Unit-3: D.C.

Generator
Syllabus: Faraday’s law, Principle of operation, constructional details, induced emf
expression, Relation between induced emf and terminal voltage. Simple numerical
D.C. machines are electrical machines which deal with the conversion of one form
of energy to another. The process of conversion is called as electromechanical energy
conversion.
D.C Generator: - A D.C machine which converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy is called a d.c generator.
Basic principle of D.C machine: - A D.C machine works on the principle of
Faradays laws of electromagnetic induction.
Faradays laws of electromagnetic induction.
Law 1: When a conductor moves in a magnetic field, voltage is induced in the
conductor. (Generator action)
Law 2: When a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field, the conductor
experiences a mechanical force (Motor action)
Basic principle of D.C machine as a generator: - Conductor is moved in a magnetic
field such that it cuts across lines of flux, dynamically induced e.m.f is produced.
The magnitude of this induced e.m.f in the conductor is given by the equation

E=BlvsinӨ

Where, l =length of the portion of the conductor in the

magnetic field
v = velocity of the conductor
B =magnetic flux density
Ө = Angle between direction of movement of the conductor in the magnetic field
and the direction of magnetic flux

The e.m.f induced in the conductor causes a current to flow in the conductor if the
circuit is closed. Thus, electrical power develops in the conductor. If the conductor
does not move or if it is moved parallel to the lines of flux, no e.m.f induced in it,
and hence no power is generated. Hence it is clear that, for generation of e.m.f
there should be relative motion between the conductor and magnetic field.
For the generating action must have the following requirements
i) The conductor or coil
ii) The flux
iii) The relative motion between the conductor and flux
The direction of the induced e.m.f is given by Fleming’s right hand rule

Fleming's right-hand rule (for generators): - shows the direction of induced

e.m.f (current) when a conductor moves in a magnetic field.
The right hand is held with the thumb, first finger and second finger mutually
perpendicular to each other (at right angles)
The Thumb represents the direction of Motion of the conductor
First finger represents the direction of the Field or Flux. (north to south)
The Second finger represents the direction of the induced or generated
Current (the direction of the induced current or e.m.f will be the direction
of conventional current; from positive to negative).

Fig: Fleming’s right hand rule

Classification of Generators: -
Generators are usually classified according to the way in which their fields are
excited. The field windings provide the excitation necessary to set up the magnetic
fields in the machine. There are various types of field windings that can be used in
the generator or motor circuit. In addition to the following field winding types,
permanent magnet fields are used on some smaller DC products. Generators may
be divided in to
(a) Separately-excited generators and
(b) Self-excited generators

Construction

Fig: DC Generator

Yoke: The outer frame or yoke serves double purpose: (i) It provides mechanical
support for the poles and acts as a protecting cover for the whole machine. (ii) It
carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles. In small generators where
cheapness rather than weight is the main consideration, yokes are made of cast
iron. But for large machines usually cast steel or rolled steel is employed.
Pole Cores and Pole Shoes: The field magnets consist of pole cores and pole shoes.
The pole shoes serve two purposes: (i) They spread out the flux in the air gap and
also, being of larger cross-section, reduce the reluctance of the magnetic path. (ii)
They support the exciting coils (or field coils) as shown below.
Pole Coils: The field coils or pole coils, which consist of copper wire or strip, are
former-wound for the correct dimension. Then, the former is removed and wound coil
is put into place over the core. When current is passed through these coils, they electro
magnetize the poles which produce the necessary flux that is cut by revolving armature
conductors.
Armature Core: It houses the armature conductors or coils and causes them to rotate
and hence cut the magnetic flux of the field magnets. In addition to this, its most
important function is to provide a path of very low reluctance to the flux through the
armature from a N-pole to a S-pole. It is cylindrical or drum-shaped and is built up of
usually circular sheet steel discs or laminations approximately 0.5 mm thick. The slots
are either die-cut or punched on the outer periphery of the disc and the keyway is
located on the inner diameter as shown. In small machines, the armature stampings
are keyed directly to the shaft. Usually, these laminations are perforated for air ducts
which permit axial flow of air through the armature for cooling purposes. The purpose
of using laminations is to reduce the loss due to eddy currents. Thinner the
laminations, greater is the
resistance offered to the induced emf, smaller the current and hence lesser the I2 R
loss in the core.

