SETS

CONCEPTS AND RESULTS

** Set : a set is a well-defined collection of objects.
If a is an element of a set A, we say that “ a belongs to A” the Greek symbol  (epsilon) is used
to denote the phrase „belongs to‟. Thus, we write a  A. If „b‟ is not an element of a set A, we write b
 A and read “b does not belong to A”.
There are two methods of representing a set :
(i) Roster or tabular form (ii) Set-builder form.
In roster form, all the elements of a set are listed, the elements are being separated by commas
and are enclosed within brackets { }. For example, the set of all even positive integers less than 7 is
described in roster form as {2, 4, 6}.
In set-builder form, all the elements of a set possess a single common property which is not
possessed by any element outside the set. For example, in the set {a, e, i, o, u}, all the elements possess
a common property, namely, each of them is a vowel in the English alphabet, and no other letter
possess this property. Denoting this set by V, we write V = {x : x is a vowel in English alphabet}
** Empty Set : A set which does not contain any element is called the empty set or the null set or the
void set. The empty set is denoted by the symbol φ or { }.
** Finite and Infinite Sets : A set which is empty or consists of a definite number of elements is
called finite otherwise, the set is called infinite.
** Equal Sets : Two sets A and B are said to be equal if they have exactly the same elements and we
write
A = B. Otherwise, the sets are said to be unequal and we write A ≠ B.
** Subsets : A set A is said to be a subset of a set B if every element of A is also an element of B.
In other words, A  B if whenever a  A, then a  B. Thus A  B if a  A  a  B
If A is not a subset of B, we write A  B.
** Every set A is a subset of itself, i.e., A  A.
** φ is a subset of every set.
** If A  B and A ≠ B , then A is called a proper subset of B and B is called superset of A.
** If a set A has only one element, we call it a singleton set. Thus, { a } is a singleton set.
** Closed Interval : [a , b] = {x : a ≤ x ≤ b}
** Open Interval : (a , b) = { x : a < x < b}
** Closed open Interval : [a , b) = {x : a ≤ x < b}
** Open closed Interval : (a , b] = { x : a < x ≤ b }
** Power Set : The collection of all subsets of a set A is called the power set of A. It is denoted by
P(A)
If A is a set with n(A) = m, then it can be shown that n [ P(A)] = 2m.
** Universal Set : The largest set under consideration is called Universal set.
** Union of sets : The union of two sets A and B is the set C which
consists of all those elements which are either in A or in
B (including those which are in both). In symbols, we write.
A  B = { x : x  A or x  B }.
x  A  B  x  A or x  B
x  A  B  x  A and x  B
** Some Properties of the Operation of Union
(i) A  B = B  A (Commutative law)
(ii) ( A  B )  C = A  ( B  C) (Associative law )
(iii) A  φ = A (Law of identity element, φ is the identity of  )
 (iv) A  A = A (Idempotent law)
(v) U  A = U (Law of U)
** Intersection of sets : The intersection of two sets A and B is the
set of all those elements which belong to bothA and B.
Symbolically, we write A ∩ B = {x : x  A and x  B}
x  A ∩ B  x  A and x  B
x  A ∩ B  x  A or x  B
** Disjoint sets : If A and B are two sets such that A ∩ B = φ, then
A and B are called disjoint sets.

** Some Properties of Operation of Intersection

(i) A ∩ B = B ∩ A (Commutative law).
(ii) ( A ∩ B ) ∩ C = A ∩ ( B ∩ C ) (Associative law).
(iii) φ ∩ A = φ, U ∩ A = A (Law of φ and U).
(iv) A ∩ A = A (Idempotent law)
(v) A ∩ ( B  C ) = ( A ∩ B )  ( A ∩ C ) (Distributive law ) i. e., ∩ distributes over 
** Difference of sets : The difference of the sets A and B in this order
is the set of elements which belong to A but not to B.
Symbolically, we write A – B and read as “ A minus B”.
A – B = { x : x  A and x  B }.

* The sets A – B, A ∩B and B – A are mutually disjoint sets,

i.e., the intersection of any of these two sets is the null set.

