, Amoeboid movement : These movements takes place in phagocytes
where leucocytes and macrophages migrate through tissue. It is affected by
Dseudepodia formed by the streaming of protoplasm (as in amoeba)
4 Ciliary movement : These movement occurs in internal organs which are
lined by ciliary epithelium.
1 Muscular Movement : This movements involve the muscle fibers, which
have the ability to contract and relex.
Properties of Muscle : (i) Excitability (ii) Contractility
(ii)Extensibility (iv) Elasticity
Types of Muscles:
(a) Skeletal muscles or striated musclesThese involved in locomotion and
change of body postures. These are also known as voluntary muscles.
inner wallof
(b) Visceral muscles or smooth muscles-These are located in
under
hollow visceral organ, smooth in appearance and their activity are not
control of nervous system. They are called involuntary muscles.
striated and
(c) Cardiac muscles-The muscles ofheart, involuntary in nature,
branched, These are uninucleated.
Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle
Characteristic Skeletal Muscle
muscles found in the inner wa Muscles found in
Location Muscles attached with
ls of hollow visceral organs heart
skeletal components
Striated having light and Unstriped, smooth in Striated in
Appearance appearance and
dark bands. appearance with tapering
ends branched
not under the
Control They are controlled by They are not under the
control of our will hence direct control of
our will hence called
called involuntary muscles nervous system
voluntary muscles
Structure of myofibril:
Each myofibril consist of alternate dark and light band.
Anisotroic band.
Dark band--contain myosin protein and is called A-band or
Light band-Contain actinprotein and is called I Band or Isotropic band.
(thin
filament
IBand is bisected by an elastic fiber called Z' line. Actin
filament) are firmly attached to the Z' lines.
Myosin filament (thick filament) in the A' Band are also held together in
the middle of T Band by thin fibrous membrane called 'M' line.
as functional
The portionbetween two successive Z lines is considered
unit of contraction and is called a sarcomere.
Structure of Actin and Myosin Filament
A Band IBand
M Line
H Zone ZLine
SARCOMERE
Z-line
1-band A-band 1-band
1. Actin filament : An actin filament is made of two F actins which are
helically wound to each other. Two filaments of tropo myosin protein also
run close to F' actins throughout its length. Acomplex protein Troponin is
distributed at regular intervals on tropomyosin which mask the actin binding
site for myosin.
2. Myosin filament : Each myosin filament is a polymer of
meromyosin.
Each meromyosin has two componentsa globular head with a short arm
and a tail. Head is made of heavy meromyosin while tail is made of light
meromyosin. The head with its short arm project outward at regular distance
and angle from each other and is known as cross arm.The head has an active
site for actin and binding site for ATP.
Red muscle fibres :
These are red in colour due to presence of high content of myoglobin.
These contain plenty of mitochondria.
Sarcoplasmicreticulum is less in these fibres.
Show slow but sustained contractions for longer periods.
White muscle fibres
These are pale or whitish due to presence of less content of myoglobin.
These contain fewer mitochondria
Sarcoplasmic reticulum is morehigh
quantity so muscle
During strenuous exercise, lactic acid accumulates in large
fatigues
filament theory
Mechanism or Muscle contraction : Sliding
by the sliding of actin (thin
The contraction of muscle fiber takes place
filament) on myosin (thick filament)
contraction is initiated by a signal sent by the CNS via a motor
Muscle
neuron.
nerve stimulates a muscle fiber at neuro muscular
Impulse from motor
junctions.
which generates an action potential in
Neurotransmitter releases here
sarcolema.
sarcoplasm. These Ca binds with troponin,
Thiscauses release of Ca into
of active site.
thereby remove masking
active site on actin to form a cross bridge,
exposed
e Myosin head binds to
hydrolysis.
utilising energy from ATP
filament towards the centre ofA' band.
This pulls the acin
inward thereby causing a shortning of sarcomere i.e.
z lines also pulled
contraction.
reduced, whereas the `A' band retain the length.
I bandget
relexation, the cross bridge between the actin and myosin break.
During
Catt pumped back to sarcoplasmiccisternae. Actin filament slide out of"A
band and length of l band increase. This returns the muscle to its original
state.
Vertebralformulae of man C,T, ,LS Ca = 33
Human skeleton 206 bones
Axial skeleton (80 bones)
Appendicular
skeleton (126 bores)
skull (29 bones) vertebrae (26) (33)
Lbhere cranium-& face Cervical-7 stemum Ribs
d 14 Ear ossicele-6 Thoracic-12 12 pairs (24)
Hyoid-1 Lumber-5
sacral-1 (5-fused to form 1sacrum)
Caudal-1 (4-coccygeal fused to form 1 coccys)
Girdles (6 bones) - Clavicle 2
Pectoral (Scoulder girdle) Limbs (120 bones)
Pelvic (Hip gridle( (2) Scapula-2
Fore limbs (60 bones)- 30 in cach limb
Hind limbs (60) 30 in each limb
Hunmerus-2 Femur-2
Radius-2
Ulna-2 Tibia-2
Fibula-2
Carplas-16 Patella-2
Meta Carpals- 10
Phalanges-28-2x (2, 3, 3, 3, 3) Tarsals- 14
Joints
Phalanges-28
Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints
do not allow allo very slight
Synovial joints
movement
movement
Freely
movable
Ex-joints between Ex-joint betwee
the bones of skull
adjacent vertebrae
Ball and socket Hinge Pivot Gliding Saddis
Joints Joints Joints Joints Joints
Ex-between humerus Ex-knee Ex-Atlas
and pectroal girdle Joint and axis
Ex-between Ex between
between femur carpals Carpals and meta
Elbow joint carpals of thumb
and pelvic girdle