Armature Windings: The armature windings are usually former-wound. These are
first wound in the form of flat rectangular coils and are then pulled into their proper
shape in a coil puller. Various conductors of the coils are insulated from each other.
The conductors are placed in the armature slots which are lined with tough insulating
material. This slot insulation is folded over above the armature conductors placed in
the slot and is secured in place by special hard wooden or fiber wedges.
Commutator: The functions of the commutator are to facilitate collection of current
from the armature conductors, and to convert the alternating current induced in the
armature conductors into unidirectional current in the external load circuit. It is of
cylindrical structure and is built up of wedge-shaped segments of high-conductivity
hard-drawn or drop forged copper. These segments are insulated from each other by
thin layers of mica. The number of segments is equal to the number of armature coils.
Each commutator segment is connected to the armature conductor by means of a
copper lug or riser. To prevent them from flying out under the action of centrifugal
forces, the segments have V-grooves, these grooves being insulated by conical
micanite rings.
Brushes and Bearings: The brushes, whose function is to collect current from
commutator, are usually made of carbon or graphite and are in the shape of a
rectangular block. These brushes are
housed in brush-holders, the brush-holder is mounted on a spindle and the brushes
can slide in the rectangular box open at both ends. The brushes are made to bear down
on the commutator by a spring. A flexible copper pigtail mounted at the top of the
brush conveys current from the brushes to the holder. The number of brushes per
spindle depends on the magnitude of the current to be collected from the commutator.
Because of their reliability, ball-bearings are frequently employed, though for
heavy duties, roller bearings are preferable. The ball and rollers are generally packed
in hard oil for quieter operation and for reduced bearing wear, sleeve bearings are
used which are lubricated by ring oilers fed from oil reservoir in the bearing bracket.

EMF Equation of DC Generator:

Let, f = Flux / pole in webers
Change in flux d ϕ = P ϕ webers
Z = Total number armature conductors
P = Number of poles
A = Number of parallel paths in the armature.
N = Rotational speed of armature in revolutions per minute
(r.p.m)
Time taken to complete one revolution = 60/N sec.
E = e.m.f induced / parallel path in armature.

By Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction,

𝐝∅
e = rate of cutting the flux =
𝐝𝐭
Now consider one revolution of conductor. In one revolution, conductor will cut total flux
 60
produced by all the poles i.e. ∅ x P. while time required to complete one revolution is
N
seconds as speed is N r.p.m.
∅𝑷 𝐍
e = 𝟔𝟎 = ϕ P
𝟔𝟎
𝑵
This is the e.m.f induced in one conductor. Now the conductors in one parallel path are
Z
always in series. There are total Z conductors with A parallel paths, hence numbers of
A
conductors are always in series and e.m.f. remains same across all the parallel paths.

Therefore, Total emf can be expressed as,

𝐍 𝐙
E=ϕP volts
𝟔𝟎 𝐀

This is nothing but the e.m.f. equation of a d.c. generator.

∅𝐏𝐙𝐍
So E= e.m.f. equation
𝟔𝟎𝐀

1) For a Simplex Wave-Wound

Generator Number of parallel
paths A = 2

2) For Simplex Lap-Wound

Generator: Number of
parallel paths, A = P
Equation (i) becomes
Concept of Wave winding and lap winding

Lap winding Wave winding

In case of Lap winding, connection is started from conductor in slot 1 then connections
overlap each other as winding proceeds, till starting point is reached again. Due to such
connection, the total number of conductors get divided into ‘P’ number of parallel
paths, where P= number of poles in the machine. Large number of parallel paths
indicate high current capacity of machine hence lap winding is preferred for high current
rating generators.
A=P
In case wave winding, windings always travel ahead avoiding overlapping. It travels like
a progressive wave. Due to this type of connection, the total number of conductors get
divided into two number of parallel paths always, irrespective of number of poles
of the machine. As number of parallel are less, it is preferable for low current, high
voltage capacity generators.
A=2

Relation between induced emf and terminal voltage.