** Complement of a Set : Let U be the universal set and A a subset of U.

Then the complement of A is the set of all elements of U which
are not the elements of A. Symbolically, we write A′ to denote
the complement of A with respect to U.
Thus, A′ = {x : x  U and x  A }. Obviously A′ = U – A
** Some Properties of Complement Sets
1. Complement laws: (i) A  A′ = U (ii) A ∩ A′ = φ
2. De Morgan‟s law: (i) (A  B)´ = A′ ∩ B′ (ii) (A ∩ B )′ = A′  B′
3. Law of double complementation : (A′ )′ = A
4. Laws of empty set and universal set φ′ = U and U′ = φ.

** Practical Problems on Union and Intersection of Two Sets :

(i) n ( A  B ) = n ( A ) + n ( B ) – n ( A ∩ B )
(ii) n ( A  B ) = n ( A ) + n ( B ) , if A ∩ B = φ.
(iii) n (A  B  C ) = n ( A ) + n ( B ) + n (C) – n (A ∩ B) – n (B ∩ C) – n (A ∩ C) + n (A ∩ B ∩ C).
SOME ILLUTRATIONS/EXAMPLES (WITH SOLUTION)

(A) MCQ.
1.The number of elements in the Power set P(S) of the set S = {1, 2,3} is:
A. 4 B. 8 C. 2 D. None of these

Answer: B. 8
Explanation: Number of elements in the set S = 3
Number of elements in the power set of set S = {1,2,3} = 23= 8

2. Empty set is a _______.

A. Infinite set B. Finite set C. Unknown set D. Universal set

Answer: B. Finite set

Explanation: The cardinality of the empty set is zero, since it has no elements. Hence, the size of the
empty set is zero.

3. Order of the power set P(A) of a set A of order n is equal to:

A. n B. 2n C. 2n D. n2

Answer: C. 2n
Explanation: The cardinality of the power set is equal to 2n, where n is the number of elements in a
given set.

4. Write X = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25,…} in set builder form.

A. X = {x: x is a set of prime numbers} B. X = {x: x is a set of whole numbers}
C. X = {x: x is a set of natural numbers} D. X = {x: x is a set of square numbers}

Answer: D. X = {x: x is a set of square numbers}

Explanation: Given,
X = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25,…}
X = {12, 22, 32, 42, 52, …}
Therefore,
X = {x: x is a set of square numbers}

(b) SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

1.Q. 4: Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. If n represent any member of X, express the following assets:
(i) n + 5 = 8
(ii) n is greater than 4
Solution:
(i) Let B = {x | x ∈ X and x + 5 = 8}
Here, B = {3} as x = 3 ∈ X and 3 + 5 = 8 and there is no other element belonging to X such that x + 5
= 8.
(ii) Let C = {x | x ∈ X, x > 4}
Therefore, C = {5, 6}

2. Write the following sets in the roster form.

(i) A = {x | x is a positive integer less than 10 and 2x – 1 is an odd number}
(ii) C = {x : x2 + 7x – 8 = 0, x ∈ R}
Solution:
(i) 2x – 1 is always an odd number for all positive integral values of x since 2x is an even number.
In particular, 2x – 1 is an odd number for x = 1, 2, … , 9.
Therefore, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
(ii) x2 + 7x – 8 = 0
(x + 8) (x – 1) = 0
x = – 8 or x = 1
Therefore, C = {– 8, 1}
3. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, A = {2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}.
Find A′, B′, A′ ∩ B′, A ∪ B and hence show that (A∪B )′ = A′∩ B′.
Solution:
Given,
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, A = {2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}
A′ = {1, 4, 5, 6}
B′ = {1, 2, 6}.
Hence, A′ ∩ B′ = {1, 6}
Also, A ∪ B = {2, 3, 4, 5}
(A ∪ B)′ = {1, 6}
Therefore, (A∪ B)′ = {1, 6} = A′ ∩ B′
(d) LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

1. Use the properties of sets to prove that for all the sets A and B, A – (A ∩ B) = A – B
Solution:
A – (A ∩ B) = A ∩ (A ∩ B)′ (since A – B = A ∩ B′)
= A ∩ (A′ ∪ B′) [by De Morgan‟s law)
= (A∩A′) ∪ (A∩ B′) [by distributive law]
= φ ∪ (A ∩ B′)
= A ∩ B′ = A – B
Hence, proved that A – (A ∩ B) = A – B.

