IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI)

Vol. 14, No. 1, February 2025, pp. 166~171

ISSN: 2252-8938, DOI: 10.11591/ijai.v14.i1.pp166-171  166

High body temperature detection solution through touchless

machine for health monitoring

Siddharth Swami1, Lalit Mohan Joshi2, Mohammed Ismail Iqbal3, Meera Sharma4, Amar Jeet Rawat4,
Sameer Dev Sharma4, Rajesh Singh5
1
School of Environment and Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun, India
2
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Haridwar University, Roorkee, India
3
College of Engineering and Technology, University of Technology and Sciences, Nizwa, Oman
4
Uttaranchal School of Computing Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
5
Division of Research & Innovation, Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The demand for reliable health monitoring systems has surged in today's
health-conscious society. Body temperature monitoring is crucial for
Received Mar 19, 2024 preserving health and preventing infectious disease outbreaks. In this study an
Revised Oct 18, 2024 Arduino uno hardware board with a touchless temperature sensor is proposed
Accepted Oct 23, 2024 to detect elevated body temperature, indicating fever and early signs of illness.
The system prioritizes real-time health surveillance, accessibility, and
usability, blending seamlessly with normal life. Arduino's versatility allows
Keywords: the system to function covertly, uphold privacy and autonomy, and foster
wellbeing. The goal is to highlight the system's ability to function covertly,
Arduino uphold privacy and autonomy, and foster wellbeing. This technology
Body temperature exemplifies the synergy between personal wellness and contemporary
Buzzer technologies, offering a useful and adaptable fever detection solution for
Health monitoring various contexts, including homes and public areas.
Touchless machine
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Siddharth Swami
School of Environment and Natural Resources, Doon University
Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The study evaluated the effectiveness of a new wearable temperature monitoring device in predicting
body temperature and identifying fevers in high-risk outpatient situations. These patients were especially
vulnerable to developing febrile neutropenia as a result of recent chemotherapy and autologous stem cell
transplantation [1]. A study highlighted the important potential of continuous temperature monitoring in
multiple contexts, such as immune-compromised patient monitoring, sepsis prevention, and at-home patient
care following discharge [2]. By utilizing portable, non-contact temperature monitoring equipment that can
measure temperature with an astounding 99% accuracy, our study takes a novel approach to temperature
monitoring. We tested our method on inanimate hot objects and people with normal body temperatures to
confirm its accuracy [3]. Unlike an inexpensive non-contact infrared thermometer, this precision was reliably
preserved both indoors and within a 20 cm range outside [4]. We have created a useful technique for monitoring
temperature remotely, and we have successfully confirmed its operation through experimentation with an
astounding 98% accuracy. Considering the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it is
extremely important to include technology that is wearable into daily life [5]. Our real-time smartphone
accessory, thermo trak, can be used for fever evaluation, including the identification of symptoms associated
with infectious diseases like syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [6]. It provides accurate temperature

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Int J Artif Intell ISSN: 2252-8938  167

readings. In this work, we provide a low-cost system that uses an RGB-thermal camera to concurrently detect
and evaluate the temperature features of numerous faces. In order to reduce temperature measurement errors,
this method develops temperature models for particular facial features [7].
According to preliminary data from the first 50 individuals who report COVID-19 infections,
wearable technology can reliably identify temperature rises linked to illnesses [8]. The correlation between
self-reported fever and these temperature rises suggests that wearable sensors can be used to continuously
collect physiological data that could be used to anticipate the beginning of disease [9]. With an astounding 99%
accuracy in temperature measurement, our study offers a novel solution in the shape of a portable, non-contact
temperature sensor device [10]. When participants with normal body temperatures and hot objects are tested
indoors and outdoors, this precision is constantly maintained [11].

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Respiratory droplets from people with infection are the primary means of COVID-19 transmission,
quarantine measures are necessary to successfully limit the virus's spread [12]. According to this study, a
wearable device with internet of things (IoT) integration might monitor indoor conditions and body temperature
in real time. Additionally, it contains an alert system that activates when a person under quarantine's body
temperature increases above a level that has been set [13]. This supply is necessary to provide timely responses
to any illnesses. This study provides a novel approach for identifying COVID-19 fever symptoms in an effort
to address concerns with extended screening at public or private institutions, which may create situations that
are favorable to the spread of the disease [14]. Using IoT cloud services, it can detect abnormal temperatures
more accurately and quickly identify the people who have them [15]. The method is essential for limiting the
possibility of virus transmission in crowded environments [16]. This has taken on the mission of creating fever
detection tools in order to increase testing reach, accuracy, and safety in terms of exposure to viruses and
diseases. Their work has resulted in a reliable medical temperature monitoring sensor that is based on a mobile
application [17].
To meet the need for precise and accessible temperature monitoring in healthcare settings, this
equipment has a mobile application that provides real-time temperature data [18]. Added to that, an innovative
vision-based real-time newborn temperature monitoring system has been created, and its amazing to achieve
83.33% accuracy rate as a proof. This gadget can greatly improve early fever detection and child care since it
can distinguish between a parent's and a newborn's faces [19]. When a baby's temperature rises over average,
it might also alert the parent. One important innovation in the ongoing search for a trustworthy fever screening
method is a smart mask with long-range (LoRa) backscattering capabilities. This mask has a tremendous deal
of potential to improve safety in a variety of situations, especially during public health emergencies, because
it can assess both body temperature and breathing rate while consuming a substantially smaller amount of
power overall [20]. In order to satisfy the demand for precise automated fever screening, it is critical to consider
several temperature measurement methods. Large-scale screening is not a good fit for the labor-intensive,
traditional procedures that use direct touch thermometers, notwithstanding their accuracy. On the other hand,
thermography can take several people's temperatures without having to touch them, therefore it meets screening
standards. The ambient temperature can, however, cause changes in it. To design effective screening systems,
it is essential to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches [21].