The field winding is excited separately, so the field current depends on supply voltage
and resistance of the field winding.
For armature side, we can see that it is supplying a load, demanding a load current of I L
at a voltage of Vt which is called terminal voltage.
Now Ia = IL
The internally induced e.m.f. E is supplying the voltage of the load hence terminal
voltage Vt is a part of E. But E is not equal to Vt while supplying a load. This is because
when armature current Ia flows through armature winding, due to armature winding
resistance Ra volts. The induced e.m.f. has to supply this drop across armature winding
equal to Ia Ra drop to minimum, the resistance Ra is designed to be very very small. In
addition to this drop, there is some voltage drop at the contacts of the brush contact drop.
But this drop is negligible and hence generally neglected. So in all, induced e.m.f. E has
three components namely,
i) Terminal Voltage Vt
ii) Armature resistance drop Ia Ra
iii) Brush contact drop Vbrush
So voltage equation for separately excited generator can be written as,
E = Vt + Ia Ra + Vbrush
∅𝐏𝐍𝐙
E=
𝟔𝟎𝐀

Generally, Vbrush is neglected as is negligible compared to other voltages.

Formulas:
1) E = Blvsin𝜃

∅𝐏𝐍𝐙
2) E =
𝟔𝟎𝐀

3) E = Vt + Ia Ra + Vbrush
4) Wave Wound , A= 2
5) Lap Wound, A= P
Numericals:
Introduction to Electrical Engineering (22ESC142)

DC Motors

Contents of the topic

 Principle of operation
 back emf and its significance.
 Torque equation
 types of motors
 characteristics and speed control (armature & field) of DC
motors (series & shunt only).
 Applications of DC motors.
 Simple numerical.

DC MOTORS

D C machines are electrical machines which deal with the conversion of one form of energy to another. The
process of conversion is called as electromechanical energy conversion.

D.C Generator:-A D.C machine which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy is called a d.c
generator.

D.C Motor:-A D.C machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy is known as a d.c motor.

Basic principle of D.C machine: - A D.C machine works on the principle of Faradays laws of electromagnetic
induction.

When a conductor moves in a magnetic field, voltage is induced in the conductor. (Generator action)

When a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field, the conductor experiences a mechanical
force (Motor action)

Basic principle of D.C machine as a motor:- For clear understanding the principle of DC motor we have
to determine the magnitude of the force, by considering the diagram below.

We know that when an infinitely small charge dq is made to flow at a velocity V, under the influence of an
electric field E, and a magnetic field B, then the Lorentz Force dF experienced by the charge is given by

Fig.1 Charge placed in a magnetic field

dF=dq(E+vB)

For the operation of dc motor, considering E = 0 dF=dq(v×B)

Where dL is the length of the conductor carrying charge q. dF=dq(v×B)

F=IL×B=ILBsinꝊ

F=BILsinꝊ

st
From the 1 diagram we can see that the construction of a DC motor is such that the direction of current through
the armature conductor at all instance is perpendicular to the field. Hence the force acts on the armature
conductor in the direction perpendicular to the both uniform field and current is constant.

i.e. ș=900

So if we take the current in the left hand side of the armature conductor to be I, and current at right hand side
of the armature conductor to be − I, because they are flowing in the opposite direction with respect to each
other.

Then the force on the left hand side armature conductor,

0
Fi=BILsin90 =BIL

Similarly force on the right hand side conductor

FT=B(-I)Lsin900= -BIL

where, F = Force in Newtons

B = Flux density in Weber/ meter2

 I = Current in amperes flowing through the conductor L =

Length of the conductor in meters

By Fleming’s left hand rule:-It states that “when the thumb, fore finger and middle finger are held mutually
perpendicular to each other, with the fore finger in the direction of magnetic field, middle finger in the direction
of the current, then the direction of thumb indicates the direction of force experienced by the conductor”.

Types of DC Motors: -Separately Excited DC Motor: - As the name suggests, in case of a separately
excited DC motor the supply is given separately to the field and armature windings. The main distinguishing
fact in these types of dc motor is that, the armature current does not flow through the field windings, the field
winding is energized from a separate external source.

From the torque equation of dc motor we know Tg = Ka φ Ia So the torque in this case can be varied by varying
field flux φ, independent of the armature current Ia.

Self-Excited DC Motor:-In case of self-excited dc motor, the field winding is connected either in series or in
parallel or partly in series, partly in parallel to the armature winding, and on this basis its further classified as

(1) DC Shunt Motor

(2) DC Series Motor
(3) DC Compound Motor

(i) Cumulative Compound Motor

(a) Long shunt

(b) Short shunt

(ii) Differential Compound Motor

(a) Long shunt

(b) Short shunt

DC Shunt Motor: -In this type of motor, the field winding is connected in parallel with armature as shown
in Figure (2). There are as many numbers of field coils as there are poles. When connected to supply,
constant voltage appears across the field windings (as they are connected in parallel with armature). The
field current is therefore constant and is independent of the load current.

