CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

1. What is circulatory system?

The body system with the specialized
function of transporting the materials to
and fro, is the circulatory system.

2. What is a heart? Explain its structure

with the help of a neat diagram?
Hear conical, hollow, muscular-tendinous
organ. It lies in the thorax between the
lungs and behind the sternum, inclined
towards left side. It is 10 cms wide and
weight about 300grms, generally it is
said that it is of close fist size. The base
of the heart is above and apex is below.
Human heart is made up of cardiac
muscles. Heart is hollow cone shaped
muscular organ.it is a sort of pump. The
pumping action of heart is fundamental
to adequate nutrition of cells and
maintenance of internal environment.
Heart is surrounded by an outer covering
“Pericardium”. It contains two layers
called “Visceral Pericardium”, and
Parietal Pericardium”. Pericardium fluid
is present between these two layers. The
middle layer is made of heart muscle
fibers. It is called as “Myocardium”. The
inner lining is called “Endocardium”
Heart consists of four chambers. The two
chambers are on the right side and two
on the left. The chambers of the left side
are know as “Left Atrium” and “Left
Ventricle” and the chambers of the right
side of the heart are called “Right Atrium
and “Right Ventricle” These four
chambers are formed by two septum
which divide the heart. They are “Inter-
Atrial Septum” an ‘Inter Ventricular
septum.”
The opening between right atrium and
right venticle: and left atrium and left
venticle are guarded by Tricusped vale
and Bicusped value respectively.
3. What are elastic arteries?
Elastic arteries include those large
arteries leading directly from the heart.
These arteries are also called as
conducting arteries because they
conduct blood from the heart to
muscular arteries.
4. What are muscular arteries?
Muscular arteries are medium in size. These
are also called distributing arteries because
they distribute the blood to the various
organs.

5. What are arterioles?

They are also muscular arteries but much
smaller in size. They maintain the blood
pressure of the body in general.
6. What is heart rate?
Heart rate is defined as the number of times
your heart beats in one minute.it is measured
by using a stethoscope or by feeling pulse.
7. Define stroke volume?
Stroke volume is defined as the amount of
blood pumped by the right or left ventricle of
the heart in one contraction.
8.What is cardiac output?
Cardiac output is the total volume of the
blood pumped by the heart per minute.it is
the product of heart rate and stroke volume.
9. Name the blood vessels attached to the
heart.
There are four blood vessels to the heart,
such as
(i) Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava:
The right atrium receives these two blood
vessels. They carry venous blood to the heart.
(ii) Pulmonary artery: It arises from the right
ventricle and carries venous blood to the
lungs for oxygenation.
(ii) Pulmonary veins: Four pulmonary veins
are received by the left atrium, which carry
oxygenated blood to the heart.
(iv) Aorta: It arises from the left venticle and
carries oxygenate blood to all the parts of the
body.
10. Differentiate between heart rate, stroke
volume and cardiac output.
Heart rate is the number of times our heart
beats per minute.
Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped
by the right or left ventricle of the heart in
one contraction.
Cardiac output is the product of heart rate
and stroke volume.
11. Name and explain the Mechanism of
blood circulation with a help of diagram.
Depending upon the course of blood
circulation can be classified into five groups:
(i) Systemic circulation:
In systemic circulation, blood comes out from
left ventricle of the heart by aorta. Then
blood passes through small arteries, which
carries blood to the various parts of the body.
(ii) Pulmonary circulation:
In pulmonary circulation, the blood passes
through small arteries which carry the blood
to various parts of the body. These arteries
are further divided and sub divided until the
arterioles are reached.