2. Two finite sets have m and n elements. The total number of subsets of first set is 56 more than the
total number of subsets of the second set. Find the value of m and n.

Solution:
No. of elements in A=m
No. of elements in B=n
According the question
No. of subsets of set A – No. of subsets off set B = 56
𝟐𝐦 − 𝟐𝐧 = 𝟓𝟔
𝟐𝐧 (𝟐𝐦−𝐧 − 𝟏) = 56 because m> 𝐧
𝟐𝐧 (𝟐𝐦−𝐧 − 𝟏) = 8x7
𝟐𝐧 (𝟐𝐦−𝐧 − 𝟏) = 𝟐𝟑 x7
By comparing to both sides we get
𝟐𝐧 = 𝟐𝟑 , 𝟐𝐦−𝐧 − 𝟏 = 𝟕
n = 3,𝟐𝐦−𝐧 = 𝟕 +1
𝟐𝐦−𝐧 = 𝟖
m -n = 3
m = n+3
m=6 because n=3

QUESTION FOR PRACTICE

(A)MCQ

1 : How many elements are there in the complement of set A?

A. 0 B. 1 C. All the elements of A D. None of these

2 : Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, P = {1, 2, 5}, Q = {6, 7}. Then P ∩ Q’ is :

A. P B. Q C. Q‟ D. None

3. The cardinality of the power set of {x: x∈N, x≤10} is ______.

A. 1024 B. 1023 C. 2048 D. 2043

4. If A, B and C are any three sets, then A × (B ∪ C) is equal to:

A. (A × B) ∪ (A × C) C. (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
B. (A ∪ B) × (A ∪ C) D. None of the above

Ans:1-D ,2-A , 3-A , 4-A

(B) ASSERTION AND REASON

1. DIRECTION: In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion is given followed by a

corresponding statement of Reason just below it. Of the statements, mark the correct
answer as
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false but reason is true
1. Assertion (A) „The collection of all natural numbers less than 100‟ is a set.
Reason (R) :A set is a well-defined collection of the distinct objects.

Ans: 1-A

(C)SHORT ANSWER TYPE

1. Given that N = {1, 2, 3, …,100}, then write the subset A of N, whose elements are odd numbers.
2.Write the subset B of N, whose elements are represented by x + 2, where x ∈ N.
3. Write the following sets in roster form: A = {x: x is an integer and –3 ≤ x < 7}
4. B = {x: x is a natural number less than 6}
5. Write (–5,9] in set-builder form.

6. List all subsets of the set {-1,0,1}

7.Taking the set of natural numbers as the universal set, write down the complements of the set:
{x: x is an even natural number}
8. Write the set A = {x: 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟕𝐱 − 𝟖 = 𝟎 , 𝐱 ∈ 𝐑} in roster form.
9. Prove that for all sets A and B, 𝐀 − 𝐀 − 𝐁 = 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁
10. Express the following intervals as a set in set builder form:
(i) (2, 7) (ii) [-4, 4)

ANS:1-A = {1, 3, 5, 7, …, 99} , 2. B = {3, 4, 5, 6, …, 100}3. A = {-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

4. B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} 5. {x: x∈ R, −5 < 𝑥 ≤ 9}6. {∅, {1}, {0}, {-1},{-1,1},{-1,0},{-1,1}, {-1, 1,
0}}7. {1, 3, 5, 7.......} 8. {-8, 1}.
9. 𝐀 − 𝐁 = Set of those elements which are in A but not in B
A - 𝐀 − 𝐁 = Set of those elements which are in A but not in 𝐀 − 𝐁 = Elements of set B
=𝐀∩𝐁
10. (i) {x: x∈ R, 2 < 𝑥 < 9} (ii){x: x∈ R, −4 ≤ x < 9}

CLASS: XI
Session: 2023-24
Mathematics (Code-041)
Class Test I
Time Allowed: 45 mints Maximum Marks: 20
General Instructions:
1. This question paper contains Three sections – A, B and C. Each part is compulsory.
2. Section - A has 5 questions of 1 marks each.
3. Section – B has 5 questions of 2 marks each.
4. Section - C has a question of 5 marks .
.
SECTION – A
Q 1. If A={1,2,3,4,5}, then the number of proper subsets of A is