Shunt field winding usually are designed to have large number of turns of fine wire. Its resistance, therefore, is
high enough to limit the shunt field current to about 1 to 4 percent of the rated motor current
 Fig. 2 DC shunt motor

Ish = V/Rsh

Ia=I-Ish

where I is the line current

Eb = V – Ia Ra – B.C.D – A.R.D

where B.C.D is brush contact drop(1 V/brush, A.R.D is the armature reaction drop

DC Series Motor: -A series motor receives its excitation from a winding which is connected in series with the
armature and carries load current. As the series field has to carry high load current, it is made of a thick
wire and a few turns. As the resistance is low, the voltage drop across the series winding is small.

This motor has excellent starting and over-load torque characteristics. The disadvantages are that the motor attains
dangerously high speed at no-load. Speed adjustment of the motor is somewhat difficult.

Fig.3 DC series motor

Ia = I = Ise

Eb = V – Ia (Ra +Rse) – Drop across brush

Back EMF (Eb) & its significance: Back e.m.f:

The current carrying armature conductors of a dc motor are placed in the magnetic field
produced by the main poles of the motor. The armatureconductors produce their own magnetic
field. Thus, there will be two magnetic fields in the dc motor acting simultaneously. Magnetic
field is set up in the air gap. The interaction between the two fields causes differential force
on the rotor which results in its rotation. This rotation makes the armature conductors to cut
the magnetic field set up by the main poles. Therefore, an e.m.f is induced in the conductors.
According to Lenz’s law this induced e.m.f acts in a direction so as to oppose the cause
which is producing it. ( Rotation ofthe armature is the cause) In turn it opposes the supply
voltage given to the armature. Therefore, this induced e.m.f is called back e.m.f. In simple
terms, when a D.C motor rotates on the action of driving torque, the conductors move through
the magnetic field. Emf is induced in the direction in opposition to the applied voltage.
Back e.m.f is given bythe equation Eb = (ΦZNP/60A)

Significance of Back EMF:

When back EMF is induced in conductors, generating action takes place. From the basic back emf
equation it is clear that
Eb α N.
the equivalent circuit can be drawn as shown below.

Fig. 4 Production of back emf

If Ra is the armature resistance, Ia is the current flowing through the resistor,
V = Eb + IaRa

𝑉 − 𝐸𝑏
𝐼𝑎 =
𝑅𝑎
As the load increases, N decreases. This reduces the back emf and there will be increase in the value of
armature current. Initially there is no back emf as speed is zero. But the applied voltage is high. Using the
above equation, Ex: If Eb=0, V=230V, Ra=5ohms
 Ia= 46A which is very high and can damage the windings. Practically DC motors with 230V rating,
will have a rated current of 8A to 10A. 46A is not a desirable value.
When motor picks up the speed, emf starts getting developed across the armature and Ia gradually
reduces. Back emf plays a very important role in regulating the armature current.

Torque Equation:-

Torque is the turning force about its axis. It is also equal to the product of Force in Newton x Distance in meters.

Fig.5 Production of torque in rotor conductors

Consider the armature of the DC Motor of radius r and let F be the force acting tangential to its surface as
shown in figure.

Therefore, Torque = Ta = F x r in Newton meter

The work done by this force F in one revolution

W = F x distance covered in revolution.

W = F x 2πr watt second.

The power developed by the armature = work done in one second.

= F x r x 2π N / 60 where N = No of revolutions / minute

= (2πN / 60) x Ta watts

But Electrical power developed in the armature =Eb Ia

 The actual torque or shaft torque (torque available at the shaft) or Useful torque = Tsh = Ta – TL where Tsh =

shaft torque

Ta = armature torque

TL = lost torque due to iron losses and mechanical losses

Output = 2πNTsh/60

Tsh = output x 60 / 2πN

If output is in Horse Power,

Tsh = output in H.P x 735.5/(2πN/60) N-M

Characteristics of DC shunt motor

(a) Ta Vs Ia characteristics (electrical characteristics):- As assumed that flux ϕ is constant in the shunt
machine

Fig. 6 Ta Vs Ia characteristics
From equation of Torque, we can write
Ta∝Ia
This implies that Torque and armature current are linearly related and the characteristic is a straight line passing
through the origin. Larger armature current is required to start a heavy load. Therefore, a shunt motor is not started
on heavy load.