3. REAL-TIME AIR QUALITY MONITORING

The main elements of our fever monitoring project are represented by the block diagram for our
atmosphere monitoring system, which is shown in Figure 1. The purpose of this system's design is to make it
easier to measure body temperature accurately and in real time, as well as to identify fever early on. Let's
examine the essential components in this diagram in more detail and see how they work together to produce a
seamless and successful health monitoring system.
The technological brain, the temperature sensor, has been carefully constructed to produce extremely
precise body temperature readings. This sensor is able to be set as an ir temperature gauge or a type of
thermoelectric. Getting the critical temperature information necessary for health surveillance is its main
objective. The sensor itself serves as a system's brain, providing the very first input and initiates the entire
process. It guarantees sure the user's temperature readings are constantly gathered and is a foundation for
measurement of temperatures undertaken in real time [22].
The cerebral centers of the entire thing are the microcontroller known as Arduino, which operates as
the system's central processing unit. Following receiving temperature data form, the instrument and interpreting
it, it executes preprogrammed logic. To respond swiftly to temperature data that arrives at this flexible element
is required. It can be set up to do a variety other function, like matching the recorded temperature and setting

High body temperature detection solution through touchless machine for … (Siddharth Swami)
168  ISSN: 2252-8938

fever threshold. Once the Arduino microprocessor notices an elevated or high temperature, it advances to the
notifications step.
The output of the system is represented via a noise or buzzer. This part is critical to the procedure for
collecting input from users. When the microcontroller of the Arduino judges whether an individual has a fever
or elevated temperature based on the body's temperature data, a beeper or speaker emits a warning. A
notification in real time informing the user to their higher temperature is sent. Users take this message as an
alert to get medical attention promptly or to take the necessary safety precautions [23].
As a result, this section of the diagram highlights the major elements of our fever tracking system and
shows how well they work together to provide an exhaustive and distinctive health monitoring solution.
Reliable data on temperature is provided by the temperature sensor, which is complied with by the Arduino
microcontroller's analysis and ringing of the alerts as necessary [24]. Via the sound of a buzzer or speaker, the
user receives an instant audible a reaction that provides them with crucial details concerning their present-day
health. In addition to imparting deep insight, the following description gives a distinctive example of how our
state-of-the-art technology works for offering users discrete and seamless access to medical information.

Figure 1. Block diagram for air quality monitoring

4. HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT
The hardware of fever alarm system are as follows (Figure 2):
‒ The Arduino board is the brain of the complete system where external power supply has been attached with
it from 12v adapter.
‒ The ground pin of the mlx temperature sensor has been connected to the common ground and voltage pin
to the external power. The analog pin of the motion sensor has been attached with the A1 and A2 pin of
Arduino board.
‒ The buzzer ground pin is connected with ground and the output pin is connected with pin number.

Figure 2. Connection diagram for fever alarm system

5. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SYSTEM

The Arduino microcontroller's setup phase is a crucial first stage that creates a basis for every
functional function. This is a critical stage since it set up critical hardware components, such as the temperature
sensor and buzzer. This methodology will decide how to work. It is necessary to set a limit on the temperature
of fever, only through this we will determine the health condition. It is a system working in a loop to
continuously detect fever and body temperature [25]. This ongoing cycle ensures that the device takes the user's
temperature quickly and accurately while monitoring. To get more information about the system's hardware
configuration and connections as shown in Figure 3.