(a) 120 (b) 30 (c)31 (d)32

Q 2. For any two sets A and B, A∩ (A ∪ B) =

(a)A (b) B (c) ∅ (d) none of these

Q 3. Let A and B be two sets such that n(A)= 16, n(B)= 14, n(A∪B)=25 then n(A∩B) is equal to

(a) 30 (b)50(c)5 (d)none of these

Q 4. For two sets A∪B=A iff

(a)B⊂A (b )A⊂B (c)A ≠B (d)A = B

Q 5. Let A and B be two sets in the same universal set. Then A-B =

(a) A∩B (b)A‟∩B (c) A∩B‟ (d)none of these

SECTION – B

Q 6. Let U be the set of all triangles in a plane. If A is the set of all triangles with at least one angle

different from 60 degree, What is Ai

Q7. Write the given set using set builder method: 1,4,9,16,25,36,49,64,81,100,121,144

Q8. Write the compliment of the given set A= {x: x is positive multiple of 3, x∈ N}.

Q 9. Two finite sets have m and n elements. The number of subsets of the first set is 112 more than

that of the second set. Find the values of m and n.

′
Q 10. Let U= 1,2,3,4,5,6 ,A= 2,3 and B= 3,4,5 .Show that A ∪ B = A′ ∩ B′
 SECTION – C

Q 11. Let P be the set of prime numbers and let S={t:2t − 1 is a prime }. Prove that S ⊂ P.

CLASS: XI
Session: 2023-24
Mathematics (Code-041)
Class Test II
Time Allowed: 60 mints Maximum Marks: 30
General Instructions:
1. This question paper contains Three sections – A, B and C. Each part is compulsory.
2. Section – A has 5 questions of 1 mark each.
3. Section – B has 5 questions of 2 marks each.
4. Section – C has one question of 5 marks.
5.Section – D has 2 questions of 5 marks each.
SECTION – A
Q (1).Set of even prime numbers is
(a) Null set (b) a singleton set (c) a finite set (d) an infinite set
Q (2). The set of circles passing through the origin (0,0)
(a)Finite set (b) infinite set (c) Null set (d) none of these
Q (3).The set A∪ A′
(a) A (b) A‟ (c)∅(d) U
Q (4).Two sets A, B are disjoint if :
(a) A∪ B = ∅ (b) A∩ B ≠ ∅ (c)A∩ B = ∅ (d)A-B=A
(5).Set A and B have 3 and 6 elements respectively. What can be the minimum number of elements in
A∪B?
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 18
SECTION – B

Q (6).Write the set { x : x is positive integer and x 2 < 40} in the roaster form.
Q (7).Is the set A={x:x 3 =8 and 2x+3=0} empty? Justify.
Q (8).Write the following intervals in set- builder form: (i) (-3, 0) (ii) (6, 12].
Q (9).Let V={ a,e,i,o,u } and B={a,i,k,u } . Find V-B and B-V.
Q (10).Show that (A∪ B) − A ∩ B = A − B ∪ (B − A)
SECTION – C

Q (11) A class teacher Mamta Sharma of class XI write three sets A, B and C are such that A = {1,
3, 5,7,9},B={2,4,6,8} and C={2,3,5,7,11}.
Answer the following questions which are based on above sets.
(i) Find A∩B.
(a) {3,5,7} (b)φ (c) {1,5,7} (d) {2,5,7}

(ii) Find A∩C

(a){3,5,7} (b)φ (c) {1,5,7} (d) {3,4,7}
 (iii) Which of the following is correct for two sets A and B to be disjoint?
(a) A∩B=∅ (b)A∩B≠∅ (c) A∪B=∅ (d)A∪B≠∅

(iv) Which of the following is correct for two sets A and to be intersecting?
(a)A∩C=∅ (b)A∩C ≠∅ (c) A∪C=∅ (d)A∪C≠∅
(v) Find A∪B.
(a){1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} (b){1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} (c){1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9} (d){1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9}

SECTION – D

Q (12). For all sets A, B and C. Is (A- B)∩ C − B = A ∩ C − B?Justify your answer.
Q (13). A,B and C are subset of universal set U. If A ={2,4,6,8,12,20} , B={3,6,9,12,15 },
C={ 5,10,15,20} and U is the set of all whole numbers. Draw a Venn diagram showing the
relation of U, A,B and C.
………………………………………………….
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