(a) N Vs Ia characteristics:-
 Fig.7 N Vs Ia characteristics
From emf equation, N∝ (Eb/ϕ), As ϕ is assumed to be constant, N∝Eb. As Eb is practically constant, the speed is
constant. However, to be accurate both Eb and ϕ decrease with increasing load. But, Eb decreases more than ϕ so
that there is some decrease in speed within the range of 5% to 15%. The actual speed curve will be somewhat
dropping as shown by line AC. The characteristic does not have a point of zero armature current, because a small
current is necessary to maintain the rotation of motor at no-load.

As there is no change in the speed of shunt motor, during the transition from no load to full load, it may be
connected to loads which can be suddenly disconnected without fear of excessive speeding.

(b) N Vs Ta characteristics or mechanical characteristics:-

Fig. 8 N Vs Ta characteristics or mechanical characteristics

As T α Ia, N α 1/Ia and therefore N α 1/T. The nature of the characteristics for N Vs Ta (armature torque) is same
as that of N α Ia. The speed falls as the load torque increases. The N/Ta characteristic is of great importance in
determining the type of motor best suited to drive a given load.

Characteristics of series motor

(a)Torque vs. armature current characteristic

Fig. 9 Torque vs. armature current characteristic

 From the equations of series motor, Ia = I (line current) = Ise
Since T α f l u x and also proportional to Ia, field current and armature currents being the same,
T α Ia2. This is representing a parabolic curve as shown in the figure. At light loads, Ia and hence ϕ is small, but
as Ia increases, Ta increases as the square of the current and reaches saturation point. After saturation ϕ is
practically independent of Ia, hence Ta αIa and t h e characteristic becomes a straight line.

(b)Speed vs. armature current

Fig.10 Speed vs. armature current

The changes in speed can be determined from the formula
Nα (Eb/ϕ)
variation of Eb for different load currents is negligible that Eb may be treated as a constant. If Ia is
increased, flux ϕ too increases and speed is inversely proportional to the armature current. When there is
heavy load, Ia is large. But when the load decreases consequently Ia decreases to a low value, the speed
becomes dangerously high. Hence, a series motor should invariably be started with some mechanical
load on it, to prevent excessive speed and damage due to heavy centrifugal forces produced.

(c) Speed vs. Torque characteristic

Fig. 10 Speed vs. Torque characteristic

The speed vs torque characteristic of a series motor is similar to speed Vs Ia characteristics.

N α 1/Ia
As T α Ia2
N α 1/√T
 The curve is exponential and is as shown in the figure. From the curve, it is apparent that the series
motor develops a high torque at low speed and vice versa. This is because an increase in torque requires
an increase in armature current, which is also the field current. The result is that the flux is strengthened
and hence speed drops. Similarly, at low torque, the motor speed is v e r y high.

Applications of DC Motors:
(1)DC Shunt Motor: When constant speed is required DC shunt motors are used.
Example: Lathes, Centrifugal pumps, fans, drilling machines. etc.
(2)DC Series Motor: For high starting torque we prefer DC series motor. Example: Electric traction, electric
locomotive, cranes, hoists, conveyors etc.
(3)DC Compound Motor: When we require constant speed and high starting torque Cumulative compound
motors are preferred. Example: shears, punches, coal cutting machine, elevators, conveyors, printing presses
etc. Differential compound motors have no practical applications (being unstable).

Problems

1) A d.c series motor is running with a speed 800 rpm while taking a current of 20 A from the
supply. If the load is changed such that the current drawn by the motor is increased to 50A,
calculate the speed of the motor on new load. The armature and series field winding resistances
are 0.2 ohm and 0.3 ohm respectively. Assume that the flux produced is proportional to the
current. Assume the supply voltage as 250 V.

Sol:
For load 1, N1 = 800 rpm, I1 = Ia1 = 20 A For load 2,
I1 = Ia2 = 50 A
Eb1 = 240 V ………………(Eb1 = V – Ia1 (Ra + Rse)) Eb2 =
225 V ………………(Eb2 = V – Ia2 (Ra + Rse))

N2 = 300 rpm.
2) The armature current of a series motor is 60 A when on full load. If the load is adjusted so that
this current decreases to 40 A, find the new torque expressed as a percentage of full load
torque. The flux for a current of 40 A is 70% of that when the current is 60 A.
T∝ϕIa,

Sol:
 i) Full load torque = Tfl = ϕ x 60
ii) T40 = 0.7 ϕ x 40
Tfl/ T40 = 60 ϕ/ (0.7 ϕx 40)
T40 = 0.4667 Tfl

Torque at 40 A is 46.67% of full load torque

3) A 4 pole 250 V d.c. shunt motor has a back emf of 240.8 V and takes a current of 20 A. Calculate the
power developed. Take the resistance of the field winding as 250 ohms.
Sol:
P=4
V = 250 V Eb= 240.8
V IL = 20A
Rsh= 250 ohms
Power developed = EbIa Ia = IL –
Ish and
Ish = V/Rsh
Ish = 250/250 =1 A Ia = 20 –
1 = 19 A.
Power developed =240.8 x 19 = 4572.8 W.

