUTS PRESSURE
ON THE CELLS OF THE
ROOT. THIS PRESSURE CAUSES THE WATER TO BE FORCED UP THE PLANT AGAINST THE GRAVITY.
THE ROOT PRESSURE
IS THE TRANSVERSE OSMOTIC PRESSURE WITHIN THECELLS OF A ROOT SYSTEM THAT CAUSES SAP
TO RISE THROUGH A
PLANT STEM TO THE LEAVES.
11) THE MINERAL ABSORPTION IN PLANTS TAKE PLACE BY ACTIVE TRANSPORT AND DIFFUSION.
12) DIFFUSION IS THE PROCESS IN WHCIH MOLECULES OF SOLUTE MOVE FROM A REGION OF
HIGHER CONCENTRATION
LEVEL TO A REGION OF LOWER CONCENTRATION LEVEL.
13) ACTIVE TRANSPORT IS THE MOVEMENT OF MINERAL IONS FROM A REGION OF LOWER
CONCENTRATION TO A
REGION OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION.
14) THE XYLEM FORMS A CONTINUOUS NETWORK OF VESSELS THAT CONNECT TO THE LEAVES
THROUGH THE STEMS AND
BRANCHES, AND THUS TRANSPORTS WATER AND MINERALS FROM THE TOOTS TO TEH LEAVES OF
THE ENTIRE PLANT.
WATER EVAPORATES CONINUOUSLY FROM THE LEAVES THROUGH THE MINUTE PORES CALLED
STOMATA BY THE PROCESS OF
TRANSPIRATION, IT GENERATES A SUCTION PULL WHCIH PULLS UP WATER FROM THE ROOTS TO
REACH THE LEAVES.
THIS UPWARD MOVEMENT OF SAP IS CALLED ASCENT OF SAP. IT IS AIDED BY TRANSPIRATION
AND ROOT PRESSURE.
15) THE COMPLEX XYLEM TISSUE CARRIES WATER AND MINERALS DISSOLVED IN IT (SAP) FROM
THE ROOTS
UPWARD THROUGH THE STEM AND BRANCHES UP TO THE LEAVES. IT HAS 4 DIFFERENT TYPES OF
CELLS:
A) TRACHIEDS: THEY ARE ELONGATED DEAD CELLS, THAT PROVIDE MECHANICAL SUPPORT AND
PLAY AN IMPORTANT
PART IN THE TRANSPORT OF WATER.
B) VESSELS OR TRACHEA: THEY FORM A ROW OF CELLS PLACED END TO END FORMING TUBE LIKE
STRUCTURES CALLED
VESSELS. THEY ARE OPEN FROM THE BOTH THE ENDS AND PROVIDE MECHANICAL SUPPORT, AND
HELP IN TRANSPORT
OF WATER AND MINERALS.
C) XYLEM PARENCHYMA: THEY ARE THE ONLY LIVING CELLS PRESENT IN XYLEM- HELP IN THE
CONDUCTION OF WATER
AND MINERALS. THEY STORE RESERVE FOOD IN THE FORM OF STARCH.
D) XYLEM FIBRES: THEY ARE NARROW AND TAPERING CELLS THAT HELP IN PROVIDING
MECHANICAL STRENGTH TO THE
TISSUE.
16) DORSEL SIDE - UPPER SIDE, VENTRAL SIDE - LOWER SIDE
17) THE COMPLEX VASCULAR TISSUE CALLED PHLOEM CARRUES THE FOOD FROM THE LEAVES TO
ALL OTHER PARTS OF
THE PLANT. IT HAS 4 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS:
A) SIEVE TUBES: THEY ARE LONG TUBE LIKE STRUCTURES ARRANGED LONGITUDINALLY AND ARE
FOUND IN
ASSOCIATION WITH COMPANION CELLS.THE END WALLS ARE PERFORATED TO FORM SIEVE PLATES.
B) COMPANION CELLS: THEY ARE SPECIALIZED PARENCHYMATOUS CELLS AND HELP IN THE
CONDUCTION OF FOOD
MATERIAL.
C) PHLOEM PARENCHYMA: THEY ARE CYLINDRICAL, ELONGATED WITH TAPERING ENDS. THEY HAVE
CELLULOSIC CELL
WALL. THEY STORE FOOD AND OTHER SUBSTANCES.
D) PHLOEM FIBRES: THEY ARE MADE UP OF SCLERENCHYMATOUS CELLS THEY ARE ELONGATED
WITH POINTED APICES
AND THICKENED CELL WALL.
18) PHOSPHORUS IS A CONSTITUENT OF PROTEIN AND CELL MEMRANE. DEF- STUNTED GROWTH,