Int J Artif Intell, Vol. 14, No. 1, February 2025: 166-171

Int J Artif Intell ISSN: 2252-8938  169

Figure 3. Hardware setup for the proposed system

This can be done by receiving analog or digital signals depending on the specific sensor being used.
After the system receives the temperature data, it converts the temperature into a measurement and returns the
temperature in degrees Celsius and Fahrenheit. This is an important step in the field of health because it helps
in providing information related to health. The method of transformation may need calculation based on the
sensor's properties or it may rely on calibration data specific to the sensor [26]. The temperature is adjusted by
the system before it checks for fever. This is done by comparing the temperature measured to the set fever
threshold. Then temperature of the user exceeds the limit indicating fever, the system will give a fever alarm.
And whenever the temperature normal, the system starts giving its regular observations. The device instantly
sounds a warning via the speaker or buzzer when it senses a body temperature that is elevated and may indicate
a fever. The user receives an instantaneous, visually arresting indication when their health state changes thanks
to this auditory notification [27]. Extra details on the fever episode might also be shown on a screen that is
attached, if they are accessible, to help the user become even more aware of their health. At this point, a short
delay time is added to stop uninterrupted alarm activation and lower the number of false alarms. It is customary
for continuous monitoring systems to reset and prepare the system for the next temperature reading during this
interval. The alert is reset and the system keeps checking the temperature after the time period. Monitoring the
fever alert and receiving deeper health-related information are made possible by the mentioned capabilities.
Power-saving sleep modes that conserve energy while the system is inactive. At the end of each cycle, the
device moves simply to its primary functions of temperature monitoring and fever identification. Because of
this never-ending cycle, the system is always on guard, being of real-time health monitoring and issuing alarms
when necessary [28].

6. CONCLUSION
In the present study, a fresh perspective on the increasing importance of health and happiness in
modern society is showcased. It uses an innovative fever monitoring device that combines discrete temperature
sensors with Arduino microcontroller technology to give customers access to real-time health information. We
have carefully considered the notion of "stealth" throughout the development of our solution in order to
preserve user privacy and meet the pressing need for efficient health monitoring. Our Arduino system is a good
example of how low cost home medical devices can be used to monitor one's health. It indicates the user's
temperature regularly as part of its guardian function, and it swiftly alerts them if an elevated temperature is
found—an early indicator of fever. Visual or auditory notifications can be used to receive information on
changes in the condition of a person’s health so that the necessary actions would be taken or medical help could
be sought by them quickly. And with technological progress we can improve human welfare. It reminds us of
our duties to prioritize health and well-being always that also helps us achieve our objectives. This temperature
monitoring system is an important step in the field of security of homes and public places. It serves as an
important tool for early disease detection. We strongly believe that technology acts as a dependable sentinel
and that information is our most effective weapon. The purpose of this article is to explore the correlation
between technology and health and provide a case that exemplifies how technological advancement could lead
to better health results. It is very important for the society to pay attention to its health. And with the help of
this project, we can significantly improve both individual and societal health to a great extent.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Siddharth Swami received his bachelor’s degree from Uttarakhand Technical

University in civil engineering and completed his masters in environmental engineering. He has
also qualified UGC NET and GATE exam. He has published various SCI articles in Q1 journals
and currently pursuing his Ph.D. in Renewable energy from Doon University. He has also
published more than dozen patents in the field of sustainability, technology and innovation. He
can be contacted at email: [email protected].

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Int J Artif Intell ISSN: 2252-8938  171

Lalit Mohan Joshi is an Assistant Professor in the Computer Science and

Engineering Department at Haridwar University, with 2.5 years of teaching and 7 years of
research experience. He has published 19 research papers, a book chapter in a Springer series,
and edited a book. Notably, he holds an Indian patent for a waste management system and has
received several awards, including the "Devbhoomi excellence education award 2023" and the
"International distinguished young scientist award 2024." He is also a member of 19 national
and international research societies. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Mohammed Ismail Iqbal is a distinguished professional with a robust educational

background and extensive experience spanning over 12 years in both industrial and teaching
fields, both nationally and internationally. He holds an MBA in Oil & Gas Management from
the University of Petroleum & Energy Studies and earned his Ph.D. in Management from
Lincoln University College, Malaysia. He expertise extends to providing corporate training to
industry giants such as HCL, ITC, BAPEX, and CAIRN ENERGY, showcasing his versatility
and proficiency in the field of management. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Meera Sharma is an Associate Professor at Uttaranchal University in Dehradun,

India, with over 18 years of academic and administrative experience. She completed her Ph.D.
from Uttarakhand Technical University and has presented research internationally, including at
the World Bank and American University in Phnom Penh. An accomplished researcher, she has
published numerous papers, received various awards for her contributions to academia, and has
a strong interest in organizational behavior and human resource management. She can be
contacted at email: [email protected].

Amar Jeet Rawat is associated with Uttaranchal University Dehradun as an

Assistant Professor and in the School of Computing Sciences. He has more than 15 years of
Industry and Teaching Experience combined. He published a number of patents and research
papers. His research area is artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning, and natural
language processing. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Sameer Dev Sharma distinguished professional with a robust educational

background and extensive experience spanning over 16 years in teaching fields. He is pursuing
his doctoral degree from Uttaranchal University in Artificial Intelligence. His field of expertise
is in AI, machine learning, and programming languages. He can be contacted at
[email protected].

Rajesh Singh an accomplished academician and researcher, holds a Ph.D. in

Engineering, with a distinguished M.Tech. in Electronics and Communication Engineering
(ECE) and a B.E. in ECE with honours. With 18 years of academic experience, he currently
serves as a Professor in ECE and as the Director of the Division of Research & Innovation at
Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India. His international academic footprint extends to a post-
doctorate position at Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Mexico. He has contributed
significantly to research with 20 years of experience, securing funding for four government
projects, publishing 43 international books, and authoring 411 SCI/Scopus papers. He can be
contacted at email: [email protected].

High body temperature detection solution through touchless machine for … (Siddharth Swami)