(iii) Coronary circulation:

This circulation involves blood supply to
the heart itself. The right and left
coronary arteries aries from ascending
aorta. They supply blood to the heart.
The venous blood is collected by the
coronary sinus which opens in the right
atrium.
(iv) Portal Circulation: This circulation is
related with stomach, intestine and
pancreas throug liver. In this circulation
(a) “Portal vein” carries blood to liver
that has circulated in stomach intestine,
and pancreas. (b)The portal vein divides
into capillaries. These capillaries join
with the capillaries of hepatic artery.
(c) The venous blood of liver is collected
by hepatic vein which joins with inferior
vena cava.
(v) Cerebral Circulation: It involves the
blood supply to the cerebrum. Cerebral
arteries supply blood to the cerebrum.
Cerebrum veins carry the venous blood.
12.What is blood?
Blood is such a medium of transportation
through which nutritional substance as
well as oxygen is carried to all the parts
of body. Its density is more than water.
It's color is bright red in arteries,
whereas slight dark in the veins.
13. Enlist the constituents of blood?
A. Red blood cells
B. White blood cells
C. Platelets
D. Plasma
14.what are red blood cells ?
RBC constitute about 45% of whole blood
.these cells are very soft and
flexible .these blood cells pass through
very narrow passages whose diameter is
less than the diameter of a cell.
15.What are white blood cells?
White blood cells are transparent and
colorless. These cells are larger and
fewer in comparison to red blood cells.
16.What are platelets?
These are tiny cells, their number is
approximately 4,00,000 in each cubic
millimeter of blood.
17.What is plasma?
Plasma forms 54.3% of the whole
blood .it is blood's liquid medium. It is
straw yellow in blood.in an average
human being it's volume is about 2.7 to 3
litres.
18.What are different types of blood
group?
1. blood group A
2.blood group B
3.blood group AB
4.blood group O
19.What is rh factor?
Most of the people have Rh factor on
RBC. This is also an antigen and those
who have it are called Rh positive while
those who don't have are called as Rh
negative.
20.What is hemoglobin?
Hemoglobin is the main protein in RBC.
each cell contains over 280 million
hemoglobin molecules. The main
function is to carry oxygen from lungs to
the tissues.
21. What is blood pressure? Name the
factors.
Blood Pressure is the pressure that blood
exerts against the walls of the arteries.
The amount of pressure depends upon 3
factors.
(i) Strength and rate of heart’s
contraction.
(ii) The volume of blood in the
circulatory system.
(iii) The elasticity of the arteries.
Note: Blood pressure is measured with
an instrument called
Sphygmomanometer.
22. Name the types of blood Pressure.
The types of pressure are Systolic and
Diastolic pressure.
Systolic Pressure: The pressure in the
arteries at the peak of ventricular
contraction.
Diastolic Pressure: It is the pressure
when the ventricles are relaxing.
Note: measurements of blood pressure
consists of two numbers like 120/80mm
Hg. The first number refers to systolic
pressure and the second number to
diastolic pressure. Blood pressure is
measured in millimeters of mercury (mm
Hg).
23.Write in detail about the blood vessels
and their function.
These are passages which carry pure
blood from the heart to other parts of the
body and brings back impure blood to
the hearts.
The blood vessels are divided into:
1.Arteries
2. Capillaries
3.Veins
Functions of blood vessels:
1.Carry blood through the body.
2.Transport blood cells, nutrients and
oxygen to the tissues of the body.
3.Take waste and carbon di oxide away
from the cells.

24.What are the functions of blood?

The functions of blood are:
A. Transport of oxygen and carbon di
oxide
B. Transport of food
C. Transport of waste products
D. Maintenance of water balance
E. Maintenance of Ph
F. Chemical coordination
G. Regulates body temperature.
H. Defence against infection.
I. Clotting of blood
J. Support and formation of stable
environment.

25.Benefits of exercise on circulatory

system
The benefits of exercise on circulatory
system are:
1. Increase in the size of heart
2. Decrease in pulse rate
3. Reduction in heart related problems
4. Improvement in cardio vascular
system
5.Increase in hemoglobin
6. Faster recovery to normal pulse after
workout.
7. Delay in fatigue.
8. Resting pulse decreases.