4) A 230 V dc series motor takes 12 A and runs at 800 rpm. At what speed will it run, when 10
ohm resistance is connected in series with the armature the motor taking the same current at the
same supply voltage. Take Ra and Rse of the motor as 0.5 ohm each.
Sol:
V = 230 V
IL = Ia = Ise = 12 A
Ra = Rse = 0.5 ohms Eb1 = V
– IseRse- IaRa.
= 230 - 12 x 0.5 - 12 x 0.5 = 218.
When 10-ohm resistance is connected in series with the armature, then Eb2 = V – Ise
(Rse + Ra + 10)
= 230 - 12(0.5 + 10 + 0.5) = 98 V.
Let N2 be the corresponding speed then
Eb2/Eb1=(N2/N1) x (f1/f2) Since f1= f2
N2 = (Eb2/Eb1) xN1
N2 = 98 x 800/218 =359.6 rpm.
5) Find the useful flux per pole of a 250 V, 6 pole shunt motor having a twocircuit connected
armature winding with 220 conductors. At normal workingtemperature, the overall armature
resistance including brushes is 0.2 Ω. The armature current is 13.3 A at the no – load speed
of 908 r.p.m.
Sol:
Given P = 6, Z = 220, A = 2, R = 0.2 Ω, I = 13.3 A, V = 250 V,N =
a a
908 r.p.m.
WKT, E = V – I R = 250 - (13.3 x 0.2) = 247.34 V
b a a
We have, E = ZNφP / 60A
b
247.34 = φ x 220 x 908 x 6 / 60 x 2
Therefore, useful flux per pole, φ = 0.0247 Wb

6) A DC shunt motor runs at 750 r.p.m. from 250 V supply and takes a full load
line current of 60 A. Its armature resistance is 0.4 Ω and the field resistance
is 125 Ω. Assuming 2 V brush drop and negligible armature reaction effect,
find the no – load speed for a no – load current of 6 amperes.
Sol: Given, N = 750 r.p.m., R = 0.4 Ω, R = 125 Ω, I = 6 A, I = 60 A, N = ?
a sh o o
The effect of armature reaction is negligible, so φ = φ I =
o sh
V / R = 250 / 125 = 2 A
sh
Armature current under full load conditions,
I = I – I = 60 – 2 = 58A
a sh
I R = 58 x 0.4 = 23.2 V
a a
Therefore, E = V – (I R + Brush drop) = 250 – (23.2 + 2) = 224.8 V
b a a
Armature current under no – load conditions,
I – I – I =6 – 2 = 4A
ao o sh
I R = 4 x 0.4 = 1.6 V
ao a
Therefore,
E = V – (I R + Brush drop) = 250 – (1.6 + 2) = 246.4 V
bo ao a
We have, N / N = E / E = 224.8 / 246.4
o b bo
Therefore, N = 822 r.p.m.
o

7) A 4 pole DC shunt motor takes 22.5A from a 250V supply. Rsh = 125Ω. Ra=0.5 Ω.
The armature is wave wound with 300 conductors. If the flux per pole is 0.02Wb,
calculate i) Speed ii) Torque developed iii) Power developed.

Given, V = 250 V, R = 125 Ω, R = 0.5 Ω, I = 22.5 A, φ = 0.02 Wb, A=2, Z = 300

sh a
I = V / R = 250 / 125 = 2 A
sh sh
 The armature current, I = I – I = 22.5 – 2 = 20.5 A
a sh
We have,
E = V – I R = 250 – 20.5 x 0.5 = 239.75 V
b a a

(i) Speed,N = E x 60A/ ZφP = 1199 r.p.m

b
Torque, T =0.159φZIa(P / A) N-m
= 39.1 N-m
(ii) Power developed, E I = 239.75 x 20.5 = 4.915 kW